all right i'm gonna go ahead and get going here for the last class of the semester um we will walk through canvas a little bit and i'll kind of show you some of the best uh things to use to study for this practical um as far as the brain and the special senses are concerned um then we'll uh we'll go through the information uh we'll identify some stuff on the quizlets and that'll be it then we'll be done um if you uh you know haven't looked um you know your your practicals will be next week um i have the anatomy one set to open up on monday uh so you'll be able to do that either monday or tuesday the physiology one is set to just just be open on tuesday so make sure you get that taken care of next week um and then your final exam uh will be uh scheduled for the week after that but i'll make sure i go through canvas we show you those dates as we go through the the stuff at the beginning of class any questions before we get rolling all right uh let me pull canvas up we will start there now when you look at uh exercise nine and the modules uh you'll see um like uh like the other one uh like all the other modules so far uh you'll see model packets for this particular practical uh you definitely want to make sure you utilize those model packets i know the last practical uh was set up so that you could basically just use quizlet and quizlet will be you know important and valuable to you to use to practice studying for this uh but because all of the exams get made up differently the the pictures get pulled from different places uh the pictures for this practical will more get pulled from these model packets uh so you know use the exercise eight model packet here um you'll use for uh the uh you'll use the exercise nine and ten model packet right here uh the exercise eight model packet has power points um and pdfs uh for you to practice labeling and also has the answers with that uh then another it has a bunch of other activities that you can do to help you uh study and prepare for the different parts of this practical this practical is going to contain really two parts as far as identification is concerned one that's going to cover identification on the models themselves and two it's going to cover identification on dissection so you do have a powerpoint um on the dissections for the the brain and the eye so you know i would definitely utilize this okay this will be your dissection model packet right here definitely download this powerpoint and when you open this powerpoint up you'll see a lot of unlabeled diagrams but then you'll also see a bunch of label diagrams so definitely study these label diagrams these are going to be really similar to the pictures that you'll see on the practical themselves so anything that you see labeled in these images you should be able to label as well on the practical as far as the eye is concerned and as far as the sheep brain is concerned whether it be a sagittal image uh whether it be the uh the inferior image here um you know you can see any of those on the the practical itself so make sure you use those to help you study i'm not going to go through necessarily identification on these today we'll identify it on the model itself but then you should be able to go through and apply what we've identified on the model you should be able to apply it to the the dissected images that you find um in the in the powerpoint as well um and then you'll see another model packet in canvas as well this is for the eye and the ear models now most of these eye and ear models you'll find in quizlet and a bunch of them labeled in quizlet but you'll also see labeled images here i would use these labeled images to practice studying uh but then be able to apply it to the models this is an actual picture of the model that we use in class with everything labeled so you can study this that'll come in handy uh you can study this model you can study this right here which is just the tympanic membrane um the in the inner bony uh ossicles that we find in the mid ear and then the inner ear structures as well so definitely like i said make sure you utilize what you see in these model packets to practice studying and don't just rely on the quizlets quizlets are a great study tool for this but they're not going to be the only study tool that you'll want to utilize to get you ready for the anatomy practical for this test now as far as due dates are concerned um again you'll have your uh you'll have your practical set up for next week so you have you have your physiology and your anatomy both do now these are the the placeholders for your grades for those i normally don't open those up until after the exam is through but i went ahead and opened those up for you so that you can use them to help you um see what you maybe need to get on the exams um in your canvas if you click on grades you'll be able to plug in grades hypothetical grades for the fourth anatomy test and the fourth physiology test you'll also be able to plug in grades for the final exam uh don't plug them in here where it says fill in the blank respondus lockdown don't plug them into those because those are not calculated plug them into these spots here and you'll be able to see how that adjusts your grade um for you know if you want to make sure that you you know you keep an a that you need to get this or if you are keep a b you need to get this or is it possible for me to make a c if i get this and this on the exam so you can play that you know what if game with your grades by plugging scores into the anatomy for the physiology for and the final spots in your grade book so that you don't have to email me and say dr b can i make this on the test and still pass or whatever the other thing is that remember if you have an 89.5 or higher uh going into the final exam uh you are exempt from the final exam so if you do well on the the the last set of practicals and that gets you up to an 89.5 or higher or you're already at that point and you stay at that point um you do not have to take the final exam which is scheduled for tuesday may 3rd now in the module section let me go back to modules there is information about the final exam which includes a final exam study guide so if you click right here where it says final test information that will open up a page here that you can click on final study guide and that will give you a study guide that you can download that will uh will give you anything that could be asked remember the final exam for this