okay all right now i heard the breakdown of something and then i heard urea okay urea is the product okay so let's take a look okay nitrogenous waste now obviously carbon dioxide water comes from the breakdown of glucose because during respiration you break down glucose into water and carbon dioxide excess salts and ions it comes from a variety of metabolic processes whatever you use whatever you don't use etc is uh are dispelled um or excreted by by the kidneys when it comes to nitrogenous waste nitrogenous waste have a very specific um source protein yes because nitrogenous waste implies these are waste with nitrogen in it these are the wastes that come from the metabolism or what they call the d ammonization [Music] of protein okay so that's where these nitrogenous waste come from it deamonizes the proteins the liver takes proteins out of the blood that are no longer necessary you might be asking where they come from well when you make a hormone it gets dumped into the blood that hormone does not stay there forever the liver will take it out chop off the amino group and recycle the rest so the the amino group which which or amine group which looks like this it's an nh2 group that's the amide grouper sometimes we don't call it the amide group we just called the amino the amino group okay this is what's left over so what do you do with that amino group well some organisms turn it into ammonia okay nh3 it turns that into ammonia we can't do that ammonia is way too poisonous to have floating around in our blood fish do that uh certain other small organisms will do that but we don't okay uric acid uric acid is a solid or crystal form of lots and lots of amine groups bonded together so this crystallized form again this is not something we want to build up in your blood because this as we mentioned last time if you have too many of these crystals in your blood what's that disorder you get gout okay so that's a no no we don't want uric acid in our blood of course if you're an insect and you want to conserve water you make uric acid if you're a bird a tiny little bird and you want to conserve water you make uric acid so uric acid might be in verb excrement or or or insect uh wastes but not not normal for us to carry a lot of uric gas in our blood the reason why urea is our choice for this type of waste product is because the urea we make has this formula it's kind of interesting it's got an amine group attached to a carbon with another amine group on the other side and a double bond o this is the chemical formula for urea that's what urea looks like now what's advantages the advantages of this form is it's not as poisonous it's still poisonous but it's not as deathly poisonous as ammonia is okay so it's safer to carry around the blood it's soluble like ammonia is so it makes it very easy to carry in the blood okay and it can be concentrated in the form of urea which is the waste product that our kidneys make okay the only problem with this is that you still don't want a lot of it building up in your blood you want your kidneys to work and work you know efficiently in removing this um a little side note did i ever mention diaper rash on this i didn't mention the story on diaper rash for those of you here's a little side note parental side note is when you have this substance sit in a diaper too long the baby's body heat will take this urea and actually break it down it reacts with water i'm gonna draw water like this on purpose okay it reacts with water in such a way that this hydrogen attaches here this hydrogen attaches here and look what you make ammonia so when and you know that anyone who's ever had a diaper pail or something like that a smelly diaper pail smells like ammonia that's why urea naturally with a little warmth from the baby's body or the little warmth even just from the urine itself will break down into ammonia and where does the oxygen go the oxygen goes with the c and the o to produce a little carbon dioxide this is the explanation of why babies sitting in very very wet diapers develop diaper rash they're actually getting chemical burns from ammonia on their skin now think about it for a minute you would not put ammonia on a baby's skin okay ammonia is a grease cutting agent it dissolves fat well since most of your skin cells are made up of cells that have those phospholipids on the surface ammonia if you ever if you ever spilt ammonia on your hands you ever notice that the ammonia feels slimy feel slippery even notice a little that maybe i don't know if you've ever had the opportunity like maybe you were doing some laundry and a little moan you spilled and got on your hands the reason why it feels slippery in your hands it's actually dissolving away your skin okay now since you have what layers and layers of epidermis with that stratum cornea dead cells on it normally you're not going to get a burning sensation on your fingertips unless it goes in a cut but on a baby's delicate bottom where the skin is much thinner yeah the baby can actually develop blisters from diapers first it looks red and then eventually the redness gives way to blisters and open sores and then you have the problem where yeast can get into those sores and cause a fungal infection that makes it even worse well anyway so now you know what causes diaper ish okay um okay this by the way somebody just asked a request about getting a copy of this outline okay this outline is on blackboard it's on the unit 3 resources um i don't know if i sent it in a separate email now that i think about it i thought i did all right but um you know if i didn't i'll make sure i send it to you just uh somebody sent me an email request to go over it okay uh let me let me let me look right now let me stop the share okay [Music] show email okay i just sent it to everybody the reproductive outline the urinary system lab and the vocabulary list okay those were the three attachments thank you you're welcome okay so let's uh get back to us and let's see what's on our screen share now there we go okay um all right next uh organs of filtration okay on the organs of filtration these are just it says know what each one filters during excretion so what waste come out of the lungs mainly what carbon dioxide and on cold days you can notice a lot of what else coming out of your lungs water water vapor that's water vapor that steam that comes out of your mouth notice also alcohol if you have alcohol in your blood alcohols on your breath that also comes out of your lungs okay sweat sweat is mostly water salts and i hate to say it but i might have mentioned last time a little bit of urea is in sweat sweat is like diluted urine okay the liver does not really filter things out it doesn't really excrete but you know the liver is a major processor of waste so it filters out all those things we learned about in digestion dead red blood cells excess protein we just talked about it takes out excess glucose which really isn't a waste uh takes out worn out red blood cells it takes out toxins so it's a big filter but it's not a big excretor doesn't excrete waste to the outside when it takes those things out of the blood anything that's not needed it sends to the kidneys for excretion okay and the kidneys we know make urine its main product is urine when it comes to waste and urine i mean you can count the number of products or substances in urine on one hand urine is mostly water we're gonna go over it later urea is the main nitrogenous waste and the rest is just excess salts and of course whatever else you happen to put into your body medications toxins or whatever else might be in there drugs whether they're legal or illegal would be also in your urine okay we did talk about the kidney structure and when it came to the kidney structure we learned about the the positioning of the kidneys we use a word called retroperitoneal okay that's on our vocabulary list we can go over that at another time but that explains how the kidneys are behind the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity okay we know that there are two kidneys the the the the the right kidney is noticeably a little lower than the right uh the left kidney and the main reason for that is you have the big liver right here the liver takes up a lot of space in the upper right quadrant so the right liver is sort of like displacement somewhat so they're not perfect okay there's the two-year readers coming down what do we call this indent here on the kidney the hylus yeah that's the highless or hilum i accept both words don't worry about whether you say