Well, good morning to everybody, or good afternoon, or good evening, whatever time it is that you are watching this video. First of all, I would like to welcome everybody to our course, Prof Ed 1, Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles. This is your first professional education course and you might be wondering why you are required to take this course, this subject. Being future teachers, You are going to deal with learners, with pupils, with students. Every day of your life as a professional teacher, from morning till afternoon, you will be with them.
And everything you will do as teachers are all for the interest, all for the benefit of the learner. In order to become effective teachers, you will need, you need, we all need, to understand the nature of our learners. That is one of the first requirements for being a good teacher, a good facilitator of learning knowledge and understanding of the nature of our learners. In the same way that a fisherman should know everything about fishes, their behavior, their mating habits, who are they feed, everything about fishes.
In the same way that a fisherman should know everything about fishes, farmer should know and understand everything he can about plants, about crops, about corn, about rice, or whatever it is that he is raising or planting. In the same way that a carpenter should know everything he can about wood, teacher should also know and understand everything they can about the learners because everything they do redound to the interest the benefit the development the learning of the pupils or students, the learners in general. Pag ikaw magsasaka, alam mo dapat lahat ang tungkol sa palay o rumais, no? In order to become an effective farmer. If you are a fisherman, you should also know as much as possible.
about about feces. Ganon din tayo. As teachers, we will be dealing with learners every day of our lives as professional teachers. Everything we will do as teachers will revolve around the development of the learner.
In order to prepare or design instructional materials, instructional experiences, instructional activities that will really affect learning, that will facilitate effective and meaningful learning. We should know the nature of our learners, their needs, their interests, their abilities, their capabilities. Knowing those things will enable us to design instructional experiences and activities for our learners that will cater to their needs. Activities and experiences that are tailored to their capabilities and abilities. Activities that will...
keep them interested in the lesson and in so doing because they have that interest they have that motivation and activities are geared towards their development They will be interested, they will learn in the end. That's the whole point of what we are going to do in this course, Professional Education I, Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles. I hope that you have already downloaded, read, and understood the course policies which I have uploaded into our For GC, I also hope that you have downloaded, read, and understood the lineup of topics I have prepared for our course.
The series of topics you are going to learn today are the topics that you are going to have or take up for the entire term as already mentioned we are going to have 10 meetings all in all in this in this course not for one term for one whole cluster So I have prepared a specific topic for its meeting. I hope we can cover all of them until the end of the term. So we are going to have a lot more discussion about these things that I have preliminarily introduced to you and discussed a little. Well, the whole point of what I am trying to say at this point is that this course is of... foremost importance to teachers because here we will get to know the different stages of development that learners go through we will also take up the different characteristics that mark or distinguish each stage of development from other stages of development In learning these things, we will get to know better the nature of our learners.
And I have already emphasized how important that is for teachers like us. We should know the nature of our learners. Because if we know their nature, we can prepare appropriately.
Learning activities and experiences for them. Kasi yung ating ipe-prepare, tugma sa kanilang needs, sa kanilang experiences, sa kanilang abilities, at sa kanilang interest. How are we able to prepare for them?
to do that. Our knowledge of their nature will enable us to do that, to prepare learning activities and learning experiences, learning environment that are all consistent or congruent with their needs. interests, capabilities, abilities, and experiences. So that is the whole point of what I'm trying to say here. I hope that we already have that general idea of what we are going to do for the entire duration of this course.
So for our course objectives, we will have the following. At the end of the term, the students, meaning you, should be able to first define significant constructs related to child and adolescent development. In the course of this subject, we are going to encounter terminologies that are very commonly used in the study of development, the study of learner behavior. teaching principles. We are going to encounter them and of course we will try to understand all of them.
In the end you should be able to define them. Tell what they are in other words. Analyze the biological and environmental factors influencing physical development and their implications to teaching and learning.
The development of learners or individuals in general is affected or influenced by many factors. In our course, we will talk about them and discuss them and how each factor affects, influences or contributes to the development of learners. Apply the principles of cognitive processing in developing learning activities intended for young and adolescent learners. So as already mentioned, we are also going to take up principles of teaching and learning in this course.
We will see how we can prepare learning activities and learning experiences for our young and adolescent learners. Okay, let us proceed. Another outcome.
We are expected to... have in this subject is to analyze the development of social identity and emotions of young learners. Our pupils, our students, are not only intellectual beings, they are also social beings. Our pupils, our students do not only have intellect, they also have emotions.
And these different aspects of their personalities, intellect, social identity, their emotions, they all affect the way they learn. These are all contributory factors to their learning. And as teachers, it's part of our job to know and understand the complex process through which children establish their social identity. It is part of our job as teachers to understand how they process their emotions. What's the point?
Why do we need to do that? As already mentioned, these things, intellect, social identity, emotions, all contribute to learning. And so therefore, in the preparation of learning experiences, meaning as we plan for our classes, as we plan the different activities and materials that we are going to use, We will take into consideration their nature in terms of intellect, social identity, emotions.
It's part of their nature. And so therefore, because we are dealing with a child based on his nature, our teaching should be tailored to that nature. Power!
Our teaching should be congruent with that nature of the learner. Our teaching approaches should be consistent with that nature so that we will be able to cater to their needs, their interests. We will be able to connect or relate the learning experience to their everyday experiences. That's the reason why we need to understand not only their intellect but also their social identity and their emotions.
Another one, you are expected to demonstrate appreciation of the difficult and complex process that learners of different ages go through. We have probably experienced The complexities of growing up, particularly as a child and as an adult, we now understand that growing up is not an easy thing to go through. It's a complex process. A lot of changes are occurring around us. A lot of changes are happening within us.
And sometimes we find it difficult, sometimes adolescents, children, find it difficult to cope with these changes. Sometimes they find it difficult to adjust, to adapt. Sometimes they find it difficult to process, to absorb, to take in all of these changes as adults. And we already know that...