class is just over anatomy all right it's a hundred questions it's all fill in the blank um it'll be 25 questions from the first set of material 25 from the second 25 from the third and 25 from the fourth um but there's no physiology on the exam so it'll just cover anatomy but you can use this final exam study guide here to kind of narrow down rather than it being um you know uh you studying just everything we kind of you know cut down some of the the anatomical structures as far as the skeletal system is concerned or as far as the muscular system is concerned because those were so large so use that study guide to help prepare you for the final exam professor a quick question for you yes um you said that the final is may 3rd um what time does it close it'll be open all day yeah just just like just like all the other exams it'll open up at midnight and it'll be open until 11 59 so you don't have to take it at a set time all right any other questions before we get going on today's lab all right let me close some of this and get started now the first thing we're going to take a look at is uh homework four um homework four is not going to be on the physiology test uh at a great extent uh you may see a question or two come from homework four um if you know questions about the different types of receptors that we have uh whether it's things or external receptors or enteroreceptors or proprio receptors so you know make sure you go through and hit the the bold typed receptors in here and know what those receptors are used for um you could definitely see a question or two at the most on the different types of receptors as far as the physiology test is concerned also make sure that you you know understand what the different types of somatic senses that we that we have are as far as touch sensation or vibration sensation itch tickle um and what type of receptors are gathering that information uh what's so what's a thermo receptor or an osio receptor uh but those again just basic questions you may see one or two on the physiology portion of the exam but there won't be a heavy part from homework four on the exams now if you haven't done your your bonus physiology assessment yet make sure you get that done i think that's due tomorrow so don't miss out on those points for the physiology test all right so uh let's talk about the brain and the cranial nerves first um last time we met which was a couple weeks ago uh we spent a bunch of time talking about uh you know spinal anatomy we spent a lot of time talking about nervous tissue anatomy uh today what we're basically going to discuss is going to be uh the brain anatomy um and the physiology that goes along with that brain anatomy so rather than me talk about the individual physiological aspects of the brain here as we go through uh what i typically like to do is just to talk about the different parts of the brain and as we talk about the different parts of the brain we'll highlight the the parts of the physiology that you need to know for the physiology portion of the exam so i'm going to pull up the quizlet and we're going to go through and do some identification and as we do the identification we'll talk about the physiology as it relates to the anatomy associated with the brain so we have three different views of the brain one is going to be a mid-sagittal section the other is going to be a lateral section and then we're going to have our inferior view and the inferior view is mostly going to be used for identification of cranial nerves now again this is a great study tool um these are not the specific pictures that you'll see on the uh on the exam itself um again you'll want to make sure that you look at the inferior view and the mid sagittal views that are offered in the other resources that we mentioned before the different model packs because those would likely be where those pictures are drawn from but these are going to be great study tools and really if you can identify it on one brain model you should be able to identify it on multiple brain models as well so let's take a look first at the mid sagittal section and let's talk a little bit just about the brain in general the brain itself is made up of four different primary regions we have the brain stem we have the cerebellum we have the diencephalon and then we have the cerebrum the brain stem is going to be the inferior most part of the brain and this is going to be the part of the brain that basically connects the brain itself to the spinal cord and then out to the rest of the peripheral nervous system the inferior most part of the brain stem is going to be the medulla oblongata so so we zoom in here the brain stem is going to run from about this level right here up to right here so this area right there would be our medulla oblongata this area right here which is in the center of the brain stem would be the pons and this area at the superior part of the brain stem would be the midbrain now the medulla oblongata is going to be what connects the brain to the spinal cord the medulla oblongata is the only part of the brain that actually extends out of the cranial cavity now the medulla oblongata has a couple of very important features associated with it number one this is obviously the gateway into and out of the brain um all of our sensory information that comes in from the body is going to travel through the medulla oblongata to enter the brain and then all of our motor information leaving the body is going to travel out through the medulla medulla oblongata to connect to the spinal cord now also located in the medulla oblongata there are going to be centers for respiratory and cardiovascular control now the centers of respiratory control that we find in the medulla are uh specifically responsible for our breathing remember our breathing is controlled by the diaphragm or the contraction of the diaphragm diaphragm is a skeletal muscle which means we have control over it but there's going to be an automated response or an autonomic response that's going to be [Music] elicited through or from the medulla oblongata which is going to stimulate and control our respiratory rate and and the depth of respiration that we have with each breath that means that any damage to the medulla oblongata can result in our inability then to breathe and typically when we what we see is with an upper cervical injury at the base or near the base of the skull damage to the medulla oblongata can oftentimes result in death and