hi list or hilum that's the indentation that's the entrance exit point to any kidney okay and then of course there's a urinary bladder down here sitting in the uh in the in the pelvic cavity okay in terms of structures we went over these the last time we were together it was also recorded in the video the various layers of the the kidney and remember it surprised a lot of people that if you talk about the structure of the kidney the basic structure of the kidney starts off with remember one the fibrous capsule then a layer under the fibrous capsule known as the renal cortex okay and the third layer under it was all of this this middle part here that was the renal medulla but the renal medulla had one two three parts okay the first part or what we call three a that's what we did last time i remember now we call the street a the renal pyramid that's these these three-dimensional things they're not fans they're three dimensions of straws lots and lots of tubes carrying urine uh 3b [Music] were the renal columns they're the little spaces in between they look like extensions of the cortex and they are for blood vessels to pass and the tip of every pyramid what was the tip called every pyramid had a tip renal papilla yeah that was the renal papilla that's slightly off the screen right here okay the renal papilla is r in front of that okay that's the tip and the tip had holes in it because that's where urine was gonna drip from so every one of these pyramids is depositing urine into the fourth part of the kidney which actually was a space the renal sinus and that was it those are the four main parts of a kidney and then we made a point of mentioning that the rest of what you see in here is what's filling up the sinus is the beginning of your urinary tract and remember there was an order to remember when the urine drips out what catches the urine first the minor calyx the minor calyx catches it first that's right here one little funnel one little funnel one little funnel every pyramid deposits urine into a area which looks like a little funnel if you look at it okay and then of course the minor calluses have to join together so they become uh major calories major calyx okay so if i put an x with as a major calyx i would say one two three there's one in this area here okay there's one in this area here for these two and there's one in this area here that would be the three major calyxes that we see in this picture okay and then where do all the major calyxes join well obviously they're joining in this central area right here i'll put a z there they all join there or that major calyx that major calyx in that major count what do we call that central point there renal pelvis that's the renal pelvis okay they should have made that arrow a little bit longer whoever made the book okay the renal pelvis is the central area and then once you leave the renal pelvis you pass through an area here right what was that area called again the hilum yeah that was the hilum again that's the area where you either enter or exit the kidney and once you're past the hilum now you're officially in to your reader and where's the reader going to go to the bladder the bladder and after the bladder urethra the urethra the one with the h in it okay so the urethra all right so you got your urinary system figured out anatomically now let's make sure we got it functionally okay the way the kidney works is through the action of these little nephrons up here okay we went through the blood vessels i believe last time also the names of the blood vessels this is mostly for uh anatomy okay so we'll go over that in lab if we need to okay the different names of the blood vessels okay so here's a close-up of the blood vessels these are the blood vessels of the kidneys one little curious thing is that when you look at the names all the names are parallel except for which which the one blood vessel that throws off the parallel nature of our blood vessels segmental artery yeah segmental arteries are the branches that go through the sinus right here in the middle before they become interlobar going in the columns and then the interlobe or veins coming back don't have a segmental vein and that's what makes the segmental artery not parallel it doesn't have the same name vein leaving okay they claim the anonymous claim that the interlobar veins go right into the renal vein okay it doesn't look like it in the picture but apparently that's what they say okay enough with the blood vessels okay let's look at those little nephrons now this picture shows you you know why there are two different types of nephrons i mentioned that most of your nephrons 80 to 85 percent maybe even more are the short nephrons that are up here okay they're called cortical nephrons remember but the long ones 10 to 15 percent of them that are really long and they have a big loop of henle okay nephron loop those are the juxta medullary nephrons okay you're gonna see them again here where they show you a side by side of them you know illustrative purposes okay now this gives you a great view of the tubes that are making urine the nephron is a filter unit a microscopic filter unit and for the million or so nephrons that are in every kidney these do a tremendous job of filtering the blood and eventually coming out of these tubes down here you have urine dripping this is where the renal papilla is and urine be dripping out of these little branches here so this is a big drainage system okay now in the video i had you go through this and and and we we labeled all the different parts that the peritubular capillaries going around the various types of things but let's take a look at the structures that we see here in a functional way okay um okay this is a close-up of of the renal corpuscle did we do that do we go over that at all i don't remember okay because that was one of the last structures that that i don't remember if we went over it or not remember things like protocytes filtration slits anything like that no okay so let's back up i know we actually spent some time in the video on this okay and if you're wondering where this comes from well let's take a look here let's go to our outline for a minute okay the outline that went through the renal anatomy then it went through renal circulation these are the names of all the blood vessels okay right here it has nephron structure and function and it talks about the four processes in urine formation okay and those are the ones that i went over when i went over this little slide here okay and then it talks about renal physiology in the bladder so this is what i was planning on covering tonight g and h but let's spend a little time going over this just to make sure we've got it okay so when we click back on our our diagram here okay oh what you could do for this if it helps [Music] on the notes i gave you i did give you a diagram of the nephron for you to practice with and label even though you know some of it is labeled but not clearly and then i made a chart here for you to be able to summarize all right so maybe we could do that and that'll be a good review for everybody okay let me slide this over just a little bit if i can okay that might work okay all right let's see if this works for them okay so we see the empty chart on the left is that correct and then we see the nephron on the right so we have that for reference excellent okay so we can look at it this way if you've had these notes or if you just take a piece of paper out right now you don't have to follow me exactly but we'll do the best we can okay so we have here in this first box here you can make this roman numeral one if you remember roman numeral one stood for glomerula [Music] filtration okay and that's what goes in the first box right there global filtration roman numeral one on your diagram if you have your diagram up there okay roman numeral one on your diagram would go right over bowman's capsule or the renal corpuscle whatever you want to call it we could put it here doesn't matter okay there's roman numeral one okay so what goes on in bowman's capsule what happens in here well you know blood goes in the afferent arterial then goes through those fenestrated capillaries and then squeezes out the filtrate before the blood leaves that's probably what would be a good idea to skip this for now and go right to that diagram that we were hesitating on you'll have a better understanding of what's going on if we look at it here so you could see the afferent arterial with an arrow going in this is blood going in and this is the glomerulus