Inability to cope and adapt to these changes may result to negative things, especially if the child or the adolescent does not have a strong support system. His inability to cope with the changes around him may lead him to, say, vices. He may get addicted to vices because of his inability to cope with the changes around him. ability to cope with the changes, the pressures, the expectations around him. Especially if the support system is inadequate.
For example, the support of the family. There is no strong emotional, financial, psychological support. spiritual support from the family.
So the child, the adolescent, feels that he is all alone in coping with all the demands, with all the challenges, with all the complexities, with all the pressures of his everyday life. So what happens? He turns to his friends, who in turn leads him to vice. Pwedeng malulong sa pag-inom, sa drugs.
Ang malungkot pa nito, sometimes these things can result to depression, which in turn can result to suicide. Mayroong mga pag-inyaring ganyan. So, as teachers, the first thing we should understand is that growing up, or development in general, is a complex process, and not... Every child, not every pupil, not every student is capable of coping up with all of these changes, with all of these pressures and expectations. Mayroong mga batang nahihirapan umagapay.
Mayroong mga batang nahihirapan mag-cope. Sobrang pressure, sobrang expectations. Bakit hindi ka nasa honor roll?
Bakit hindi ikaw ang balidiktoryan? Bakit yung mga klase mo matataas ang grade? Ikaw ay mababa. Bobo ka talaga. See?
Masakit po yun sa bata. Lalo kung manggagaling sa kapatid, sa magulang. The family is there in the first place to lend support, to give support to that child. What happens is that the family becomes the source. becomes the source of pressure.
So sometimes the child turns to vice, he turns to friends for encouragement, for support. Sometimes the kind of support that he gets is not desirable. Instead of advising his friends, ay tuturo ng bisyo. Dahil problemado yung bata, madaling madala. Ayun, napunta sa drugs.
Later, worse problems will arise because of that. So, mahirap din ang teacher, ano po. Sabi nga eh, tayo yung pangalawang parents, in loco parentis. Kasama po yan sa trabaho natin as teachers.
And then, last. The objective for the course, demonstrate deeper insights into how teaching and learning relate to child and adolescent development. So the whole point of what we are doing here is for us to become good teachers, effective teachers later.
So in learning the different stages of development, in learning the different characteristics of each of these stages, The goal is for us to use all of this knowledge in teaching later, when you become professional teachers. We should be able to link, to connect all of this knowledge of development to teaching. We should demonstrate deeper insights, deeper ideas, deeper understanding into how our Child and adolescent development is related to teaching and learning. Ano ang koneksyon ng dalawang yan?
Child and adolescent development on one side, teaching and learning on the other side. What is the connection? Yan ang dapat nating maunawaan sa katapusan or during the process of learning in our subject.
So, yun po ang ating mga course objectives. I hope and pray that we will be very successful in attaining or achieving this. course objectives so that in the end of the term in the end of the at the end of the cluster we will feel that we are already beginning to become well equipped to become effective teachers later okay as a future teacher you need to understand how learners develop in order to provide them with the best learning experience.
This is the reason why I have repeatedly said that as teachers, we should know and understand the nature of our learners, specifically in terms of their needs, interests, abilities, and experiences. Having that knowledge will enable us to design instructional activities and experiences that will be perfectly suited to their nature. Because we know their nature, their needs. So therefore, we can easily address those needs. Pedagogically speaking, each year, every academic year, a new batch of learners come into our classroom.
And these learners have different characteristics, they have different personalities, they have different behaviors. But generally speaking, children have similar needs. they have similar interests and experiences.
So every batch of learners is a learning experience for us teachers. The more time, the more years we spend in the service, the more we learn about the nature of the child, the nature of the learner, and we can use that knowledge to our advantage as teachers. The more we learn about our students'development, the more we can prepare for the teaching strategies and materials in our lessons.
So as already pointed out earlier, all of this knowledge and understanding of the nature of the learner will lead to, will result to effective teaching. Especially if we couple it, that knowledge of the nature of learners, if we couple it with appropriate teaching principles, which is also part of our studies here. So, yun pu yun.
And so therefore, it is imperative, meaning it's really very important. that we understand our students backgrounds including their personal background meaning the circumstances surrounding them as persons social and cultural backgrounds what kind of culture do they come from what are they what is their social background these things are important for us to know and understand why again you to be able to engineer meaning to be able to design or prepare teaching strategies teaching materials that will optimize or maximize learning by knowing their needs we can address their concerns and seek for appropriate support knowing the needs of our Learners is one aspect of knowing them. Knowing their needs will enable us to prepare lessons and activities that will address those needs.
Here's a very simple example. You have a pupil who does not know how to read very well. So that is his need. As a pupil, as a learner, you know that he...
has some difficulty reading. that need, what do we do now as a teacher? We try to address that.
We prepare remedial teaching, particularly in reading. We prepare extra materials, extra reading materials for the pupil. We prepare techniques that are simple enough for him to know or learn so that he can cope with the rest of the class.
Bakit natin ginagawa yun? Kasi nga alam natin yung kanyang need. The need to read well.
Suppose you have a pupil who does not know how to perform simple mathematical operations. Nahirapan siya sa addition, subtraction, division, multiplication. Knowing that need, what do we do now?
Well, naturally, we will prepare learning experiences for him that will address his need to improve on his mathematical skills. If we don't know his need, we will not be able to remediate. We will not be able to provide solutions for that problem. If the teacher knows, the need the interest and abilities of the learner it would be easier for him the teacher to prepare learning experiences and materials that will cater to those needs that's the whole point there okay so in uh the course of the subject meaning have an entire progress we will encounter Important terminologies, as already mentioned, different constructs or concepts that are important for us to understand. The first of these terminologies is development.
And it is defined as the pattern of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes. that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. In the course of our life, we go through different changes.
And these changes begin at conception. Conception meaning the moment The egg cell is fertilized by the sperm cell. That is the beginning of life. That is called conception.