that death is typically from asphyxiation now we also said there are cardiovascular centers of control here in the medulla oblongata and the cardiovascular centers of control here are responsible for the rate and the force of contraction that we see associated with the heart now the heart itself is autorhythmic meaning that it doesn't have any uh control outside of itself to tell it to beat the brain doesn't actually tell the heart to beat instead the brain only can control the rate at which the heart beats and the force with which it contracts um which means that there's you know basically a safety mechanism built in that says you know if we have brain impairment um the heart can continue to run as long as we provide the heart with nutrients and with oxygen this is what we see in patients that are on life support uh life support is uh is a patient that's on a ventilator it's a machine that's breathing for them um and uh you know the heart is continuing to run on its own at that point but there's no brain activity to be able to control respiration so we need a machine to be able to respire for those those patients now as we move superior to the brain stem from about right here up to here this is the pons and the pons is going to be an important relay station between the two port the two largest portions of the brain one is the cerebrum which is this portion up here and the other is the cerebellum which is this part right back here now the cerebrum is the area for our conscious thought while the cerebellum is kind of our unconscious control over a lot of our skeletal muscle functions so we have to have a means or a bridge of communication between those two primary areas of the brain and that's going to be one of the primary functions of the ponds superior to the ponds we have the midbrain the midbrain anteriorly right here has what we call the cerebral peduncles which are going to be primary motor tracts that are going to travel through the brain and into the spinal cord and then posteriorly back here we're going to have two colliculi uh one is the superior colliculus okay that's what number seven is pointing to right here and the other being the inferior colliculus which is what number eight is pointing to right here now the superior colliculi is going to be responsible for interpretation of visual uh stimulus all right whereas the inferior colliculus is going to be related to audio stimulus and we'll talk again about the superior colliculus when we get to talking about the diencephalon and the different parts that we see in the diencephalon now separating the posterior portion of the midbrain from the anterior portion of the midbrain is this passageway right here okay that we call the cerebral aqueduct when we talked about neuroglial tissue a couple of weeks ago we talked about the the different types of neural tissue that we see in the central nervous system one of those cells was the ependymal cell we said the ependymal cell was responsible for the secretion and the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid well cerebral spinal fluid is going to be initiated and produced within brain structures called ventricles we have two lateral ventricles a right and a left they are going to exist on either side of this structure right here all right that structure that number two is pointing to is called the septum pelucidum and there's going to be a lateral ventricle on either side of that then we're going to see a third ventricle centrally located right here near the thalamus that third ventricle is going to be connected down here to our fourth ventricle and it's going to be connected there by the cerebral aqueduct you'll also see the cerebral aqueduct referred to as the aqueduct of the midbrain now we mentioned the cerebellum as being the second largest part of the brain and the cerebellum plays a very important role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle contraction um again the cerebrum is our thinking part of the brain that's where all of our our cognitive thought comes from that's where all of our motor control is going to originate that's where things like our personality and our memories and our decision making our ability to reason all of those things are going to be located within the cerebrum but the cerebellum is responsible for kind of our unconscious control um it's going to be responsible for things like equilibrium and balance as well as smoothing out skeletal muscle contractions when those impulses are delivered to the skeletal muscle so it gives us a control factor over some of our voluntary muscle control to make our movements more fluid it also is responsible for the control of those skeletal muscles from an involuntary standpoint meaning postural control the ability for us to to maintain an upright position without actually having to think about maintaining that upright position that control aspect is going to come from the cerebellum now the cerebellum is a good representation of our relationship between white matter and gray matter in the brain you may remember in the spinal cord we had white matter or myelinated tissue was on the outside of the spinal cord and our unmyelinated gray matter was on the inside the brain is going to be the opposite uh the brain is going to have our unmyelinated gray matter on the outside and our myelinated white matter on the inside you can see that in the cerebellum right here if you look at the cerebellum and kind of tip your head to the left as you look at it you should be able to kind of see the relationship between the white matter of the cerebellum and the surrounding gray matter the white matter of the cerebellum we refer to as the arbor vitae our bravitae means tree of life and if you look at the white matter as it penetrates through this cerebellum it looks very much like a tree all right you see the trunk of the tree lots of branches coming off the tree and then the gray matter surrounding the arborvitae is what we call the folia right just like the foliage or the leaves on a tree now there are two hemispheres to our cerebellum a left and a right hemisphere and they're going to be connected by a uh a worm-like structure called the vermis now we can't see the vermis on here specifically uh because we've cut right through the vermis in this mid-sagittal section but when you look at the sheet brain you'll see the vermis as a raised little area connecting the the two hemispheres of the cerebellum together and then that