Overview
This lecture introduces Edward Burnett Tylor’s theory of culture, his definition, the idea of cultural evolution, and his lasting influence on the study of human societies.
Edward Burnett Tylor's Definition of Culture
- Tylor was an English anthropologist and founder of modern anthropology.
- In his 1871 book "Primitive Culture," Tylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
- Culture includes learned behaviors, beliefs, values, and traditions passed from generation to generation, not inherited biologically.
- Every person acquires culture by growing up in society, family, and through participation in daily life.
Key Features of Tylor’s Theory
- Culture separates humans from animals by allowing us to create language, traditions, knowledge, and social norms.
- Culture is learned, not innate, and shapes how people act, think, and believe.
- Tylor emphasized that differences among people are due to culture, not biology or race.
Cultural Evolution
- Tylor proposed the idea of "cultural evolution," believing societies move from simple to complex forms over time.
- Early societies began with "primitive" ways and basic religious beliefs (e.g., animism), later developing more complex religions, governments, and sciences.
- He ranked cultures from "primitive" to "civilized," a view now criticized as Eurocentric and hierarchical.
- Modern anthropology rejects ranking cultures and sees all as different but equal.
Religion and Animism
- Tylor believed the earliest religion was animism—the belief that spirits exist in nature (animals, trees, rivers).
- He saw religion as evolving from animism to polytheism (many gods), then to monotheism (one god).
The Concept of Survivals
- "Survivals" are customs or beliefs that persist even after their original purpose is forgotten (e.g., knocking on wood, saying "bless you").
- These are seen as remnants of earlier cultural practices.
Tylor’s Legacy and Critique
- Tylor shifted the study of human behavior from biology and race to culture and learning.
- His scientific approach to culture influenced anthropology, sociology, and related fields.
- Although some views are outdated, his emphasis on culture as learned and central to human life remains important.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Culture — The learned set of beliefs, behaviors, values, and traditions shared by members of a society.
- Cultural Evolution — The theory that societies develop from simple to complex forms over time.
- Animism — The belief that spirits inhabit natural objects and phenomena.
- Survivals — Outdated customs or beliefs that persist without their original meaning.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Tylor’s definition of culture and examples of "survivals."
- Consider the criticisms of cultural evolution for class discussion.