When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, and those two cells become one cell. Later, this single cell will develop into a more complex group of cells through the process of mitosis. So yung dalawang cells, sperm cell atsaka egg cell, sila ay nag-unite in the process of fertilization. Conception ang tawag po doon.
That is already the beginning of life. And the moment which marks the beginning of life is already the beginning of the different changes that will occur or happen to us throughout the lifespan. Yung mga pagbabagong yun, yung pattern na yun, we call it development.
Pattern of biological, meaning pertaining to our physical body. The different changes that... take place or occur in our physical body. Cognitive, yung sa ating pag-iisip.
There are changes that occur or happen in our ability to think, to analyze, to use our mind, in other words. As well as socio-emotional changes. Socio-emotional, our ability to socialize. to deal with people, to mingle with people. There are also changes that happen to us emotionally, how we handle it.
The kind of emotions that we feel, these are all marked by different kinds of changes. So biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes. May pattern po yan. Kaya nga, different people, although they develop in different ways, still follow the same pattern.
Nagkakapare-pareho tayo ng pattern. For example, at the age of two, most people already speak. Some are late by a few months, some are advanced by a few months. But generally speaking, at the age of two, we learn to speak. Or we learn to speak simple words, simple syllables.
That's a pattern. This happens to everybody. So these are all lumped together under the term development. The different changes that occur in us in terms of our biological, the biological aspect of our person, of our being, our physical body. The physical changes that take place, that's part of development.
Cognitive changes. At first, we do not know how to analyze things. At first, we do not know how to process hypothetical propositions. But later, we already know how to do these things.
Those are cognitive changes, cognitive development, social-emotional changes. These are all part of the process called development. And this is one construct, this is one concept.
this is one terminology that we should really understand as teachers yeah okay so let's take these up important terms in the study of development first is growth growth refers the physical changes that occur from conception to maturity growth you might think that growth is synonymous with development. Well, in some respects, we can think of growth as development or growth as part of development. But this is different from the term development in the sense that growth refers specifically to physical changes. Physical changes. A baby gains weight.
That's growth. Kasi lumaki siya eh. A child gains height.
Mula sa pagiging three feet, kasi maliit pa siyang bata, siya ay naging four feet in height. That is growth. That's physical change.
Nagka-muscle, yung teenager, nagbarbel, naggym, nagka-muscle, lumaki yung kanyang katawan. That's growth. So, as already mentioned, the term growth is generally associated with increase in size, increase in measurement, whatever it is, size, weight, height, basta there is an increase physically. That is growth. tumangkad, tumaba, naging malaki.
That's growth, physical changes. Development is much broader than that. Development is, the term development is much more complex than that, than growth. Kasi pag growth, physical changes lang eh.
Lumaki, tumaba, ganyan. Nag-develop ang mata. That is the difference.
When it comes to development, it includes cognitive, socio-emotional, as well as biological changes. When it comes to growth, it's just physical changes. And this, you notice, growth occurs from conception to maturity.
It's only until maturity. Why? Because At a certain point, a person stops.
growing. Yung babae, halimbawa, yung babae, when she reaches the age of, say, what, 18, she stops growing. Ibig sabihin, whatever your height at the age of 18 becomes your height for the rest of your life.
Ganon din sa mga lalaki. Anong age ba nag-stop yung pag-mah. grow ng lalaki. At what age does a man or a male or a boy stop gaining height?
Meron yata mga 18 years old, tumatangkad pa eh. Ipagpalagay natin 20, no? For the sake of discussion.
At the age of 20, a man, a male or a boy stops growing. Nag-mature na siya. So, his growth has... Stop, but his development continues.
Ang tumigilang ay yung kanyang pagtangkad, which is growth, physical change. But his development continues because he continues to learn new things cognitively. He continues to learn socially. He continues to learn emotionally.
Now he is able to manage his emotions better. He is now able to control his outbursts better. He is now able to deal with people better. So it's still part of development.
Pero tumigil na siya sa pag-grow. Kasi nga hindi na siya tumatangkad. Kung bagay, nasagad na niya yung kanyang height.
So his growth in terms of height, kasi yung... Hindi na siya tumatangkad, pero pwede pa rin siyang tumaba. He has already stopped growing vertically, but he can still grow horizontally. Hindi na siya tumatangkad, pero pwede pa siyang tumaba. Is it still part of growing?
Yes, that's still growth. Kasi physical change eh. Yung pagtaba is a form of physical change. so therefore it is classified as growth yeah so in terms of height to me gill nasa's a part grow he has already reached the the what about this the summit no of his of his growth in terms of high so in the national grow in terms of height but he is still developing as a person because he is still learning so many things So that is the difference between growth and development. Another term is aging.
The deterioration of organisms including human beings that leads inevitably to death. We usually think of aging as the accumulation of years. That is our idea when we say aging. The accumulation of years, for example, 20 years old.
After 10 years, naturally he's already 30 years old. After 15 years, he's already 45 years old. After another 15 years, he's already 60 years old.
That is usually our idea. That is how we usually think of aging. And there's nothing wrong with that.
Because aging is age. Together with accumulation of years is the deterioration of our cells. It's a natural thing.
It's part of having life. That is what I wanted to say. Our cells deteriorate as we grow old.
So, this applies to all kinds of organisms. Basta may buhay, including human beings, of course. Animals grow old, their cells deteriorate. Human beings grow old, our cells deteriorate, we become weak, we become sickly, and then inevitably, unavoidably, ang ibig pong sabihin ay, Inevitably, hindi siya maaaring iwasan. Hindi siya maaaring takasan.
Inevitable siya. This deterioration of organisms leads inevitably to death. That is the natural consequence.
The more we grow old, the more we deteriorate. Our physical bodies become weaker and weaker. We become sickly. And then after a while, we get... sick with a disease that our body cannot counteract, meaning we don't get cured, we don't get well, and eventually we die.