takes us to the diencephalon the diencephalon is this area that i'm kind of outlining right here but the diencephalon was also going to penetrate out laterally from this midsagittal slice the diencephalon is primarily made up of three different regions one is the thalamus okay the thalamus is centrally located in this midsagittal section right here all right this little brown dot right there is actually the intermediate mass of the thalamus then right in this area we have the hypothalamus [Music] and back here we have the epithalamus now the primary part of the epithalamus is this little pink dot right there which is the pineal gland now the function of the thalamus the thalamus is going to be the entry point for all of our body sensory information so you know all the sensory input that comes from your upper extremities lower extremities abdominal pelvic cavity thoracic cavity all of this sensory input is going to enter the brain through the medulla oblongata and it's going to come up to the thalamus and from the thalamus it's then going to be routed out properly to uh the specific part of the brain that's responsible for the interpretation of that sensory sensory input so if you have something that stimulates uh some pain to your right big toe that signal is going to travel up to the spinal cord it's going to go to the thalamus and the thalamus is then going to direct it to the part of the brain that's responsible for interpreting pain associated with your right big toe yes the brain is that specifically mapped out now we said inferiorly we have this area here which is the hypothalamus the hypothalamus plays an important role in communication between two of our body's systems one the nervous system and two the endocrine system and the endocrine system on this model is represented by this right here which is the pituitary gland which essentially is kind of the brain of the endocrine system now the hypothalamus is going to have a lot of autonomic control it's going to be responsible for monitoring things like like blood temperature as it passes through the brain to make sure that our body temperature our core body temperature remains steady and solid uh it's also going to detect things like changes to blood pressure it's going to make hormones that are going to be stored in the pituitary gland later for release and it's going to produce hormones that are going to stimulate the pituitary gland which is part of its function acting as a bridge of communications between the nervous system and the endocrine system so the hypothalamus plays a very very important role in the maintenance of homeostasis and then lastly we said back here we have the pineal gland now the pineal gland is responsible for the secretion of melatonin uh melatonin not melanin all right melanin obviously we know is related to skin tone and skin color uh but melatonin is related to our body's ability to sleep um the pineal gland is in very close proximity to our superior colliculus which we said was related to visual stimuli the pineal gland's responsibility is to produce melatonin in response to changes in light so when it starts getting dark outside the pineal gland is going to receive information from the superior colliculus about the impe uh the uh the ensuing darkness and it is going to begin to stimulate the release of melatonin as those melatonin levels are going to increase that's going to slowly make your body tired because it's your body will then know it's time to rest how does it know it's time to rest it's getting dark outside as the sun comes up in the morning and the light filters through our eyelids our melatonin levels start to decrease again because of the visual receptors and the visual information gathered by the superior colliculus that's going to tell the the pineal gland to produce melatonin which is going to allow us to slowly start to wake from a deep sleep based on light so our natural kind of circadian rhythm which is going to tell us when it's time to get up and when it's time to go to sleep is going to be predicated by by sunlight and that sunlight is going to be what stimulates the production or the the the decrease production of melatonin levels in our body now the cerebrum uh the cerebrum is divided into four primary lobes uh the lobes are going to be named based on the bones which they sit next to so this is the anterior side of the brain here this is posterior so this would be the frontal lobe because it sits next to the frontal bone up here is going to be the parietal lobe because it's going to sit next to the parietal bone the occipital lobe back here and then you see just underneath from the opposite side we see the temporal lobe now these lobes are all going to have very specific functions associated with uh with what we find in them some lobes are going to be designated as as having functions related to higher executive orders like the ability to process information and the ability to reason and the ability to have self-control and planning that's all going to be the focus of the frontal lobe um we find things related to to to taste and hearing um related to the parietal lobe uh the temporal lobe we find speech and uh and the uh processing centers as far as speech is concerned um and then the occipital lobe is going to be heavily influenced and related to vision we'll go into the handout in just a few minutes and we'll we'll walk through the specifics of what each part of the the brain is is known for as far as the individual lobes but let's look at some of the other structures associated with the lobes of the brain the primary structure being this large band of white matter which connects our two hemispheres uh we said before the cerebellum was going to be divided into a left and right hemisphere well the cerebrum is also divided into a left and right hemisphere those left and right hemispheres are going to be separated longitudinally by a structure called the longitudinal fissure that longitudinal fissure is going to come down between the lobes until it reaches this band of white matter which is called the corpus callosum the corpus callosum serves as a bridge of communication between the right and left hemispheres now it's important that we have this bridge of communication between the right and left hemispheres because sensory and motor information is going to be interpreted in opposite hemispheres of the brain now what that means is that sensory information that's detected on one side of