Lecture Notes: Understanding Values

Definition of Values

• Values are individual beliefs that motivate actions.
• They act as a guide for human behavior.

Adoption of Values

• People often adopt values they are raised with.
• Cultural influence: People believe their cultural values are the correct ones.

Ethical Decision-Making

• Involves weighing and prioritizing different values.
• Conflicts arise when there are differing values among individuals.

Types of Values

1. Intrinsic Values
   • Have inherent worth (e.g., love, truth, freedom).
2. Instrumental Values
   • Traits or behaviors that are means to an end (e.g., ambition, courage, responsibility).
3. Sacred Values
   • Moral imperatives that are non-negotiable to believers.
   • Example: A nation's flag as a sacred symbol for some.

Variability of Values

• Values differ among individuals, cultures, and over time.

Universality of Values

• Despite diversity, values are universally recognized as crucial in ethical decision-making.