That's aging. So, going back to development, it involves growth in early life. stability in early adulthood and the declines associated with aging later in life so the development of an individual as we can see here has three distinct stages growth in early life stability in early adulthood and the decline associated with aging later in life so in our early years in our childhood years in our adolescent years this is characterized these these stages are characterized by continuous development continuous growth and then when we reach adulthood These things sort of stabilize, they become stable because growth has reached its highest point, its summit.
Development has also reached its stable point. But after that, in the later years of our life, we decline. We decline physically, we decline cognitively.
Kaya nga yung mga matatanda, usually they suffer from cognitive development. Cognitive difficulties. All people have difficulties remembering things.
Si lolo at si lola ay nagiging makakalimutin. yung iba nga ay nagiging ulyanin no in some extreme cases they develop mental illnesses no may mga alzheimer's uh parkinson's usually associated with cognitive decline no these things really happen because of aging it's it's It's a sad thing to behold, but it's part of being alive. It's part of life.
We grow, we stabilize, we decline, we deteriorate. There are no people who, as they grow older, 80 or 90 years old, they grow even stronger when they are 20 or 30 years old. That does not happen. Hindi yun ganon mga kapatid. Although we see people who are still healthy and strong at the age of 80, 85, but generally, there is already deterioration.
That's a part of nature. That's the natural thing to expect from human beings. So yun yun.
Growth, aging, development, what else do we have? Maturation. From the word mature, the unfolding of an individual according to a plan contained in the genes through which the hereditary characteristics are passed from parents to child at conception.
Okay. Where is a good place to start? Genes. Genes are the carriers of heredity.
genes are contained in the chromosomes which in turn are contained in the cell it's individual it's person This is all of us. It's made up of 46 chromosomes. For each cell, 43 from the sperm cell or from the father.
And, it's not 43, it's 23. 46 is the total. My mathematics is wrong. 23 from the sperm cell or from the father, 23 from the egg cell or from the mother.
You put them all together in the process of fertilization, so yung 23 from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother contained in the sperm cell and egg cell, nagiging, 46 chromosomes in one cell that was formed. Remember earlier, they were two cells. Sperm cell, from the father, has 23 chromosomes.
Egg cell has 23 chromosomes. At the moment of fertilization, These two cells become one. Yung dalawang cells ay nagiging isa lang.
Ang tawag na sa kanya ngayon ay zygote. Zygote, the fertilized cell. Dahil 23 na chromosomes from the sperm cell, 23 chromosomes din from the egg cell, pinagsama sila into one cell.
That one cell now has 46 chromosomes. So kapag nag-divide yun, yung isang cell magiging dalawa yun. Yung dalawa magiging apat through the process of mitosis.
So bawat isang cell mayroong 46 chromosomes. So dadami ng dadami yung cells, no? Later they will group. themselves into organs.
Yung isang group of cells magiging heart. Yung isang group of cells magiging lungs. Yung isang group of cells magiging, yung ganon.
Hanggang mabuo yung tao. After nine months, in the mother's womb, she will deliver a baby. Yun, that is how we start as persons. So, going back to maturation.
Unfolding of an individual according to a plan. the genes which are contained in the chromosomes which in turn are contained in the cells are the carriers of heredity no the the genes um carry the characteristics of the parents and transfer them to the offsprings yeah heredity and the transfer of the parents'characteristics to the offspring or children. Nangyayari yan kasi ang carriers of heredity ay genes. Yung pag-unfold niya, what's unfolding?
Yun bang the revelation, the series of events, the series of happenings and occurrences leading to the... completeness the fullness of development maturation yan kaya nga pag sinabi nating itong tao itong taong ito matured na ang anong ibig nating sabihin he has fully developed in terms of dealing with people managing or controlling his emotions the way he thinks about things malawak siyang mag-isip at malalim ang tawag natin matured niya so you He has reached that maturation age cognitively. Ayan, cognitively. So yung ating ibang mga aspects of development, cognitive development, emotional development, physical development, meron ding mga peak yan, meron mga peak. Yung pag-unfold, going to the peak or the highest point, that's maturation, that entire process.
the entire process through which uh full development is achieved or attained that's what we call maturation okay okay here's another term we should understand as teachers learning the process through which experience brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts feelings or behavior Any kind of change in thoughts, feelings, or behavior can be called learning. Of course, the kind of change that we are after here is change for the better. Kasi ang isang individual ay pwede siyang magbago, but for the worse. Nagbago nga siya. but instead of getting better, he got worse.
That is also change. And in some respects, we can also call that learning. For example, a teenager who doesn't smoke, was taught by a man who smokes. Is there a change? Yes, there is a change.
Because he did not smoke before. Now, he is a smoker. So therefore, there has been change in his behavior. Can we call that learning?
Yes, we can call that learning. We can say that the child learned how to smoke. Question, is that the kind of learning that we are after as teachers?
Of course not. That's the kind of learning that is learning for the worse. As teachers, we will be after learning for the better.
There will be changes in thoughts, there will be changes in feelings, there will be changes in behavior, but they are all for the better. Papunta sa mabuti, papunta sa kabutihan. Halimbawa, behavior.
Hindi dati nag-exercise. Ay naturuan sa PE. He exercised. He didn't know how to walk before. Now he knows.
That is a very good change in behavior. Change in feelings. For example, children who do not appreciate the value of trees.
They thought it was just wood. But as a very good teacher, you were able to open their eyes regarding the value, regarding the importance of trees. trees in the environment how they help keep the air we breathe clean and fresh how they give us some fruits how they give us shade how they give us wood so there will be changes in their feelings whereas before they did not see the value of trees now they already know the value and importance of trees and so therefore they they love trees already see there's change in feelings changes in thoughts there is change in knowledge for the better Dati sila ay hindi nila alam yung demokrasya. But because you are a very effective social studies teacher, you were able to open their minds regarding the meaning, the value, the importance of democracy. These are all examples of learning.
There is change, relatively permanent change in the child in terms of his knowledge, in terms of his... thoughts, in terms of his feelings, or behavior. And this will all come about through the learning experiences that the teacher has prepared for the learner.