the body is going to travel up the spinal cord on that side of the body it's going to travel through the medulla oblongata on the same side of the body and it's going to be interpreted on the same side of the brain meaning that if you you know stub your big toe that information is going to be interpreted by the right side of your brain if you stub the right big toe i should say however to move the right big foot or the the right foot so that after you stub your big toe that information has to come from the left hemisphere of the brain because as those motor tracks descend down through the brain stem they are going to cross at the medulla oblongata meaning that the left side of your brain controls the right motor function of your body and the right side of your brain is going to control motor function on the left side of your body so we have to have a bridge of communications to allow information to be transmitted from the right to left or from left to right so that we can correlate sensory with motor response and that's going to happen through the corpus callosum coming off the corpus callosum right here we have the fornix and the fornix is going to be another band of white matter which is connecting the right and left hemispheres and so there are your structures for the mid-sagittal view of the brain now again you should be able to identify those structures we just talked about on the model itself but you should also be able to identify those structures as they pertain to the sheep brain dissection as well now let's take a look at our lateral view the lateral view just gives us a little better angle to see the different lobes of the brain now on this lateral view this is anterior and this is posterior remember where you find the cerebellum that's always going to be the posterior part of the brain okay the cerebellum is always going to be right next to the occipital lobe so this is our cerebellum here's our occipital lobe that makes this the frontal lobe our parietal lobe and our temporal lobe now separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum is going to be a fold called the transverse fissure on the surface of the cerebrum we see all of these folds and depressions okay it kind of makes the cerebrum look almost like a little bag of worms um the the folds that we see in between these ridges of brain matter okay all these little depressions that we see those are referred to as sulci okay individually it would be called a sulcus where the bridges of the ridges excuse me of brain matter those are called gyri or individually they would be a gyrus so we have a couple of very significant or very prominent depressions here on the surface of the brain one is right here okay running across the top of the brain and that is the central sulcus on either side of the central sulcus we have a ridge of brain matter one right here one right here these ridges of brain matter are going to be named based on their relationship to this central sulcus this one is before it so that's the pre-central gyrus this one is after it so that's the post-central gyrus on the side of the brain we have the lateral cerebral sulcus now let's take a look at the inferior view of our brain now with the inferior view we'll still see some of our lobes so we'll identify what we know first and then we'll talk about the cranial nerves so obviously let's be able to orient ourselves here a little bit back here we see our cerebellum so we know that's the posterior portion of the brain which makes this up here our frontal lobe on the sides right here we have temporal lobes we've identified this once before that's our pituitary gland and then we see our brain stem and this part of the brain stem is the pons to about right there and then from here to about right here is the medulla oblongata now i know the medulla oblongata stops right here and then this becomes the spinal cord because these are spinal nerves not cranial nerves our cranial nerves are going to stop right here so that means its brain stem ends here spinal cord starts there now last week uh at the start of class um when we went through homework three i told you to make sure that you took a look at the list of cranial nerves um that you would be responsible for the identification uh as far as the number the name and the function of those cranial nerves was concerned this is the view that you'll be responsible for identifying those cranial nerves so as you go through those model packets if you see a view of a brain like this pay attention to that as far as cranial nerve identification is concerned so the first thing is is i'm going to go through and we're going to just numerically identify these cranial nerves right then we'll go back and we'll talk a little bit more about them the identification of the cranial nerves is not overly difficult okay because they're mostly gonna go when you look at this from an inferior view they're gonna go from anterior to posterior now remember this is a flat image it's a two dimensional image but this brain stem essentially is kind of coming out of the screen at you so even though it looks like it goes from front to back it's really going from superior to inferior so right here we have cranial nerve one that is our olfactory nerve right here we have cranial nerve two that is the optic nerve this would be the right optic nerve that would be the left optic nerve right here and right here that's cranial nerve three that's the oculomotor nerve right here and on this side it's a little bent okay on the model it just got bent that is cranial nerve four that is the trochlear nerve right there that's cranial nerve five that is the trigeminal nerve here and here cranial nerve six that is the abducens nerve just lateral to that on both sides we have cranial nerve seven which is the facial nerve and just lateral to that on both sides we have cranial nerve eight which is the vestibulocochlear nerve so you've got cranial nerve one two three four five what i usually tell students is to use the trigeminal nerve kind of as a landmark right that's almost the halfway point but if you kind of go numerically you can see one two three four five so if you know that that's cranial nerve five you don't have to count all the way through you can just start at number five then we have cranial nerve six seven eight then we get to cranial nerves nine ten and eleven and you'll notice there's a small little indentation right there which separates those three cranial