Socratic Techniques for Critical Thinking

Aug 3, 2024

The Unexamined Life is Not Worth Living

Introduction

  • Socrates' philosophy emphasizes the importance of critical thinking.
  • Aim to understand Socratic questioning techniques to improve discussion and argumentation.

1. Pre-arguing

  • Importance of mental preparation before debates:
    • Helps assess if the argument is worth having.
    • Check definitions and assumptions to ensure productive discussion.
  • Example: Debate on God’s existence.
    • Different definitions (deist vs. theist) can lead to unproductive discussions.
  • Importance of clarifying key terms to avoid misunderstandings.
  • Additional question:
    • "Under what circumstances would you or I be wrong?"
    • Helps gauge willingness to engage in good faith discussions.

2. The Ignoramus and Clarification

  • Effective technique: "I'm not sure I completely understand your position."
    • Conveys genuine interest and encourages clarification.
  • Example from Plato's Republic: Socrates vs. Thrasymachus.
    • Socrates asks clarifying questions to expose contradictions in arguments.
  • Key question: "What do you mean by that?"
    • Helps understand both sides better and exposes flaws in reasoning.

3. Causes and Reasons

  • Important philosophical question: "Why do you think that?"
  • Distinction between:
    • Causes: Emotional or pragmatic influences on beliefs.
    • Reasons: Logical justifications for beliefs.
  • Recognizing this distinction helps focus on what can be challenged logically.
  • Avoid assuming others' reasons for beliefs; ask directly to prevent misunderstandings.

4. The Alternatives

  • Consider how different experiences might shape perspectives.
    • Example: What if you had wheels instead of limbs?
  • Encourage empathetic discussions by exploring alternative viewpoints.
  • Ask questions that stimulate consideration of different perspectives.

5. Implications and Consequences

  • Use reductio ad absurdum to explore implications of positions.
    • Test positions by examining their consequences.
    • Example: Moral relativism and its contradictions.
  • Key questions: "If I believed this, what else would follow?"
    • Helps determine if a position is worth accepting based on outcomes.

6. Questioning Questions

  • Reflect on whether all questions have been satisfied.
    • Do you understand the opposing position?
    • Are your reasons for your beliefs clear?
  • Emphasizes the importance of epistemic humility and continuous learning.
  • Practice is key to improving critical thinking skills.

Conclusion

  • Thinking critically is an essential skill that requires practice.
  • Apply these techniques in everyday discussions to improve understanding and argumentation.