That is why, going back to what I was saying just a while ago, it is really very important that we know the nature of our learners. In preparing topics, in preparing lessons, in preparing instructional materials, In preparing learning activities and experiences, we will be able to tailor all of these things. so that they will fit the experiences of the learners. They will fit their needs, their abilities, and their interests. So the lesson, the activities become important, valuable to the learners because this is their life that you are talking about.
This is part of their experiences. They can see themselves as part of this lesson, of this activity. they can relate very closely to the lessons and activities. They see how this can be applied to their daily life. They see how these lessons can help them solve everyday problems.
They see how these lessons can make them better persons. How can we prepare lessons and activities like that? By knowing the nature of the learners and certain principles of teaching that is the whole point of this subject that is the whole point of this course and that is part of our objectives for our subject okay okay here's another one environment all the external physical and social conditions and events that can affect as the environment significantly affects learning. Okay.
So usually when we speak of environment within the context of teaching and learning, we usually think of the classroom. And that is understandable, no? Because usually teaching and learning takes place or occurs inside the classroom.
But what we should understand here, my dear students, is that The term environment does not only refer to the classroom, but all external physical and social conditions surrounding the teaching learning experience. Remember ha, external, physical, and social conditions. Say for example, unahin natin itong external physical conditions.
Sa classroom muna tayo, what kind of classroom do you have? Is it comfortable for the learners? Is there enough ventilation?
Is there enough light? Baka ang dilim, di nila makita yung kanila mga textbooks. Do they have their own chairs? Do they have their own tables? Or they are crowded and congested?
All of these things affect learning. The physical condition of the surroundings or the environment significantly affects learning. Kahit tayo, diba?
We will not learn effectively, we will not learn very well if we are in a very uncomfortable classroom. if the physical environment is not conducive to learning, if there is no adequate ventilation. So instead of listening to the teacher and participating in the activities, we will just keep on fanning ourselves. So instead of listening, we will just keep on fanning ourselves. It's like a chaos.
It's like a rain in your surroundings. How will you learn? Or, there is not enough light. You can't see the textbook, you can't read what's on the blackboard.
Or the surrounding is very noisy. For example, there are cars passing by, or airplanes, or helicopters, because you are near the airport, or near the train rails. These are all examples of physical environment.
What about social environment or social conditions? This refers to the relationship of everyone involved in the teaching-learning process. The relationship between the teacher and the student, the relationship between the students and their own classmates, the relationship between the teacher and other teachers.
So you see, these are all social conditions. For example, the teacher is very, very strict. The students cannot even ask questions.
That will affect learning. Instead of being able to ask questions, They will be afraid and they will just keep quiet even if they have questions in their mind. Even if they want to clarify something, they will just clump up.
They will just keep quiet. Why? They are afraid to ask.
Because the teacher is not approachable at all. The teacher does not entertain questions. in an amicable in an amiable way as a matter of fact the teacher embarrasses or humiliates students who ask questions because it's a challenge see that kind of environment will affect learning which is an example of social social condition the general atmosphere no the general social and emotional atmosphere that prevails over the class.
That is part of the learning environment. So, basta nasa labas, whether it is physical, whether it is social, whether it is emotional, all of these things affect learning. And needless to say, teachers should provide the most favorable, the most conducive environment for the learners, whether it's...
physical whether it is social whether it is emotional whether it is psychological the best environment that the teacher can can provide to the learner should be given to them that is part of our responsibility as as teachers A while ago, when we speak of biological processes, this usually refers to changes or processes involving the physical body. Genetic inheritance plays a large part. You will notice that if the parents are, say, tall, there is a greater likelihood that the offsprings or children are also so although this does not happen in all cases generally speaking uh children inherit the physical characteristics of their parents now generally speaking this applies to the height body structure color of the eyes color of the hair These are all parts of biological processes.
Another one is cognitive processes. This involves the child's thinking, intelligence, and language. So, as the child undergoes, as the child goes through the different stages of development biologically or physically, His intelligence also changes.
The child's ability to think, the child's ability to use language, his cognitive abilities, in other words, also undergo changes. And these processes go together. As the child grows physically, His cognitive ability also improves or develops. Magkasabayan eh. And then we also have the socio-emotional processes.
Merong naghuhukay sa labas, class. I don't know if the microphone can pick up the sound. Sana hindi, no? Sana hindi nagkaka-estorbo sa ating recording. There are people who work outside.
lesson. Socio-emotional processes. Yung sa biological processes, this involves the physical body.
Yung pagtangkad, paglaki, pagbabago ng boses sa mga lalaki when he reaches puberty. Diba, nayagong kagboses. Sa mga babae naman, the change in the shape of their bodies. These are all part of biological processes, biological development.
Sa cognitive processes, yung pagbabago sa ability to think, ability to process information, the ability to use language, and the child's intelligence. Nagbabago din yan. In addition to those two sets of processes, we also have the socio-emotional processes. Ano naman ito? This refers to the child's emotional relationships with other people.
Changes in emotion, changes in personality. At first, we can notice this in babies. They are not very good at managing their emotions. If we do not give them what they want, for example, food or a certain toy, what do they do? They cry because they are not yet matured enough to manage or control their emotion.
As we grow older, we become better at controlling our emotions. We do not cry anymore if somebody does not give us food. We don't play anymore because we are matured.
It's very bad to look at if you are 40 years old and you are still crying because you were not given a snack. Barbidal. So that kind of emotion, that kind of behavior is only for children.
So as we progress, as we develop, as we grow older, our socio-emotional development also progresses until we reach the level of maturity. Our personality also changes. Meron mga tao na nung bata ay baltikon, later mabait na sila.
Or the opposite, dati mabait, nung lumaki na ay magagalitin na. So these are all part of growing up, these are all part of development. And as already mentioned, as teachers, it is of foremost importance that we understand all of them. Now, the processes and periods. in development so we have three biological processes cognitive processes socio-emotional processes okay let's continue um as already mentioned before uh individuals uh develop in different ways and rates that is why children who belong to the same age bracket or age level may differ in certain features or characteristics.
