In several previous videos, we mentioned that our country, Indonesia, is geographically located in an area known as the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a group of areas around the Pacific Ocean which frequently experience earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This area is called the Ring. fire because this area forms a large circle or ring that encircles the Pacific Ocean. This area has a lot of seismic and volcanic activity because it is located at the meeting of tectonic plates which move together along this ring . The earth's plates meet , move and collide with each other. The negative effect is when the plates these interact, they can cause natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and even tsunamis, however, these plates are the background for the formation of various continents and oceans as we know them today . the place where 4 tectonic plates meet , three of which are the main plates . Before discussing further, it would be good if we first know what tectonic plates are. If we talk about tectonic plates , it cannot be separated from the theory of plate tectonics or the formation of the earth , where the earth was formed due to movement. below the earth's surface according to this theory the earth has a rigid outer layer called the lithosphere which consists of the crust and the top part of the earth's mantle whose contents are stiff and solid which usually has a thickness of about 100 km below the lithosphere layer there is an asthenosphere which is solid but can flow like a liquid very slowly and over a very long geological time scale because of the low viscosity and shear strength. The deeper part of the mantle below the asthenosphere becomes stiffer, the cause is not colder temperatures but high pressure. The lithosphere layer is divided into tectonic plates on earth there are 7 main plates and many smaller plates these lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere due to convection asthenosphere and lithosphere these plates move relative to each other at different speeds from 2-15 centimeters per year the interaction of tectonic plates is responsible for various geological formations such as the Himalayan mountains in Asia, the East African gap and the San Andreas fault in California, the United States. The theory of plate tectonics itself was developed from the 1950s to the 1970s. The theory of plate tectonics is a modern update to Continental drift, an idea first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912, stated that the Earth's continents had drifted across the planet over time. This theory began to be accepted by geoscientists after seafloor spreading was validated in the mid to late 1960s. Tectonics is used to explain continental drift, a phenomenon that occurred when the continents were still a single unit , called a super-large continent or supercontinent or called Pangea , until not long after that the continent that emerged was divided into several parts. Some parts of this divided continent were called Gondwana and Laurasia . some of these continents are characterized by movement and are likened to floating pieces of ice and move in the ocean because this is the theory of tectonic plates, also called the theory of continental drift. Based on the explanation of this theory, it can be said that tectonic plates are the uppermost part of the earth with phenomena that arise as a result of the movement process and influence the height and low of the earth directly. This movement process makes a significant influence on the geologically dynamic appearance of the earth's surface. Indonesia itself is surrounded by 4 tectonic plates . What tectonic plates surround Indonesia ? Quoted from gramedia.com, here are the 4 tectonic plates that surround Indonesia. The Indo- Australian plate. The Indo-Australian plate has an area of approximately 58 .9 million km² then the Indo Australian plate was formed from the fusion of plates between the Australian plate and the Indian plate millions of years ago and several years ago or when the Eurasian plate and the Indo Australian plate collided with each other , the Himalayan mountains were formed. Apart from that, several researchers have researching the Indo-Australian plate believes that the Indian plate and the Australian plate are two plates that separated from each other several millions of years ago. In Indonesia, the Indo-Australian plate is located in eastern regions such as Papua Island and also East Nusa Tenggara Island , which are then connected to each other. with the Eurasian plate to the west and to the north there is the Pacific plate, the Eurasian plate , the next plate in Indonesia is the Eurasian plate, this plate is estimated to have an area of approximately 67.8 million km² because this plate is quite large , this plate is included in the plate. 3rd largest in the world , in fact almost all areas of the European and Asian continents are on this plate. Apart from that, there are many geological schemes that occur on the Eurasian plate , even some of the geological schemes that occur are quite large , one of which is the formation of the Himalayan mountains and also the formation of the Caspian Sea lake, this lake has become the largest lake in the world to date, the Eurasian plate can be said to be the most geologically active plate, therefore in the areas passed by this plate volcanic events and earthquakes usually occur in the Indonesian region . which this plate passes through are large islands such as Sumatra Island, Java Island, Sulawesi Island and Kalimantan Island , therefore it can be said that the Eurasian plate is the base of Indonesia, currently the Pacific plate , the third plate that surrounds Indonesia , is the Pacific plate, this Pacific plate. It is estimated that it has an area of approximately 103.3 million km², therefore this plate is the largest plate in the world today. Apart from that, this plate is located under the Pacific Ocean starting from the northern part of Papua Island, Indonesia . In general, the Pacific plate can be said to be crust from the ocean, except in areas around California and New Zealand, even this plate played quite a role in the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Initially, the Hawaiian Islands were volcanoes that were under the sea , then pushed upwards to form land that existed millions of years ago. then the formation of this volcano occurs through several points on the Pacific plate and then at each outer boundary of the plate This Pacific Ocean forms a ring of fire at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean , where the ring of fire causes volcanoes in several areas of the Philippine Sea Plate . The 4th plate that surrounds Indonesia is then the Philippine Sea Plate. If the previous three plates are included in the macro category , then the Philippine Sea Plate This is a micro marine plate, this is because this plate has an area of approximately 5.5 million km², the Philippine Sea Plate is located in the northern region of Halmahera Waigeo Island, Papua Island , apart from that, it is also located in the outermost part of the Sangihe Talaud Islands, this Philippine Sea Plate is in direct contact with three macro plates in Indonesia , namely the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate and the Pacific plate, each plate in Indonesia has different movements, such as the Indo-Australian plate which moves to the northeast at a speed of 7.7 cm per year, the Pacific plate is moving to the northwest at a speed of 10.2 cm per year, meanwhile the Eurasian plate is relatively stationary in Indonesia itself . Collision movements can cause volcanoes starting from the northern tip of Sumatra Island to Java Island , Bali Island, East Nusa Tenggara. continues until it heads east, turning towards Maluku. Therefore, there is evidence that the impact movement is still ongoing. As a result of this movement , in Indonesia , tectonic earthquakes often occur which can then be dangerous for the surrounding community. The impact also makes Indonesia a country. with the largest archipelago in the world which is very complex and unique, therefore we often encounter various forms of beaches, sea trenches , active mountains and faults, making them prone to tectonic earthquakes . That's a video about the tectonic plates that surround Indonesia . Hopefully this video can add a little insight and knowledge to Thank you all for watching and wait for our next video