Hllo, Good morning, Good day, Good evening everyone. Today we are going to discuss our first discussion in the fundamental chemistry concepts part 1. So as you can see, from the word itself, fundamental. So basically, napaka-basic na nito sa inyo, no? And which is na dapat at least alam ninyo. Sing it ninyo.
I'm gonna get better Wake up and now I'm gonna get better I'm gonna get better I'm gonna get better I'm used to it See, there's music There's music I can't talk I can't talk That's how motivated you are My life's song is still going on My life's song is still going on My heart's heart is still beating My heart is still beating See? Then you record it properly. Later, my students will complain about me. Like, where is the martillo that's dripping? Like that.
So here it is. When I sent a Google Form to my students, the background was so noisy. Oykay.
So there, I bought noise-cancelling earphones. However, the one I bought Nasobrahan sa noise cancelling Oyo, alam niyo kung bakit? Pati yung boses ko na-cancel na din Kaya tuloy pa rin ang buhay Oykay, welcome to our discussion in Fundamental Chemistry Concepts Part 1 So before we start our discussion I hope you have already read our reassessment guidelines that is posted on the pdf file so time yourselves to three minutes not to solve these uh problems because throughout the lecture we will answer that so that's where you will know if you have learned something or if you have guessed correctly If you lose, you have the 25% chance to get the final answer. But 75% chance to get the wrong answer. Oyh, right?
That's why life is still going on. So I hope you have... Please answer this one. I will give you 3 minutes just to answer this one. So just screenshot it or there's a PDF.
Before you... You have... proceed ng ating lecture.
So, strict ako dito ha. Kung ayaw nyong sundin, bahala kayo. Kasi hindi kayo mapapractice nyan kapag dating nyo ng battery exam or NMAT or board exam, no?
Kapag yung mga hindi nagpapractice, yan. So, sagutan nyo lang yung mga yan. You can take a picture of that.
It's so fast, sir. Wait a minute. Why are you guys posting this recording?
I can't control you guys. Even if you're in the pool, you're taking a bath. You can continue the video at your most convenient time. So you only have 3 minutes to answer all of this one.
So please do it. Strictly. Kahit hindi nyo pa alam.
Try nyo lang. Kasi throughout the lecture, we're going to consider para alam nyo kung ano yung hindi nyo alam at ano na yung alam ninyo. Oykay, ano nakakatawad? okay so screenshot now answer that we're going to answer that in a two lecture videos okay two lecture okay let's start our first lecture yehey so properties of matter seriously properties of matter. Parang kinder pa lang ako.
Pinag-aaralan ko na ito. Diba? Guyss?
Solid, liquid, gas. Ano pa? Ano pa yung mga naaalala nyo pag narinig nyo yung salit?
Properties of matter. Diba? Properties. Ano nga ulit ang matter? Guyss, ano yung matter?
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. So magkaiba yan sa alma matter. Magkaiba yun. So, properties of matter can be distinguished into two. First, what we call intensive property of matter.
So, guys, when we say intensive property of matter, from the word itself, intensive, it's independent of the amount of a substance. So, property that does not depend on the quantity of the mass present. Now, for example, we have here a copper sulfate. So what can you see at the copper that copper sulfate so that is color here color yellow That is that is what that's the copper sulfate right So basically, um Now, what color is it if it's this much?
Yes, what color is it? It's still the same, right? The color of copper sulfate is lower, right? Nothing happened. Now, what can you observe if nothing happened?
What does that mean? Guyss, what does that mean if nothing happened? It means this property is an intensive property of matter. Meaning to say, wala akong pakialam kahit kaano kakarami. Basta akong property na to, mag-i-stay ako as ganon.
Oykay? Diba? Parang kahit, um, parang ako, ang pangalan ko ay Lian.
No? Kahit bumigat ako, no? Wala akong pakialam kung tumaba ako, pumayot ako. Basta ang pangalan ko ay Lian, the property will stay the same.
Ngayon, ano yun yung mga... property intensive property is now very uh now let's try to identify each one by one so specific heat how uh what what do you remember in specific remember the specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature one gram of water by one degree Celsius. So basically, it also depends on your substance.
But even though there's an analogy, this is what I call water pitcher technique. It means, if you compare one glass of water, glass pitcher technique, one glass of water, no. Isang glass ng water sa isang picture. So, isipin nyo guys, parehas ba ng...
ng specific heat. Ito, isang baso at itong isang pichel. Remember, the specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the 1 gram of water. Sinabi niya na guys, 1 gram lang daw ng tubig. So, kung kukuha ako ng 1 gram dito at kukuha ako ng 1 gram dito, the specific heat will stay the same.