remember we're feminine straight capillaries so they had little holes in them and what you see here is what's covering the capillaries seems to be these oddly looking cells these cells that have fingers on them or little legs on them and that makes sense because if you're having a capillary spraying liquid out if you have a bunch of capillaries that are spraying liquid out and you cover it with a membrane you can imagine that there's no way the liquid is going to go out but if instead that membrane that covered over the capillaries had little filtration slits in them the cells that went over those capillaries had those little spaces in them then things would look different the difference would be you'd have again watch my hand a ball of capillaries covered by a membrane but the membrane had little filtration slits in it i don't know if you can see that's going in that focus on my end i don't know why we're having trouble here focusing that's us maybe too much reflection of light okay but anyway you get the idea that filtration slits create an avenue for the liquid to go through okay so this is the the structure of the glomerulus inside bowman's capsule or the glomerular capsule that's here the whole thing is called a renal corpuscle so i you know there's a lot of words here we'll go over with the vocabulary so a renal corpuscles the whole structure made up of two parts okay it's made up of a capsule on the outside looking like a cup or catcher's mitt that's bowman's capsule or what they call here the glomerular capsule see the wording chloromeryl capsule same thing is bowman's capsule and then inside is the glomerulus which they're calling the glomerular capillary that's the fenestrated capillary so these capillaries have little dots little holes on them and bowman's capsule actually has two membranes to it if you look at it it's got the capsular epithelium which is again a new word it used to be called the parietal layer of bowman's capsule so you can call it that that's what you see in lab the parietal layer of bones capsules out here the inner layer is covering the capillaries that's made out of podocytes that's the visceral layer of bowman's capsule so this is what we mean by bowman's capsule has two layers okay if i draw it i would draw it like this parietal layer visceral layer parietal layer so the visceral layer is the one that's inside and that's what's touching the capillaries so the blood comes in goes here blood goes out and then the urine not urine i'm sorry the filtrate i should say the filtrate will spray out of here and go right through the podocytes right through the podocytes and fill up the space here with filtrate all the filtrate would fill in here okay what i'm describing with blood going in and all the liquid pouring out is what we call glomerular filtration okay so glomerular filtration okay involves the filtration i'm sorry for using the same word filtration of the blood fluids and anything small and soluble enough to pass through the fenestrations and filtration slits okay so what are you expecting to find in the filter filtrate metabolic wastes okay urea [Music] salt what else lots of water okay etc okay what else would you find in there well this might surprise you glucose amino acids short chain fatty acids etc and of course anything else that was in your blood um medications drugs toxins okay so we've got all that going into your bowman's capsule now you might get surprised by the fact that nutrients are actually passing through but that's how the nephron works the nephron works like you're cleaning out dresser drawers you dump everything out first and that's glomerular filtration glomerular filtration happens at a rate of about 180 liters per day okay and that might surprise you because you might be saying i don't have 180 liters of blood to filter i only have five so divide five into that and you'll see that your blood is absorbed and reabsorbed and filtered over 30 times by your kidneys so your kidneys are constantly filtering your blood over and over again and so 180 liters of filtrate go through your kidneys every day that's a lot of liquid okay and it's all based on the pressure that's going on in there now remember these cells right here the cells when blood goes into bowman's capsule the blood pressure in here is very important for filtration to take place filtration depends on blood pressure so we'll get back to that okay so there are juxtaglomerular cells why am i typing cells and not getting a c that monitor bp on the afferent side okay i'm going to keep tabs on that a little bit later so let's go to our story again so blood goes in here it filters through the glomerulus sprays through those protocytes those filtration slits fills this cavity with filtrate and then the filtrate goes further and where does it go next well it says it right there it's going into the part of the nephron known as the proximal convoluted tube so let's get back to our original diagram would be better if i cleared this first uh professor i have a good question yeah so the um so the filtrate that comes out these um the the i guess the glomerular capillary um does any of it stay in that capsular space in between the two epithelium or does it go straight to the convoluted tube no it it it goes in here and then because it constant there's a constant spraying going on the liquid just generally will be flowing this way as long as your kidneys are working there's a constant flow of liquid remember blood is pumping into the into the glomerulus here non-stop so every time your heart beats about 20 percent of your cardiac output goes in here and so there's a lot of spring on it's like a hose that's constantly running so it doesn't just happen in stock it's going on 24 hours a day okay so yes so it doesn't stay in here it really just continues to flow okay and i just realized when i clear it i lose the notes let me see something if i could do this okay that's good i might have to do that might have to manually erase what i put on the side okay let's get back to the nephron we have a blackout that's a different story okay so looking here if this was roman numeral one and that took place here in the renal corpuscle i don't know if you want to write it down up here that this took place in the renal corpuscle even though the name gives it away glomerular filtration and had to happen in the glomerulus inside omen's capsule which is this renal corpuscle okay roman numeral two roman numeral two would be right here well maybe we better call it 2a yeah now let's just call it two i got i gotta figure it out later okay what is two two is called tubular re-absorption okay that's roman numeral two tubular reabsorption okay now there are two parts to tubular reabsorption now i'll put it in the a and the b the first part of tubular reabsorption the first part of tubular reabsorption is called obligatory h because this is where all the nutrients go back into the blood along with approximately 80 percent of the water okay and that's why they call it obligatory reabsorption because the blood must return it okay and if you remember from our discussion when blood leaves the efferent arteriole it creates those peritubular capillaries that go back here like this and that's where the peritubular capillaries are taking back all the useful materials so this is what's going on during tubular reabsorption okay so this is is uh is happening well this part is happening and the proximal convoluted tubule let me write part of it out proximal convoluted [Music] tubule okay that's where all the obligatory reabsorption takes place most of it just let's just say most of it okay and that's the products so notice it says absorption of water ions and all organic nutrients that's what's happening here in the proximal convoluted tubule all right so most of the good stuff goes back then we go down the descending limb then we go to the nephron loop and you'll notice in the nephron loop it's a continuation of reabsorption so we can add that to our notes okay also continues slightly in henley's loop or what is called the nephron is that what is called nephron loop and so all this absorption is trying to get back all the useful stuff okay as the filtrate remember that's not urine yet as the filtrate goes up the tube it goes now into the distal convoluted tubule and this is where roman numeral 3 happens and let's read what it says distal convoluted tubule secretion of ions acids drugs and toxins so this is called tubular secretion okay so let's try to understand what's going on so far we're trying