That is why, for example, both are 11 years old. One is taller than the other. One is thicker than the other. So people are different.
people develop in different ways and rates however as also pointed out earlier development follows a pattern and this pattern applies to every individual in terms of stages the first stages is prenatal then infancy early adult early childhood, late childhood, and so on and so forth. Every individual passes through each of these stages in the same order or sequence. Nobody develops in such a way that he starts with the prenatal stage, proceeds to adolescence, goes back to infancy, then proceeds to midlife. then go back again to early child it does not happen that way so every individual follows this pattern of development. He follows this sequence of stages of development.
Although nagkakaiba-iba nga sa paraan ng pag-develop at sa bilis. Some 10-year-old girls can be bigger than 10-year-old boys. But later, The boys will outgrow the girls.
Mas matangkad naman sila, mas mababa yung babae. That seems to be the pattern, no? In the early years, girls tend to grow faster than boys.
Kaya nga sa elementary, alimbawa grade 3, 4, 5, mas maraming babae, mas matangkad kaysa lalaki, no? Most girls are taller. than boys.
But after several years, the girls seem to stagnate in terms of growth, in terms of increase in height. Pero yung mga lalaki tuloy-tuloy. So boys begin to outgrow the girls. Nakukan sila mas natataasa na. Meaning, mas matangkad na yung mga lalaki.
This is part of the pattern. This pattern applies to everybody regardless of culture, regardless of political or economic background. So, ganun yun, nagkakapare-pareho tayo in terms of stages, in terms of pattern.
So, going back to our topic, the different stages of development are as follows. Prenatal, you can see that in the table, prenatal, infancy. early childhood late childhood adolescence young adulthood midlife and then late life all right so each of these stages has its own period meaning and also its major features so is begins from conception. What is conception again? The moment the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, the two cells become one cell.
That's the moment of conception. And it also marks the beginning of life. Okay, so the prenatal, alam na natin yung meaning ng prenatal, no?
Pre, before, natal, birth. So these are the things that occur in the individual before he is actually delivered by his mother or her mother. Before birth, prenatal. So conception to birth.
Physical development. Mayroon ng physical development even before a child is actually born. Diba, nakwento ko na kanina, the development of the different organs, different parts of the body, these are all changes that occur during the prenatal stage. We cannot see these changes because they occur inside the mother's womb.
Maliba na lang maglagay ka ng camera doon sa loob ng womb ng nanay. They can already do that. They can put cameras inside the mother's womb and take pictures, even videos of the baby inside. They can already do that. Kaya nga mayroong mga pictures ng mga babies while they are still inside the mother's womb.
Ganoon na po tayo kahaytek. So going back, prenatal stage of development starts from conception to birth. And the major features are the physical changes, the physical development, the development of the different parts of the body, the different parts of, I mean the different organs inside the body, things like those. Then this is followed by infancy, which starts from birth at full term.
to about 18 months. About, ibig sabihin, It's not exactly down to the last day, you count the 18 months. These are just estimates.
That's why they put about. As a matter of fact, this might even differ from one individual to another. Just like speaking, as our example before. Some children speak... at an earlier age than others.
Yung iba, kuwan pa lang eh. Mga one year and a half, halimbawa ay, mga eighteen months. Nagsasalita na yung iba eh. Syllables, simple words, meron ganyan.
Meron namang medyo late yung kanyang development. Mga two years and three, or four or five months na siya nagsalita. So these are just approximates, no?
These are just estimates. Pero at least meron tayong pagbabasihan na from birth up to approximately 18 months, infancy period yan. What happens here? Locomotion is established.
Locomotion, yung kanyang paggalaw. Rudimentary language. So you see, rudimentary language. Single syllable words. Ma, pa, tay, nay.
Or ma-mam. Yan usual ang unang sinasabi ng mga bata. Social attachment. The child recognizes the parents, the siblings, the people inside the house, and establishes emotional and social bond with them. Yan ang nangyayari sa infancy.
In early childhood, which lasts about from 18 months to about 6 years, language is already well established. Ibig sabihin, The child can now speak fluently, specifically or especially his first language, whether it is English, whether it is Tagalog, whether it is Visaya. Depende kung ano yung first language niya. The language that he learns first inside the home. At this point, he's already able to speak.
properly or even fluently using that language sex typing and open sex typing sex typing is recognition of one's one's sex on the lucky shot or babasha alumnus intending ananya and that that knowledge will enable him to do or things that The family expects of him as a male. The family expects of her as a female. Mayroong mga expectations ang family. And that is the first environment that the child usually have or get. So kapag ang bata ay lalaki, ang bibilihing laruan ni tatay ay mga baril-barilan, bola.
In other words, toys for boys. Kapag ang anak naman ay babae, ang bibilihin ni nanay ay barbidal, yung ibang klaseng manika, yung mga toys for girls. So these expectations from the family will reinforce the child's understanding of his own sex, of his own knowledge that he is male, of her own knowledge that she is female.
sex typing yan group play all right this is the time when the child begins to establish relationships with with people outside the family pag six years old na gusto yan makipaglaro na sa labas he is no longer contented with just the people around him or her at home. The child begins to look for playmates. The child begins to look for friends outside the family, outside the home.
So he starts to socialize with other children outside the immediate family. This ends with readiness for schooling, early childhood. In our new curriculum, A child formally enters elementary at the age of six. Five years old, he's already in kindergarten.
At the age of six, he enters grade one. Before, he was seven years old. Now, he's six years old. Maybe later, maybe in the future, he'll be five years old. Because it's easy for children to mature now.
They easily mature because they are taught at home. They are exposed to the mass media where they can learn things. There are children who learn there.
That's why it's easy for them to mature. Okay, let's proceed. Late childhood from about 6 years old to about 13 years old. You will see that this corresponds to the elementary years, itong late childhood. This roughly corresponds to the elementary years.