Kaya nga siya tinawag na specific. Now, this one is this heat capacity. Let's use the water.
If you're not familiar with the terms, use the water or pitcher common sense technique. For example, a boiling point. So guys, what's the boiling point of water?
100 degrees Celsius. Will it be the same if I have a pitcher of water? Yes, it's still the same. 100 degrees, even if it's just a drop of water, the boiling point of water will always be 100 degrees Celsius.
Same with melting point, plaster, heat of vaporization, the heat that needs to vaporize. However, heat capacity is not an intensive property of matter. For example, solubility.
There's a pre-assessment on solubility in 10 parts. H already said it, in 10 parts of water. Ibig sabihin, sa kada sampung molecule ng water, gaano sya nadidisolve. Oykay? So, ganun lang naman ibig sabihin nun.
Now, since solubility is basically an intensive property of matter. So, palagi nyong tatandaan yun. Nang solubility ay intensive property of matter yan.
Oykay? Oykay, let's continue. So, what is extensive? Extensive property of matter is the property that does not depend on the quantity of the mass present.
Just kidding. Wait, I'm hearing something else. I'm just kidding.
So, extensive property, guys, does not depend on the amount of the mass. Oykay, for example, mas. Malamang, common sense. Pag mas mabigat, mas malaki yung mas ko. Mas marami yung amount ng water, mas haaba yung length ko.
Oykay, so ganun lang ngayon. Hat capacity. Now, let's proceed with heat capacity.
Now, if you're going to remember, the heat capacity is the heat needed. No, parang yung heat na kayang i-hold ng isang liquid, no, bago siya mag-boil. Now, the what?
What do you... Anong mas mahirap painitin? Anong mas mahirap pakuluin?
Yungg isang basong tubig or yung isang pichil na tubig? Oykay, sipin yung isang kasirolan tubig at isang basong tubig. Anong mas madaling painitin?
Yungg isang kasirolang tubig, right? Ay, hindi. Mas mahirap painitin yung isang kasirolan tubig kasi mas marami siyang heat capacity. mas marami siyang heat na kayang i-absorb bago siya maging gas pag hindi niya na kaya.
So basically, heat capacity depends on the amount of the substance. Now, under your pre-assessment, you are asked some of the not-so-familiar words. Ano-ano pa yung example neto? Guyss, napakarami ng intensive property of matter. We have a whole book on viscosity.
There are data that vary per substance, not on the amount of the substance. It always varies. So, it's intensive. Now, there are a lot of those.
How come when there's an example like that, you're not familiar with the term that we're going to do? You have to memorize the extensive property because it's the smaller one. What are the examples of extensive property of matter?
Oyne example of extensive property of matter is entropy. This is disorder. What is the sign of entropy? That is S.
Because the first behavior of gas was discovered, it starts with the letter S. Next, what else? Nthalphynon. What is the sign for entalphy? If you're going to remember, the sign of the enthalpy is i signed the symbol for enthalpy is letter Letter H. So, since this is the symbol for enthalpy, Sir, why H?
Why does H symbol of enthalpy? Why? Why do you think so that the symbol of enthalpy is letter H?
Sir, because there's an H in enthalpy. Yes, that's why, sir. No, sir.
Triple. I'm just kidding. There's no triple scientists. Why is it letter H? What does that mean?
What does that mean? Why? Because in the first time, guys, our... What?
In the first time, what? In the first time, the word for enthalpy is heat. Why, sir, is heat called Q?
Because in the early days, scientists called heat, remember? Remember? Q is equal to MCAT.
Remember that? Remember this equation? In thermochemistry, right? Q is equal to MCAT.
Q means heat. The question is why? Why Q?
Why Q? Where's Q? Because they called heat back then quantity of heat. Oykay. And what they call in Nthalphynon is heat.
Oykay? So, I understand why that's the case. Why that's the case. Why that's the case. Is it popping out?
Why? Oyh, yeah. Tell it to your classmates who didn't enroll.
Just kidding. You might say, why is Nthalphynon H? Nthalphynon.
Oykay? So, we'll discuss that in chemistry. So, what else? What else is an example?
Example of extensive property is Gibbs free energy. So, Gibbs free energy. What else?
Internal energy. So, that's all you have to remember. Then, the rest, guys, is common sense. The molar enthalpy, guys.
