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What defines the element of an atom?
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The number of protons in the atom.
Explain the concept of entropy and its relation to temperature and pressure.
Entropy is a measure of disorder within a system. It increases with higher temperature and lower pressure.
Define Gibbs Free Energy and its importance in chemical reactions.
Gibbs Free Energy determines whether a reaction is spontaneous (exergonic) or requires energy input (endergonic).
How do elements in the same group of the periodic table behave in chemical reactions?
Elements in the same group have similar behaviors in chemical reactions due to having the same number of valence electrons.
What determines the strength of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond?
Electronegativity, which increases from the bottom left to the top right of the periodic table.
Differentiate between a molecule and a compound.
A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together, while a compound is a molecule containing at least two different elements.
What properties are provided by the periodic table for each element?
The periodic table provides the element's name, symbol, number of protons/electrons, and atomic mass.
What is an ion and how is it formed?
An ion is a charged atom which forms when the number of electrons differs from the number of protons, resulting in a positive (cation) or negative (anion) charge.
What is the significance of intermolecular forces (IMFs)?
IMFs are forces acting between molecules that affect properties such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility.
Describe a covalent bond and its types.
A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons, allowing atoms to achieve a lower energy state. Types include nonpolar (equal sharing) and polar (unequal sharing) covalent bonds.
What is significant about valence electrons in chemistry?
Valence electrons in the outermost shell are crucial for understanding chemical reactions and bonding.
Describe the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases.
According to Brønsted-Lowry, acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors.
What are quantum numbers and why are they important?
Quantum numbers describe the specific states of electrons within an atom (n, l, ml, ms) and are crucial for understanding electron configurations and chemical behavior.
Explain the Aufbau Principle in electron configuration.
The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill subshells in order of increasing energy levels, from lower to higher.
What characterizes an exothermic reaction compared to an endothermic reaction?
An exothermic reaction releases heat, while an endothermic reaction absorbs heat.
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