So what happens here? Many cognitive processes become adult except in speed of operation. They are already beginning to manifest the...
the emotional and cognitive abilities of an adult, but it still lacks speed of operation. Meaning, for example, in terms of cognitive processing, this cognitive processing class is simply processing information using our mind. When we say cognitive, it refers to the mind.
It refers to our ability to think. It refers to our ability to remember, it refers to our ability to memorize, to analyze, to apply principles. Lahat ng ginagawa ng ating utak, we call that cognitive processing.
So, during the late childhood, many cognitive processes become adult, except in speed of operation. As I was saying just a while ago, at this particular age, children begin to manifest. or show or display cognitive abilities as young adults except that it still lacks speed of operation in other words they they can do it slowly and as they grow older as they develop more these cognitive processes become more automatic more more second nature to them.
So they can now process information faster. Habang sila ay nagmamature pa lalo. Okay, let's proceed to adolescence. About 13 to about 20 years old. So, what happens here?
Parang ito naman yung nagko-correspond sa college years. Diba? Begins with puberty. Ends at maturity, attainment of highest level of cognition, independence from parents, sexual relationships. Maraming nangyayari dito sa adolescence period.
And that is why it is commonly said that the adolescence period is one of the most tumultuous stages of development. One of the most... problematic you know it it it really what about this it really presents complexities to the individual which makes it difficult for him or her to adapt to adjust to cope with this myriad changes that are occurring and happening all at the same time there are changes physically there are changes psychologically there are changes emotionally you Unahin natin. It begins with puberty.
Puberty is that age in development where the person becomes capable of reproduction. Yun usually ang definition ng puberty. Kapag ang isang babae ay maaari ng mabuntis, nasa puberty age na siya.
Kapag ang lalaki ay maaari ng mambuntis, Siya ay nasa puberty age na. They are now capable of reproduction. Sa babae, madaling madetermine. It's easy for females to determine whether they have reached that stage.
When they begin to menstruate, that is the signal that they are ready to reproduce. Sa lalaki, dahil wala naman tayong menstruation, ay hindi ko alam kung papanong malalaman. Siguro, depende sa experience. I have seen...
14 year old boys or 15 year old boys na nakabuntis ng babae. So as early as that age, nasa puberty age na sila. Kasi they can already impregnate a woman. So this puberty ends in maturity, meaning the full development of their capacities and abilities as persons. During the adolescence period or stage of development, they also attain the highest level of cognition.
This is the stage where they are at the very best level of their intellect. They are at the very highest level of processing information, whether it is simple recall or simple memorization, whether it's analysis, whether it's... application of principles whether it is how else do we do we process information whether it is creating something new out of a given set of information NASA highest-level nasi la and then after that one and Silla Maggie steady dawn my steady And then after a while, deterioration will come in. Di ba sa pattern natin kanina? Growth, stability, decline.
So in the adolescence period, we reach the highest attainment of maturity or highest attainment of cognition. Mag-estead yan dyan. Also in this...
stage, adolescents usually gain independence from parents. In our culture as Filipinos, this comes at a later part in life, especially economically speaking. At the age of 20, Many Filipinos are still living with their parents. At the age of 20, parents still support the education, the everyday needs of an individual, of their child. Sometimes, even if the child is already married, he or she still stays with the parents.
So, we cannot call it independence from parents. That is part of the Filipino culture. Sometimes, even if you are already 30, 35 years old, you still live with your parents. And that's okay with us because it's part of our culture.
But in other cultures, they have a different way of dealing with that. Meaning, relationship between parents and children in terms of... in terms of where they stay. Sa iba kasi, alimbawa sa Americans, when you reach the age of 18, you separate from your parents. You live on your own.
You may receive allowance from your parents, but you live in a separate house. Sexual relationships also come in during the adolescence period. This is the time 13 to 20 years old, no? This is the time when teenagers or adolescents enter into relationships with usually the opposite sex, no?
Kung ikaw ay lalaki, manliligaw ka para magkaroon ka ng girlfriend. Kung ikaw naman ay babae, tatanggap ka ng manliligaw para magkaroon ka ng boyfriend. If you are a man, and you also like...
Men, problem mo na yun kung paano ka maghahanap ng jowa mo. If you are a woman and you also like other women, ay problema mo na rin kung paano ka maghahanap ng jowa mo. These kind of relationships are now very common and they seem to be okay with the society. Our society has already begun to...
acknowledge and accept this kind of relationships. As a matter of fact, even here in our country, there are certain sectors that are lobbying for the legalization of same-sex marriage. Well, whatever.
Bahala kayo sa buhay nyo. Kung anong klaseng relationships ang gusto nyo. The point here is that during the adolescence period, these kinds of relationships occur.
It is part of our nature as human beings to search or to seek relationships like this. We need relationships like this to complete ourselves. Parang napakalungkot na hanggang tumanda't mamatay ay solo ka lang sa buhay.
Okay, so ganun yun. We search for relationships. Okay, let us proceed to the next.
Young adulthood from about 20 years old to about 45 years old. The major features or the main focus of this stage is career and family. Career and family development. At the age of 20 to 45, or somewhere in the middle, 35 or 40 years old, people are expected to already have his or her own career, or profession, or occupation, whatever it is. Basta, yung edad na yan, parang napakapangit naman kung you are already 45 years old.
And you still depend on your parents for all your needs. Diba? 40 anos, 45 years old.
Nanay, pahingi po ng pera, bibili po ako ng soft drinks. 45 years old. Eh kung may bisyo pa, 45 years old.
Nanay, pahingi po ng pera, pahingi po ng 12 pesos. Ano na yung mo anak? Bibili po ako ng may tipula. Anak ng dalagan baka.
Nagbisyo pa. 45 years. In these days, people are also expected to have their own family. Pag 45 years old ka na at wala ka pang asawa, you do not have your own family.
People will ask you, Why don't you have a husband yet? You're already 45 years old. You do not have a wife. You do not have children.
You do not have your own family. Then he will say, It's hard to grow up without a family that takes care of you. Right?