nerves so that's cranial nerve nine which is the glossopharyngeal nerve that's cranial nerve 10 which is the vagus nerve and that's cranial nerve 11 which is the accessory nerve and then we come to one of the biggest nerves or one of the largest cranial nerves which is this one right here cranial nerve 12 which is the hypoglossal nerve so again be able to identify those cranial nerves all right you you'll need to give me uh you know the number of the cranial nerve the name of the cranial nerve again you don't have to use the roman numerals you can use enumeration um but you also need to be able to give me the name and the functions associated with those cranial nerves on the anatomy test you just need to be able to give me a function okay you don't have to list all of them just pick a function and that will be that'll be acceptable the other thing you can know for the cranial nerves is whether the nerve is a sensory okay or whether it has a sensory component whether it has a motor component or whether it has both so as you're looking at the functions okay say for example cranial nerve one that's our that's the nerve we use for sense of smell so that would be just a sensory nerve but if we go to the trigeminal nerve which is cranial nerve five uh the trigeminal nerve has both sensory and motor function because it's sensory to the to the uh uh the face but it's motor because it's used to control the masseter muscles so it's the muscle or the the the nerve we use for mastication nerve 12 would just be motor because it's just control over the tongue so again as you're learning the the different uh functions of those nerves know whether it falls into the category of sensory motor or both because you can see the question asked that way as well all right so uh let me go back to the handout we just want to go through and i just want to point out a few of the the functions associated with these different parts of the brain that we talked about before make sure that i didn't miss anything i want you to make be as well prepared for the physiology test as you can um again the cerebellum uh you know smoothing skeletal muscle movements maintain maintenance posture um it's going to be responsible again for coordinating muscular activity maintaining things like balance and equilibrium the cerebellum is actually the part of the brain that's most heavily influenced by alcohol consumption alcohol plays a significant role in disruption of the the neuronal function uh is specifically in the cerebellum which is what oftentimes leads to imbalance and and our lack of equilibrium related to uh to alcohol consumption again the diencephalon uh thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland diencephalon is actually a really old part of the brain as far as evolution is concerned um meaning that our diencephalon and the diencephalon of older species of animals say like reptiles and things like that that have been around for millions and millions of years the diencephalon is is not that different between animal species because the diencephalon has very kind of rudimentary functions basic survival functions that are that are you know the same across all animal species and then again the cerebrum which makes up the largest port of part of our brain and the cerebrum is really the part of the brain that separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom because we have the most highly evolved cerebrum specifically in the frontal lobe and the prefrontal cortex that prefrontal cortex is really the area of the brain which is responsible for making humans what humans are the ability for us to to have initiative and reasoning and have a conscience those are going to be characteristics that are all located specifically in that prefrontal lobe and the prefrontal lobe is a lobe of the brain that's oftentimes very very affected um in patients that have dementia and and neurogenital neurodegenerative diseases like like alzheimer's and things like that which is why oftentimes with patients that have those those neurological diseases we see them go through periods where they they change um you know personality wise or they change as far as you know being angry all that people or or not remembering names or faces or this and that because that's going to be the part of the brain that's responsible for the storage of that information and the uh the emotions associated with uh that that executive level of function uh the frontal lobe is also where we find broca's speech area um which is another thing we can see affected greatly in head trauma or in some type of neurodegenerative disease uh broke of speech area is what actually allows us to form uh words uh so when uh you know patients had some type of trauma to the anterior portion of the brain or they've had some type of cardiovascular event that affects their speech pattern this is typically the area of the brain that's going to be affected the temporal lobe temporal lobe has a olfactory stimuli so that's going to be again like i said the area for our sense of smell um it also has a auditory association uh with recognition of sounds like speech and noise so you know our audio receptors are going to be interpreted in the temporal lobe the occipital lobe like we said is going to process visual stimuli meaning that the every all the information that our eyes gather are going to send information back to the back part of our brain for interpretation and then the primary function or one of the primary functions in the parietal lobe is going to be going to be taste sensations the parietal lobe is also going to be responsible though primarily for the interpretation of data coming to and going going back to our skeletal muscles all right any questions about the brain all right let's take a look at our special senses obviously we have multiple sets of special senses we have taste we have smell we have vision we have hearing we are just going to focus on the vision and the hearing so that's what you'll be responsible for from a physiology standpoint as well as an anatomy standpoint we don't really have any taste ma or taste bud models or any old faction models for sense of smell so you'll just be responsible for identifying things on the eye and on the ear um as far as physiology for the ear and the eye is concerned uh the best thing that i can tell you to to do is just to go through the lab handout and pay attention to everything that's in bold um mostly what you're going to see as