to filter the blood so what do we do first listen to this analogy we first take the blood and squeeze it out we take everything out like cleaning a bunch of dresser drawers we dump everything on the bed i think that's the analogy i used in the video you dump everything out then the blood goes back and in the peritubular capillaries you have tubular reabsorption the blood takes back all the good stuff hey you can't take the glucose i need that back i want the amino acids back i want some of the ions back water i need most of that water back i just lost 180 liters a day i can't afford that i need eighty percent of that back just to start so tubular reabsorption is just the blood taking back all the good stuff it wants and it keeps doing that a little bit in the loop under a little bit of hormonal control we'll talk about later okay but can you imagine the blood saying okay i got i took back everything i wanted i put everything back in the drawers that i wanted to keep but then it notices one of the things in the bottom drawer is this old purple t-shirt that you bought when it was buy one get one free and you know you're never gonna wear that shirt you just got it because it was buy one get one free and you had no choice you grabbed it real quick still has the tags on it so you have something that's been sitting in your drawer for years that you know you're not going to wear but it's brand new you got it for free and now you finally decide you know it's time to get rid of it that's tubular secretion tubular secretion is the blood's last chance to get rid of stuff it doesn't need so let's read that again together tubular distal convoluted tubule secretion of ions acids drugs toxins things that are in the blood that the blood definitely doesn't want okay and so that's what we're going to write down here okay here the blood releases unwanted chemicals and toxins acids drugs to balance ph and blood chemistry so this is the last chance for the blood to refine itself and that's tubular secretion so again dump everything out take back what you want get rid of any last minute things you don't want okay that's tubular secretion putting the stuff back into the tube and this is why an athlete that's taking drug enhancing steroids will get caught if they do a urine analysis or a blood test they'll find these drugs in his urine or his blood tests if someone's taking an illegal drug and they do a urine analysis or blood test they'll find the illegal drug that they're taking in their blood or in their urine so it's in the urine okay so the urine is as sort of like a way of checking on the chemistry of the body to see if there's anything that doesn't belong now it's not only for illegal things you know for a fact that if you take mega doses of vitamin c because you've got a cold you can i don't know if this sounds gross but you can actually smell the vitamin c in your urine when you go to the bathroom when you're on an antibiotic heavy antibiotics you're told to keep taking your antibiotics why because your kidneys don't know the antibiotics are there to help you they'll keep filtering them out and that's why even your urine will smell like medicine when you're on an antibiotic or if you take a lot of b vitamins the smell of the b vitamins or also in your urine okay so all of this gets filtered out and that's where the tubular secretion comes in to get rid of on the unwanted things but there's one more thing that distal convoluted tube does for you okay this is happening in the distal convoluted tubule okay where tubular reabsorption was mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule and a little bit in the in henley's loop but the second thing that happens here is this it says variable reabsorption of water under hormonal control so if this is function number one function number two for the distal convoluted tubule is going to be this i'm almost afraid to change color i'll keep it green this is called one two three four imagine the stars from earlier factual okay remember when you had reabsorption here it was all the nutrients go back all the good stuff goes back and 80 of the water facultative reabsorption is basically this if needed additional water will be re-absorbed under hormonal control by the nephron releasing renin from the juxta glomerula [Music] cells all right now let's try to make sense of all this okay blood comes in under pressure it squeezes out filtration the blood goes back takes what it needs obligatory reabsorption it goes down a little more reabsorption goes into the distal convoluted tubule tubular secretion the blood actually secretes back what it doesn't want and then the distal convoluted tubule can do another thing it can actually reabsorb additional water if needed by the body but how do you know when to reabsorb the water and when you don't that's why we went over here filtration depends on blood pressure so there are objects to glomerular cells that monitor that was monitored the monotone blood pressure on the afferent side if blood pressure drops the afferent side of the [Music] blood vessel here the afferent side goes into the glomerulus with low pressure it's almost like these little juxtaglomerula cells here say oh no this can't be if you drop blood pressure i'm not going to be able to filter the blood and so it drops renin into the bloodstream and when it drops ringing into the bloodstream that's going to let the distal convoluted tube absorb more water but how but how is a good question if needed additional water be reabsorbed on the hormonal control by the nephron releasing renin from the juxtaponeral cells this causes additional water and salt absorption so blood pressure goes up again [Music] but how well i'll have to show you that right after we're done okay so what's left well again i'm sorry i'm repeating myself but hopefully it's getting to you blood needs to get cleaned so what do we do first like dresser drawers glomerular filtration we dump everything out tubular reabsorption we take back the useful stuff tubular secretion we get rid of anything that's still in there that we don't want drugs we want to adjust the ph uh maybe the person this is a problem when people like eat too much candy or you eat before you go for a urine test and it blows the whole test because if they detect glucose in your blood they might think you're a diabetic say so that's why they make you fast before you get go for a urine test but your kidney will try to take anything out of the blood it doesn't want during tubular secretion okay and then there will be what we said facultative reabsorption if needed if you're dehydrated you're going to have facultative reabsorption make sense if you're dehydrated you're going to have more reabsorption if you're overly hydrated you drank a lot of water you were celebrating and you were drinking a lot of a beverage of choice your body now is overwhelmed with water and this is when you urinate a whole lot because your kidney does not do this facultative factuative yes that's how it's spelled facultative reabsorption but anyway once this is all done what's left to do what's left to do is simple what's left to do is roman numeral four and right here in the collecting duct there's variable reabsorption of water secretion of sodium hydrogen ions or bicarbonates but eventually you're going to collect urine and that's what's going on here roman numeral four collection of your okay and this is mostly happening in the collecting ducts so within the collecting ducts there may be additional reabsorption and secretion as urine is collected and passes to the what is the passing two would it be the papillary dog it definitely would be the papillary duct okay so let's put that on the white so we can all see it okay so within the collecting ducts that's this tube down here there may be additional reabsorption secretion i'm not making a big deal about it because it seems like absorption is happening everywhere but secretion is always happening after the distal convoluted tubule so it's almost like here's urine forming and as the urine is forming here's the last chance for the blood to take back what it wants or lose what it doesn't want so it's going on there so that's what why i wrote this in low letters lowercase letters but the main thing that's going on in the collecting duct is urine is collected from all of the nephrons and it passes to the papillary duct and that's the fourth step okay and then you know the rest of this you think you could fill in the blanks i'm taking a big risk to see if i could type this all out