We Filipinos are like that. But in some other cultures, It's perfectly normal. 45 years old, 50 years old, 65 years old, single. They don't give... They don't...
What do you call this? They do not pressure the person. That's what they want in life. We Filipinos are very particular with age and what you should have at that particular age.
What are you? You're 25 years old. You haven't graduated yet.
I want to graduate at 45 years old. That's what you know about my life. But in our culture, it's like that. And that is part of growing up.
It's still part of development. You have to consider these expectations from family, from people, and from society. You do not have to conform, but it's there.
It's up to you how you process it. If you really don't want to conform to expectations, that is your right as a person. If you don't want to, you don't have to force it. But your expectations are there. Let's proceed to midlife, about 45 to 65 years old.
If this is really midlife. Some people are not even reaching 65. So it's not their midlife anymore. End life. Career reaches highest level.
Here are the promotions. Here are the... Realization of our full potentials as persons.
Self-assessment. We reflect on our life during this stage. Although we can also reflect on our life at any stage. What we are saying here is, most people begin to really reflect on the life that they have lived so far.
During this stage, we are usually wondering about our life. What have I done with my life? What have I achieved? Have I identified my purpose?
What's the meaning of life for me? Have I lived my life well so far? These questions arise during this stage, about 45 to 65. All of these things can happen, these questions can arise earlier.
Karamihan lang ba dito nangyayari? Ano yung empty nest? Bakit naging empty yung nest? Kasi po, dito sa mga panahon ito, our children leave us to live their own lives.
Sa panahon ito, gumagraduate ang mga anak. Pagka-graduate niyan, they will begin to look for work. The moment they find one, they stay, of course, they will stay where they work.
And then after a while, they will get married. And of course, they will have their own family, they will have their own home, they will have their own house, and they will live separately. That's what happens in a family. Even if you have five children, All of them will leave you later. All of them will leave us later.
Because they will have their own families. So the home, the nest, becomes empty except for the father and the mother. Yung bahay na dati ay magulo at ang ingay-ingay because of the children.
When they play, when they quarrel, ang ingay. After a while, silence. It's now very quiet because the children have all graduated.
They are now working in some far places where they will eventually get married and eventually settle down. See, the nest becomes empty. So this part is a bit sad.
They'll just call the children, How are you, son? If you remember the children, How are you, father? How are you, mother? Then if they'll bring you to the hospital, You'll go home with one or two children.
Retirement also takes place here. 60 years old, Someone is retiring. Me, when we...
when I reach the age of 60, I'm planning to retire. Kasi sa teacher, ang 60 ay optional retirement yan. Kung gusto mong mag-retire, pwede. Kung gusto mong hindi muna mag-retire, continue serving, pwede rin. Pagdating ng 65 years old, forced retirement age na.
Whether you like it or not. You have to retire from the service. Sagad ka na, men, 65. So, kung magre-retire ako ng 60, aba, medyo tagal-tagal pa yan, no? Almost 5 years pa. Sobrang 5 years, pero kulang na 5 years.
Kasi I'm already... I'm turning 56 this coming November. So, pagdating ng November, I... I'm 56 years old.
There are still 4 years before I turn 60. So, 4 years before I grow up. I was in the middle of life, according to our table. We're not yet an empty nest because my son is still at home.
He's studying at the college in Manila. They're online because of COVID. So there, we're together.
Let us proceed to late life. About 65 years old to... This is the saddest.
To death. He enjoys family achievements. Ine-enjoy na lang ni lolo at ni lola yung naging achievements nila as a family.
Graduate ang mga anak, may trabaho lahat, may mga families na rin. Yung mga apo nila nag-aaral lahat, yung ganun ba? Dependency.
Ito ang malungkot plus, dependency. Because the couple who have already retired, are no longer working and living on their pension, which may be enough or not enough, depending on their pension, depending on their salary, when they were still working. But oftentimes, parents still have to ask for some help from their children.
This happens. Especially if you're not a professional, you are a worker. So you don't have a pension.
So when you're old, you can no longer work. You depend on your children. Anak, wala kaming pambili ng iyong gatas ba ng matanda?
Nakalimutan ko yung pangalan niya. We don't have any vitamins to buy. You can buy us Centrum, the silver advanced. It's sad, right? They're dependent on their children.
Because they can no longer work, they're already old. It's not very sad if the children will take care of the parents. I will take care of your mother's vitamins.
And I will also give you food to buy. I will pay for electricity, electricity, and house if there is no one at home. That's fun. But if there is no one to support the child, that's sad.
That is the reason why We should provide for our old age. While we're earning, while we're still strong, we should think of our twilight years. We should think of those years where we can no longer work, we can no longer gain income.
Maybe we should save for those times, or invest. It's up to you how you prepare for those years. Matagal pa naman kayo eh, bata pa kayo.
Kami lang nag-iisip ng ganyan. We're already approaching retirement age. Widowhood, ito malungkot din, widow. Nagiging balo. Kasi usually, itong mga edad na ito, talagang, this is already the years where we expect our life to end.
Or kung hindi man mag-end. This is the stage of life where we can no longer expect too many years more here on earth. Pag 65 years old na eh, hindi ka na makakaasa na aabot ka pa ng mga 30 years more or 35 years more. Although may mga umaabot ng ganyang edad na 85, 90, si Enreli yata 93 na eh.
O 93 or sobrang na yata si Enreli. 97, parang ganyan. Ang tibay ni Manong no. Sana all.
Umabot kaya tayo. Balik tayo sa late life. Generally speaking, kung titignan natin, itong edad neto, this is where we expect our life to end in a few years.
Parang bihira na yung umabot ngayon ng mga 75, mga 80. So anyway, we're not talking about anything else but The definite stages or pattern of development. So, our stages are prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, midlife, late life. Eight stages of development all in all.
We identified the approximate or estimated. years or age when they start and when they, that's just approximations and then we also talk about the major features, the major developments, the major changes, the major characteristics of each of these states of development