far as the special sensors are concerned is you're going to see definition type questions um what does this do what is this structure responsible for um so you know as you go through the the handout you know make sure you know the differences between the vascular tunic um and the the choroid coat from the fibrous tunic and the sclera and the cornea make sure you know the six extra ocular muscles which we're going to identify on the model itself today know which cranial nerves are associated with eye function cranial nerves three four and six um and which cranial nerve is responsible uh related to ear function which is going to be cranial nerve eight uh we'll talk about the cranial nerves as we go through these today a little bit um but we're gonna mostly like i said focus on the the anatomy for the the special senses all right so let's uh let's take a look first at the eye um again the eye model that i have on quizlet here pictures that i took the eye models that are all available in canvas go a little bit more in depth because the models do come apart a little bit more than the ones that i had access to so just make sure that you're using both as you prepare for the anatomy part of the exam but these will definitely give you a good starting point the first thing we need to do is to look at the external view of the eye now i mentioned just a second ago there were six muscles that control eye movement those six muscles four of them are going to be classified as rectus muscles all right um and then two of them are going to be oblique muscles uh the rectus muscles are going to run from anterior to posterior and the oblique muscles are going to run across the eye this way now the rectus muscles are going to be identified based on where they're found on the eye so the rectus muscle on the top of the eye that we see right here is going to be superior rectus the rectus muscle we see on the inferior part of the eye going from front to back is going to be inferior rectus now that leads us with medial rectus and lateral rectus but there's no way to know whether this is a right or left eye or is there uh the way you're going to determine if this is a right or a left eye is you are going to look at the oblique muscles right the oblique muscles are going to attach at the medial side and they're going to insert on the lateral side so the way this inferior oblique muscle is running is it's attached over here on the medial side of the um of the eye and it's going to insert here laterally so that makes that lateral rectus it's a little easier to see with superior oblique switch we'll see in just a second now the white part of the eye is the sclera of the eye okay that's part of the fibrous tunic which is the outer portion of the eyeball itself the other portion of the fibrous tunic is this clear cover that we see right here which is the cornea now the cornea is covering two structures one is covering the colored portion of the eye and the colored portion of the eye is the iris the other structure that it's covering is this one right here which is the pupil now the pupil is not actually a structure it if the pupil is actually just a space the blackness that we see color coloring in the pupil is just the darkness that we're actually seeing on the inside of the eye there is no structure there so when you see someone's pupil that black circle in the middle of their eye there's nothing there that's just the dark the darkness on the inside of the eye that's creating it to look black now if we take a look at this view of our eye all right we're looking at this from a medial side and the reason i know we're looking at this from the medial side is because of this right here right this is the tendon for the superior oblique muscle and that's going to originate on the medial side and it's going to wrap over the top of the eye towards the lateral side so that's your superior oblique muscle and that makes this medial rectus there's superior oblique again there and then back here we can see this is the optic nerve now if we take the top off of that eye and we look down on top of the eye we can see a couple of things that a little bit more clearly one of those is the cornea so we see the sclera of the eye around here okay the whites of the eye but then right there we also said as part of the fibrous tunic that was the cornea of the eye then the colored portion of the eye right there would be the iris the pupil is in the center of the iris and what the iris does is the iris acts as an aperture which opens and closes and changes the shape and size of the pupil and as we change the shape and the size of the pupil it changes the amount of light that gets into the eye that's what adjusts our ability to to see in light and dark conditions in a dark condition we'll open the pupils up larger allowing more light into the eye to balance the the light that we are using to process the the visual information around us and when we go into a brighter environment we'll close the pupil down and make it smaller to allow for less light in just posterior to the pupil inside of the eye is where we would find the lens and the lens is going to be this malleable structure that we're able to con pulling and and change the shape of based on ciliary muscle contractions all right we're going to have muscles attached to the lens which are going to pull the lens flat when we're attempting to look at things at distance and relax and make the lens thick and uh when we're looking at things in shorter distances the older we get the lens becomes a little dried out we lose the ability to make it change shape as much we can flatten it but we can't relax it and have it go back to its thickest part which is one of the reasons why age-related vision problems occur the older that we get we can't look at things close because we're not able to relax the muscles enough and change the shape of the of the lens enough to be able to see things at a close distance we have to move them further away from our face to be able to focus on them because we can't relax the the lens enough to see that close now again on canvas uh if you go into the resources you know you'll see internal structures within the eye make sure you take a look at those internal structures when you look at the sheep eye or the cow eye make sure you look at the same structures we just identified plus the internal structures of the eye because you will see probably one or two questions on the sheet on the the