from the papillary duct where is it going to go minor cabinets okay so professor the papillary duct is the same as reno um papilla no the papillary duct is the tube that's in the renal papilla okay see so look let me see if i can draw it for you without losing everything okay see this stuck right here okay right here would be like i can't draw it but it would be like right there they should make this longer but it's okay you'll get the idea i think right there would be the end of the pyramid say so there'll be all these ducks over here dripping urine out all right so there'll be a tube here you'd be a tube here and the tube you see okay so ready this is the renal papilla the tip of the pyramid okay remember the pyramids the tip of the pyramid is the renal papilla the papillary duct are the tubes that go through it right and they're carrying urine that's going to drip out here and when the urine drips what catches it what catches the urine minor calyx yeah there you go the minor calyx which is going to go to the major account major kind of you know i don't know if i got enough blanks for this but let's keep going renal pelvis next everybody agree your reader next you're an air bladder next so we skipped pilots urethralis all right why did we skip pilos is it just like an area and not an actual like structure right it's an area so it's almost like if if you got a tube you know a tube going out the building okay the tube in the building is the renal pelvis the tube going out the building is the ureter but the doorway was the highless all right so the urine never touched the doorway we're only following the pathway of the urine okay all right since you mentioned it where would you put the word hyland in this or where would i draw a line right under the renal pelvis right here right okay see what i just did okay so the highland would be the tube or not the tube the entrance way or the passageway where the urine flowed from the pelvis to the ureter is that better okay all right so that's how this works okay now that you get a better idea how nephrons work nephrons are constantly working to filter the blood and now the urine is ready to go to the urinary bladder but we do have one question to answer before we leave and that's this but how does this facultative reabsorption take place how is it controlled so take a look this is worth taking a picture of okay i think i took a picture of it oh wait let me do this man just out of curiosity let's keep it there okay my eraser is a little too crazy okay so we went through what's going on here we're gonna go over that again when we do that in lab okay here is again just showing you what's going where no details but here is the filtration there's the reabsorption in blue there's the reabsorption in blue okay the lighter blue is is is the uh is the water reabsorption the darker blue is the solute reabsorption but then you see orange and the orange is the main secretion taking place and like i said it really happens everywhere but you know here is the secretion of things and it happens even in the collecting duct so there's really no give and take of where it is we just mentioned the main places here but here we now try to understand why or how let me see that little shrink thing here good i just want to shrink this a little bit okay what happens if now write this on a separate sheet of paper what happens if the blood pressure drops okay if blood pressure drops if b p [Music] drops blood pressure drops the decrease in blood pressure in the glomerulus is immediately a problem you have a decrease in glomerular filtration rate gfr that's what the juxtaglomerular cells are keeping an eye on they want to make sure the blood pressure is high enough so the kidneys work so blood pressure drops because you're dehydrated blood pressure drops because you're bleeding if any reason your blood pressure drops immediately [Music] this disturbance of homeostasis has the juxta let me type it out the juxtaglomerula cells it's also known as the juxtaglomerula complex and the juxtaglomerular cells release renin immediately and renin is a hormone that's basically like warning the whole body blood pressure's dropped blood pressure's dropped i need help and it does this by going to the lungs and the liver to release what you might have heard in the video called angiotensin there's actually angiotensin 1 and angiotensin ii but that's okay we're going to call these two guys here we're going to put them together and call it the renin angiotensin [Music] reflex let me change the lettering on that that way you can see it the renin angiotensin not tension and this creates a complete network of changes and this causes a whole bunch of reflexes they're going to make your blood pressure go up now i'm going to quiz you what exactly would your body do to make blood pressure go up what are some of the things your body would do to make the blood pressure go up maybe a reabsorption of water re-absorb more water yeah especially that facultative reabsorption that we were just talking about star star star star star okay what else would it tell the body to do you want to get your blood pressure up what should you tell the body to do vasoconstriction i like that one vasoconstriction of course you spell it right and it looks even better vasoconstriction of your vessels right is that what you're referring to yeah because if you squeeze your vessels what's going to happen the blood pressure it increases as it increases okay keep telling me more what else would make your blood pressure rise would uh increase in heart rate maybe yes cardiac okay increase heart rate and cardiac output would that increase blood pressure yes it would okay absorb more water vasoconstrict your blood vessels increase your heart rate and of course it's going to cause some other things going on in your body too it's going to also stimulate your thirst center is that not right i mean what makes you get thirsty you probably never realized it what makes you get thirsty is a drop in blood pressure when your blood pressure drops it's a sign you're dehydrated a message goes to your brain that turns on your thirst center and when your thirst center goes on guess what happens to your salivary flow yeah this is what makes your mouth dry so your thirst center gets stimulated and it stops your saliva from flowing your body's going crazy trying to get blood pressure up and of course the one that we overlooked is of course we're also going to release hormones that also get the blood pressure up like adh antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone i'll break these up adh tells the kidneys to absorb more water and aldosterone tells the kidneys to absorb more salt because if you absorb more salt it generally attracts more water so these are the two hormones so these are the two hormones we were talking about here so when we say but how here's our answer through the release of renin we do so many things to get the blood pressure up including the release of hormones so when we release adh and aldosterone that's what stimulates facultative reabsorption these are the two hormones that turn on factor reabsorption once you do all these things what you're hoping is you restore homeostasis and eventually you have a normal gfr again now this is a basic feedback mechanism here okay this is the one that we just developed and you gave me a lot of good answers okay if we look at those answers again we want blood pressure to go up so you told me absorb more water vasoconstrict increase the heart rate i told you stimulate your thirst center and release these enzyme hormones take a look and this is see i don't want to give it away but that's precisely what we see in your textbook right here now you might not be able to read that let me see if i can increase it a little bit and size well that's a little bit too big okay but this is everything that you just told me all right so it proves that you know some stuff here here we go homeostasis disturbed decrease in filtration pressure juxtaglomerular cells releases renin it says right there that's where it says it releases renin that starts the formation of angiotensin 1 and angiotensin ii and look at all the things that it does releases aldosterone constriction of your afferent arterials increased stimulation of your thirst centers makes you want to drink more liquid increases adh increases cardiac output more vasoconstriction constriction even of the veins and absorbs more water increases fluid retention increases salt retention all of these things are being done