Lecture Notes: Geography and Modern Overview of Peru

Introduction

• Peru is famous for llamas, Machu Picchu, ceviche, and the Incans.
• Described as a complex mix of desert, mountains, jungles, with Asian and Western influences.
• Known as the culinary capital of Latin America.
• Rich in resources yet facing challenges.

Geography

• Located on the west coast of South America.
• Bordered by five countries.
• Divided into 24 departments, each with its own flag and seal.
• Capital and largest city: Lima, which also includes the busiest airport, Jorge Chavez International.
• Second largest city: Arequipa, with the third busiest airport.

Coastal and Maritime Aspects

• Port of Callao is the largest and busiest shipping port.
• Maritime dispute with Chile, primarily affecting fishing.
• Largest island: San Lorenzo Island, controlled by the Peruvian Navy.

Historical Context

• Epicenter of the Incan Empire, known for an extensive roadway system.
• Transport system included human porters (Chasquis) relaying items across vast distances.

Key Sites and Heritage

• Peru has 12 UNESCO heritage sites.
• Famous sites include Machu Picchu, Cusco, and lesser-known sites like Sacsayhuamán.
• Natural wonders include Rainbow Mountain, tallest sand dune, third tallest waterfall, and a boiling river.

Physical Geography

• Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire; prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity.
• Divided into three regions: Costa, Sierra, and Selva.
• Features Andes Mountains and Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake.
• Source of the Amazon River.

Flora and Fauna

• Classified as a mega diverse nation with many endemic species.
• Home to the largest flying bird (Andean condor) and the world's tallest flowering plant.
• Origin of the potato and major producer of quinoa.

Economy

• Rich in mineral resources; sixth largest gold producer.
• Service sector is growing, with companies like Aero Condor.

Culture

• Diverse population with a mix of indigenous, mestizos, and Asian influences.
• Traditional music includes pan flutes and the charango.
• Rich festival culture, including the Festival of the Sun and La Candelaria.
• Catholicism is prevalent, with a degree of syncretism.

Notable People

• Includes a range of historical figures, artists, and athletes.

International Relations

• Strong trade ties with China and cultural ties with Japan.
• Friendly relations with neighboring South American countries.
• Best friends considered to be Argentina and Bolivia.