dissected eyeball as well and then that takes us to our ear model now the ear is made up of three different components uh the external ear the middle ear and the inner ear this is the external ear here all right we call the external ear that we can see on the outside of our head our oracle or our pinna the different parts are the helix uh the anti-helix the antetragus and we can't see the tragus right here because of its section uh but on the exam you can just refer to this whole thing as the oracle we then have our external acoustic meatus or external auditory canal either one you can call it i'll take both on the exam okay this is the canal this is the meatus that's the opening number eight that is our tympanic membrane okay that is your eardrum and then attached to the eardrum we have three bony ossicles the first bony ossicle attached to the eardrum is the malleus next to the malleus is the incus and then this little stirrup shaped structure right there is the stapes those are all mate what make up the middle ear the middle ear is then connected to the to the nasal or the the oral pharynx via this which is the estation tube or the auditory tube and then we have the inner ear and the inner ear is made up of the cochlea which is the hearing portion of the inner ear and then the vest vestibule okay which is the balance portion of the ear so what we're going to do now is we're going to look at the cochlea and the vestibule a little bit more specifically [Music] now there are two views to our our vestibular cochlear model um on both of these views we're essentially going to see the same structures we're just looking at them a little bit differently so if you can identify it on one view you should trans to be able to translate that to another view this again this is our cochlear portion okay that's the hearing portion of our of our inner ear and then this is the best vestibule portion which is our balance portion now the balance portion is made up of semicircular canals this is our anterior semicircular canal this is our posterior semicircular canal and then this is our lateral semicircular canal each semicircular canal is going to have a widened portion to it right here that we call the ampulla this little opening down here is called the oval window [Music] and then we have two portions here that are part of our balance control as well one is called the utricle that's this part of it and then down here is called the saccule now these semicircular canals are going to help us with with balance as far as our positioning in space is concerned we have fluid called endolymph which is going to be in these canals which is going to move around inside of the canals much in the same way that water moves around inside of a bottle it's going to stay level to to the horizon because of gravity and we are going to rotate around it [Music] that essentially is going to allow for membranes to slide in there which is going to elicit a response to tiny hair-like structures which are going to send signals to the brain which is then going to give your brain a three-dimensional picture of our body as it sits kind of in space so if we lean forward or we lean to the side or we turn all of that information is being gathered by these internal semicircular canals now from a posterior view we see the same semicircular canals we just need to be able to identify them by looking at them from the back all right so here okay that's our anterior semicircular canal this is our posterior semicircular canal and this is our lateral semicircular canal now anything you don't see labeled on these you are not responsible for now cranial nerve eight is the vestibulocochlear nerve and that vestibular cochlear nerve has two components to it one is the vestibular nerve which is number 16 right here and number two is the cochlear nerve which is number 15. they merge together to form cranial nerve 8 which is responsible for hearing and balance and then the last model that we have on quizlet is our cochlear section model so this is a cross-section of that snail-like portion of the cochlea that we saw on the vestibular cochlear model so right here this would be cranial nerve eight okay coming or this would be the cochlear portion of cranial nerve eight as it comes into the cochlea so right here we can see these clusters that we see associated with cranial nerve eight and that is the spiral ganglia we then have hair cells right here located in what we call the organ of corti or organ of cordy all right so number six number two that's pointing to hair cells that are part of the organ of cordy number one right there that's going to be your tectoral membrane then we have number eight which is your vestibular membrane and then we have number five which is your basilar membrane and then we see three ducts one duct located here one duct located here one duct located here number nine is the scala vestibuli number seven the cochlear duct and number four the scala tympani so you'll see this model uh specifically in those uh in those model packets on on canvas as well as the other models that we looked at for the year but there are a couple of additional views um in those model packets as well that you should definitely make sure you take a look at all right any questions on the special senses not an overly long lab today pretty straightforward um you know the identification is is is all right there for you um from a physiology standpoint um again you know it's it's there's not going to be a heavy influence from one part or the other because we do have nervous tissue spinal tissue brain tissue special senses so you're only going to see about maybe uh maybe five questions uh from each one of those so you know i won't get too detailed on the on the physiology test as far as um each individual section is concerned um you know i'll just kind of hit the high points so that's why i said you know as you go through and you're studying the physiology it's mostly going to be definition type terms so pay attention to everything that you see in bold in those lab exercises all right well that is it um i will get this posted on to youtube here shortly y'all go get studying your exams like i said they'll open up next week your final exam is in two weeks if you have questions reach out between now and then i'll try to get those questions answered for you as quick as i can and uh otherwise y'all study hard for the end of the semester all right we'll see y'all later thank you um