for one thing only to increase blood pressure and increase blood volume that goes with it okay so everything you told me is right on the list everything and this is again you could call this a number of things sometimes they call this the renin and geotension pathway or reflex but obviously it's a lot more than one reflex there's lots of changes that are going on and the result of all this we didn't mention the result but i think the result is pretty obvious if you're doing all this the result is you're going to have a very hypertonic urine formed okay if it's hypertonic that means it's going to be what highly concentrated or dilute highly concentrated yes very dark low volume very i love i spell this right pungent is that right for smelly very very dark very very concentrated urine okay now of course the opposite if we do the opposite of everything on this chart no no no no no no you went to a party and you had 15 beers you were hot in the summer you had a gallon and a half of gatorade you know you were drinking a lot of water well then you're not going to have a drop in blood pressure are you now the opposite is if you're overly hydrated then the opposite is going to happen if you're overly hydrated you're not going to release renin you're not going to make angiotensin you're not going to release aldosterone you're not going to release adh you're not going to increase your thirst center all that stuff's not going to happen so what happens you don't have facultative reabsorption you get rid of all that water so the opposite if you're overly hydrated there is no factuative re-absorb of the 20 water so you produce hypotonic urine and if you want to describe your hypertonic urine obviously it would be every one of these words here opposite okay so you want to help me with that instead of highly concentrated you would say very low concentrate dilute very dilute or low concentrated either word would work very dilute almost clear very light in color large volume whenever i teach this for some reason i think of tom hanks in league of their own there was a locker room scene where he walks in and he urinates for about like 68 seconds straight okay anyway but you have to see the movie just understand that okay dilute almost clear large volume of urine and little odor yeah that's our little uh way of describing hypotonic urine okay so now that we're at this point perfect time to take a little break uh when we come back we'll talk about the bladder and bladder control and be basically done with the unit okay i might give you a minor introduction to reproduction so you know what's coming up next week and obviously this wednesday if we do the anatomy uh and so you you have a little mental head start i still have to send you the information on that particular unit so you'll get it all tonight okay but before i go let me stop the tape no pause the tape so let's uh finish up this chapter and uh see what's left for us okay this is a lot of physiology this is the hardest part probably read over this if you haven't read it already or look over the videos that i sent you uh that that explain this uh but let's continue now that we know how urine is made where it comes from we can finish up our discussion on this side okay this is back to the outline on the other side so we went through the nephron structure filtration reabsorption tubular secretion collection we talked about the role of renin angiotensin 1 and 2 aldosterone adh and the results in hypertonic hypertonic urine okay and this is hormonal control or facultative reabsorption so that's everything we just spoke of so all that's left is really understanding the urinary bladder and some of the other things that are going on here okay this is a little bit more detail of the absorption of water they're showing you the different sections they're showing you what it looks like the coral iron shift the only diagram that i usually pause on is here's the showing you the absorption of water going through various concentrations the only that's worth stopping to talk about and here they talk about the distal convoluted tubule there's a lot of detail in here what exactly is going on in terms of absorption and secretion as long as you remember those words but i'll show you okay and here again here's water and salt being absorbed uh in the absence of adh notice that um the urine that's not making sense oh no this is making sense absence of adh you have very very large volume of dilute water yeah that is making sense okay all right um what you've got going on here is a lot of people wonder how do you concentrate wastes in urine while the blood is staying clean and just remember this if you want to jot it down i'll type it as well that's because when blood flows around the nephron even though we don't see it happening this way this is what's going on the blood is generally flowing in the opposite direction as the urine flows so this is very specific okay this is called counter current flow when the water i'm sorry when the blood is going this way and the filtrate is going this way it's going opposite directions so what will that allow to happen very easily i think i mean i don't know i can't think of a a a way of explaining it but think of it this way if the blood and the urine were going in the same direction if the blood sorry about that if the blood and the urine were going in the same direction okay now listen to my silly story two trucks going down the highway okay this truck says hey i don't want the garbage so it throws it in this truck well this truck's still going the same direction so this truck goes what do you mean don't give me your garbage and throws it back on that truck this goes no no throw so if they were going in the same direction the garbage the the flow of wastes would go back and forth back and forth back and forth okay we can't have that so what do we do instead what we do instead is we have the blood and the urine flowing in different directions so what happens basically is if the blood gets rid of wastes into the filtrate it's okay the filtrate's gonna go that way the blood's gonna go that way so it's like the two trucks are going in an opposite direction so if the blood truck is constantly throwing wastes into the urine the urine concentration can increase in waste while the blood continues to get less and less and less so blood ends up being clean at this end and wastes are concentrated at this end so anyway that's the advantage of counter current flow counter current flow allows the wastes to be concentrated in the urine that's collected while the blood leaves cleanly okay because the wastes are going this way and the clean blood is going that way they go in an opposite direction okay just a little factoid on blood flow okay so let's get to the bladder and this is a graph that we're not going to look at okay so eventually here is our urinary tract whenever i look at this picture the first thing i think of is if this is all hollow tube now you might have a better understanding of what happens during a urinary tract infection bacteria enters the urinary bladder and if not handled properly that bacteria can actually travel up these tubes and actually cause a deep invasion of bacteria in this urinary tract infection now since the urinary tract is outside the bloodstream the only way to treat um an infection in your urinary tract is to take advantage of that counter current flow load the blood with antibiotics drink lots of water and you flush the antibiotics out of your body and it goes here and it goes through your urinary tract to try to fight the bacteria that's living in your bladder or living in your ureters whatever it may be so that's why urinary tract infections are sometimes hard to get rid of because you have to make sure you're very excuse me very diligent in taking your antibiotics and even if you take it after you take an antibiotic you might be disappointed to find out that the urinary tract infection is not gone you got to go back and get a stronger antibiotic because they're hard to shake but now you see what because the urinary tract infection is literally outside the body's immune system it's hiding in this little tube and bladder that's living inside you okay so how does this bladder work well this is the male reproductive model showing you the urinary bladder here it is up close okay and we'll look at it in detail when we do the unit on reproduction here's the female urinary bladder and cut section okay and there's the urinary bladder and some of its features we'll go over that again with the