Introduction to Ethics - Lecture 2: Crito

Plato's Dialogues

• Three Periods:
  • Early Period: Plato transcribes Socrates' teachings.
  • Middle Period: Plato writes with his own point of view using Socrates as a character.
  • Late Period: Continuation of Plato's views development.
• Crito is an early work by Plato representing Socrates' actual beliefs.

Context of Crito

• Socrates was sentenced to death for impiety and corrupting the youth.
• "Crito" takes place as Socrates awaits execution.
• Crito, Socrates' friend, tries to convince him to escape prison.

Key Themes and Arguments

Crito's Argument for Escape

• Crito argues Socrates' death would be multiple misfortunes:
  • Loss of friendship for Crito.
  • Potential shame for Crito, appearing to value money over friendship.
  • Socrates has the ability to escape with help from wealthy friends.
  • Socrates should escape for the sake of his children's future.

Socrates' Response

• Socrates emphasizes the opinion of the wise over the many:
  • Importance of valuing good, knowledgeable opinions over ignorant ones.
  • Life's worth is in living well, not just living.
• Justice over Injustice:
  • One should never commit an injustice, even if wronged.
  • Socrates believes in honoring agreements and the laws of Athens.
  • Breaking the law would corrupt his soul and make life unworthy.

Social Contract Theory

• Socrates argues the implicit agreement with the laws of Athens:
  • By living in Athens, Socrates agreed to abide by its laws.
  • Leaving without persuasion constitutes breaking this agreement.
  • Socrates prefers to die justly rather than live unjustly.

The Ethics of Socrates

• The unexamined life is not worth living:
  • Living well means being just, good, and virtuous.
  • Socrates chooses to die rather than compromise his values and ethics.
• Justice is Paramount:
  • Justice should not be compromised, even at the cost of life.
  • Socrates' decision reflects his dedication to living a virtuous life.

Distinction Between Socrates and Plato

• Socrates: Goodness is a type of knowledge that can be learned.
• Plato: Goodness cannot be learned (to be covered in future lectures).

Conclusion

• Socrates' dedication to justice and his ethical stance are pivotal in understanding his philosophy.
• The dialogue highlights the significance of living a life aligned with virtuous principles.

• Class dismissed. See you in the next session.