reproductive unit right now we're just going to focus on the urinary bladder as a urinary bladder so this is the illustration that comes from the textbook so if you want to make a list of urinary bladder structures for now and then you'll see them again on wednesday when we do this in lab as a review somewhat okay the urinary bladder on the outside really is mostly adventitia there's no membrane covering the outside of the urinary bladder except for watch this let's back up a little bit if you notice here on the female urinary bladder do you notice how the peritoneum comes down goes over the urinary bladder over the uterus and then continues on the other side and goes up so remember when the peritoneum touched an organ like the stomach or small intestine the peritoneum the visceral peritoneum on those organs was called the serosa that was the visceral layer of peritoneum so in other words the urinary bladder doesn't have a serosa here because it's underneath the peritoneum so where i'm making my little red lines now would be all adventitia but the top of the urinary bladder you can say the top of the urinary bladder only has a serosa because that's where the peritoneum touches it and when we do the in our reproduction you're going to find the same thing is true of the female uterus the top portion of the uterus most of it is covered with serosa as an extra membrane all right so that's the outside of the urinary bladder and also in the male they'll be the outside layer the top layer is the serosa so the top is a cirrhosis the sides are adventitia like the esophagus was okay what's underneath that well if you if you look at this as being analogous to the stomach even though it's totally unrelated what would be under the serosa not serosa is on the outside remember let me draw the sarosa on this model so the sarosa would be coming down going over the top and back up again so i'll be covering the top that's what the saros would be doing okay so there's the serosa what's under the sarosa muscle muscular muscle that's right this muscle well here is the muscle right underneath it it's called the detrusor muscle okay so that's the detrucer muscle of the bladder okay you were thinking of from the inside okay and sure enough you're right if we looked at the inside of the bladder inside the bladder is definitely a one just like the stomach just like the stomach okay mucosal layer it's a mucosa layer okay and just like the stomach there are wrinkles in here called root gay see you have the right answers but to the wrong question all right so if i asked you what are the wrinkles called what's the answer if i ask you what's the layer called the answer would be mucosa the mucosa see the layer is the mucosa the wrinkles in the mucosa or the rugae just like the stomach and yes you're right there is right here this white line right here that runs right underneath it the white little white line right on the edge right here i'm making a drawing red over it that would be the sub mucosa now you might say but professor why don't they mention it in this diagram because they don't know what i want you to know they think they have other labels to tell you [Music] so i want you to know the basic layers and the basic layers are mucosa on the inside submucosa underneath that then a muscularis layer called the detrucer muscle okay these are three layers of smooth muscle and they're just called as a unit a detruso muscle and on the outside is a serosa on the top and adventitia on the sides loose connective tissue holding it in place now you know what the bladder is for the bladder is to whole urine so this urine is gonna go into the bladder and it's going to make it stretch now what makes the bladder stretch well just like the stomach there are three distinct features that make the bladder stretch the bladder stretches by number one okay the bladder stretches okay or the other word they use sometimes dissension by number one the detrusor muscle obviously muscle makes it stretch okay number two what else makes it stretchable would it be the real game yes it is makes it stretchable but here is the added feature the added feature is the exact tissue that the mucosa is made up of and the specific tissue of the mucosa is transitional epithelium so there's another loaded question how is the urinary bladder adapted to distend to hold large volumes of urine and there's your answer it has a detrusor muscle that is elastic it's got ruge of the mucosa that creates folds that allow it to stretch but on top of that the membrane that makes the mucosa is made up of transitional epithelium now if you forgot that what that was you should look it up in chapter four it's a very unique epithelium i can't really draw it very well but it's an epithelium that does this it's made up of and i'm not going to be able to draw this at all all right but it's made up of layers and layers of cells that when the cells are relaxed they look like cuboidal cells [Music] all right so every one of these cells has a nucleus inside okay so when it's relaxed it looks like this but then when you stretch it each of these cuboidal cells flattens out so that's why it's called transitional when it's relaxed it looks like this when it's stretched the cells look like squamous cells so it's a transitional epithelium and it's designed for distension it's designed for stretching okay so that's the specific tissue that's inside here so you know in lab i'm going to bring that up again all right what else is in the bladder is an unusual triangular shape right here that doesn't have rouge it's nice and smooth so there's no ruge in this area and this is called the word is off the screen it's called the trigon so at least they're calling it something to help you remember it's a triangle it's called a trigon and this smooth area at the bottom of the bladder allows a smooth flow of urine out of the bladder so instead of having ruge at the bottom that the urine has got to jump all over so it's going to look like uh white water rafting trying to get out of the body instead there's a nice smooth funnel that allows the the urine to flow out of the urinary bladder very very smoothly okay so that's the structures of the urinary bladder now the only other structures there is for the passage of urine going into it and that's these things these are the ureteral openings there's one here and there's one here notice it's not on the top so you don't think that there's two tubes that go on the top of the bladder and urine just comes dripping in it's kind of unusual it's almost like here's the bladder here's the tube that wants to leave the bladder and these your readers actually come in from the back okay so this is how urine gets in from the back and it's kind of weird because the urine will fill up the bladder go past those tubes and fill up the bladder but that's okay because if i didn't mention it already remember your readers act like an esophagus they have peristalsis they're pushing the urine so the urine is getting pushed into the bladder and the bladder stretching and stretching and stretching and stretching ah so wouldn't this make sense look at this kidneys are way up here someplace urine is coming down into the bladder from the back entrance to these ureteral openings and when the urine goes back here the bladder stretches and stretches and stretches and eventually when it stretches enough it closes off the tubes it pinches the tubes closed that's telling the body the bladder's full but these poor tubes here don't know they're being pinched so they keep trying to push urine back into the bladder and can't and what happens the pressure of urine backs up it starts filling up the renal pelvis here and the uh and the internal parts of the kidney that explains why if you hold your urine too long you start feeling pain in your kidneys that's the pressure of urine building up that's why it's not a good idea to hold your urine too long because you can actually do damage to the kidneys okay so be careful of that be aware so there's no valve here there's no there's no physical valve there's no sphincter here okay these valves are called functional valves because they they they close by the stretching of the bladder okay they close by the stretching of the bladder not by a sphincter opening and closing okay now that you got the structure figured out what is the physiology during maturation and if you sit in there going what the heck is maturation maturition's a word like deglution mastication words that mean something in common language but for some reason in physiology they got thrown into the vocabulary mix so deglution meant swallowing mastication meant chewing so micturition means urination the expelling or voiding of urine it's got this fancy word here urine excretion is called micturition now listen to this physiology and see if it sounds familiar the urinary bladder comes equipped with two major sphincters there's an internal urethral sphincter right there a little ring of muscle that closes the bottom of the bladder and then out here in the urogenital diaphragm there's an external urethral sphincter that goes around like a little tube a little donut that closes it this one is voluntary this one is involuntary now i'm hoping for some of you you're saying oh this is just like the anal sphincters there's an internal one that's involuntary there's an external one that you trained during potty training that can control urine flow so what happens well the sphincters are closed the urinary bladder stretches eventually it pinches off this little tube here and pressure starts building up and the stretch receptors of your bladder send a signal to your brain and the message to your brain is bladder is full message comes down to the internal sphincter to tell the internal sphincter to constrict or relax when your bladder's full this muscle needs to what relax relax and then urine can come out and it would come out if you're an infant because that's all you have to think about is you relax the involuntary sphincter and urine comes out when you're potty trained you learn that there's another muscle here you can control this is the voluntary muscle of your external urethral sphincter notice it's urea throw with an h because this is the urethra coming out of the body so there's the urethra it's the tube leading the urine out of the body and the internal sphincters in the floor of the bladder the external sphincters in this so-called urogenital diaphragm you'll see more of that in the reproductive models but that's basically it that is the maturation reflex stretching bladder just like the anal sphincter stretching bladder brings a message to the brain to relax the internal sphincter meanwhile you voluntarily close the external sphincter until you are at the proper location to avoid your urine and that's as simple as it gets okay any questions okay then let's clear this and go back to here there's the female reproductive system and there is the bulk of the male reproductive system what do you need to know in the reproductive system take a look at the outline i sent you it's on the second page what you're going to discover and what we're going to do next week is we're going to do the human reproductive system first the male now look at the list on the left testes what's enclosed by dartos muscles etc etc epididymis notice that this outline i made a little bit more specific the first page is the entire male reproductive system and all we're going to do is structure function structure function we're just going to make a list the structures of the male reproductive system and their functions and so i put out the notes for you already you know the general structure and function of each part right there after we're done with the mail and we've studied this model in lab we then switch to the female reproductive system and we're going to basically do the same thing go through the female reproductive system piece by piece ovaries in ovarian cycle there it is this we did when we did endocrine uterine tubes the fallopian tubes what do they do the uterus what is the uterus to okay all the structures and functions of the uterus the cervix at the very end here the vagina the birth canal external genitalia and females as well and then the early stages of development we're not going to get into a deep part of chapter 29 we're just going to mention the steps in baby formation so notice right here you might know this from high school biology fertilization sperm and a come together correct then let's see how much of this you do remember okay so you've got a sperm cell remember with 23 chromosomes and an egg cell with 23 chromosomes this is not size comparison here by the way and when they join together they create something that starts with a z you remember what that was yeah the zygote the old fertilized egg okay now the zygote has 46 chromosomes in it it's a fertilized egg it's got 23 chromosomes from the father 23 chromes from the female parrot the mother okay so now we have a zygote now what can the zygote become it can become y-o-u it can become you any one of you you all started off by a union of sperm and a that's what happens during fertilization and when you're a zygote you're a zygote right here that happens right there in the beginning of the fallopian tube and then for the next seven to ten days you're traveling in this tube developing you're not even connected to your the mother's uterus yet you're developing you have the early embryonic development in the fallopian tubes that zygote divides and becomes a two cell embryo from two cells it's going to develop into a four-cell embryo yes you know the numbers just keep multiplying them from 4 it's going to become an 8 cell embryo every cell doubles then becomes a 16 cell embryo this is going to keep on going on and on and on for 7 to ten days until by time it reaches the end here it might be anywhere from 256 cells to 512 cells and that little embryo at this point is ready to do this to implant itself it's going to implant itself right there in the wall of the uterus and once it's implanted obviously it's going to grow and it's going to generate a placenta a very specific organ of connection between the mother's blood and the baby's blood trying to draw a little baby bonnet but it didn't work out to him and so from the mother's blood to the baby's blood you're gonna get all kinds of nutrients going into the baby's blood and all kinds of wastes leaving the baby's blood during the next nine months of pregnancy and during those nine months of pregnancy the embryo will grow into a fetus and the fetus will continue to grow and then at the end of nine months labor begins and after the labor episode birth will happen and you'll have a newborn baby now it makes it sound easy when you look at the words but you know that there are many many hormones involved so we're gonna have to revisit these hormones to remember which one does what so you have this outline with you you have the weekend to read and study i'm going to send you more information to look it over but look at this you've got two pages on the male and female reproductive system that you've got a master in about two or three weeks okay so that's what you've got unfortunately to look forward to all right now in lab it's going to basically be this view for the male male model it looks like that this is basically the female model but there's also the menstrual cycle model and you can see those models on the on the on the plaque that we see in in lab okay all right any questions okay so looking at my calendar this is what i foresee okay this wednesday we'll do a review of urinary real quick and then we'll do the male and female reproductive systems okay so it's going to be a heavy-duty lab this wednesday next week monday we're going to be doing the reproductive system lecture okay and depending on how things go in lab okay we'll decide whether we're going to do wednesday we're going to do the lab test or wednesday is going to be our final summary day and if we decide to use wednesday for a final summary day to go over the vocabulary to go over the quizzes that i'm going to send you we might need an extra day to do the vocabulary okay then what we'll do is we'll have our exams on the 9th and the 11th and that's when this how the semester will end okay so take the lecture test on the 9th and then what i will do is i'll open up the lab exam for you to do at your leisure either tuesday or wednesday so you'll have a choice you need more time to study you could take it wednesday if you want to just get it over with you could take a tuesday so be an open lab exam for that last week's lab exam okay i think that might work out best because we need some extra review time i don't want to just do it once and then say okay you're on your own i want to at least have a day to go over those quizzes with you and review and answer your questions okay you let me know via email if that's a problem you let me know if there's a conflict or something that you have with other classes or whatever okay so keep me informed all right let me stop the tape