The molar enthalpy depends on the mole. Oykay? It varies per.
substance that's why it's an intensive property however yung mga binanggit ko kanina gives free internal energy lahat yan nak-extensive yun lang naman yun so yun na yun dares alam nyo na yan common sense na yan okay so basically is density an intensive property or extensive sir agmas ay extensive property Ano volume ay extensive property. E di sir, ano yan? Using your mathematics, kapag same ang numerator at denominator, what would happen? It would cancel.
That's why density is an intensive property of matter. Ibig sabihin, our water, pitcher water, pitcher glass of water analysis, kapag mas marami ang Um... kahit gaano kadami yung tubig, yung density niya, 1 gram per ml pa din.
Naintindihan? Ganun pa rin siya, kakompak. 1 gram per ml pa rin ang water. Oykay? Parang molar mass, di ba?
Ano molar mass, that's the same. Ganun din sa molar enthalpy. Pare-parehas lang yan. Naintindihan? Di ba yung molar mass?
Yungg molar mass ng isang compound, even if the molar mass is still 12.01 for example in carbon it didn't change now let's proceed to the your pre-assessment test just like what I have said earlier the in that what is the non-intensive property there what is this? this is the specific heat okay what is the specific heat guys? why is there a visor?
because this is specific heat at constant volume if you have a CP, specific heat and constant pressure. Hindi cellphone, hindi curriculum vitae. So, okay.
Now, what is critical pressure? Critical pressure is the pressure na kayang i-attain ng substance sa kanyang critical temperature. Ibig sabihin, kung ang critical pressure ko ay 100 megapascal, at my critical temperature ko ay 100 degrees Celsius. So, kung itong city ko at itong city ko, ibig sabihin, I can't go beyond this point because if I do, I won't exist anymore.
Oykay, hindi na ako liquid, hindi na ako solid, no? So, lagpas na ako dun sa critical na tinatawag, okay? Now, this one, kahit gano'ng kadami, syempre, malamang, ganun pa rin ang critical pressure.
Tama, kung ang critical pressure ng water ay halimbawa ay 1,500 kPa, so, yun na yun, hindi ka na pwedeng umanod dun, okay? Kahit isang dagat ng tubig pa yan. The critical pressure with the stay remains the same.
That's why the answer here is letter A and letter B. So, what do you remember? If only the extensive, then the rest is common sense, guys. Use the water and drum analysis or water feature analysis.
Next, what are the official number of states of matter? What are the states of matter? What?
Washington? States of Matter? Ilan yung pinag-aralan nyo ng LM? Tatlo.
Nung junior high school ako, naging apat. Nung naging senior high ako, naging lima. Nung college ako, lima pa rin.
Oykay. Pero guys, ilan ba talaga? So let's discuss.
The fourth state of matter is what we call the plasma, right? So guys, ang liquid, pag nag-input ako ng energy dyan, magiging gas. And the gas, when I input energy there, it will become plasma.
So that's plasma. That's a high-energy gas that contains positively and negatively charged particles. So basically, plasma is created when one or two electrons or many electrons turn free from an atom. So basically, when I say atom ionizes, two things will happen there.
Ibig sabihin, pag sabi kong ionized is either missing siya ng electron or sobra siya ng electron. Kapag missing siya ng electron, ibig sabihin siya ay nakukulangan ng electron. Therefore, that is a cut ion.
Kapag sobra siya ng electron, that is an anion. Oykay? So next. Now, what is the fifth state of matter? So basically, you are very familiar with this fifth state of matter.
The fifth state of matter is what we call the... Bose-Einstein condensate or BEC. Now, what is the Bose-Einstein condensate? Actually, it also matters.
However, when you attain the lowest energy possible, when you take their energy, you will get the lowest energy possible. For example, this. Critical temp.
This is the temperature. This is the pressure. So, pag binabaan ko ng binabaan yung temperature at the critical point, no, ano mong sasabi ko? Hindi na siya madedetermine kung siya ba ay sa classical states pa din.
Pag sinabi kong classical state, classical, ibig sabihin, yung sinusundan niyan is yung classical mechanics, no, yung sa physics. Pero kapag quantum na, ito na yung mga bagay na hindi na nai-explain ng classical mechanics. Oyne example that is, we're going to discuss that on the other lecture video, is that the electric.
electron okay so later we will discuss that in our next lecture videos because electrons they have found out that electrons is not just a particle they act as a wave also okay that is the particle duality theory of Albert Einstein okay now that is what it is called when quantum is disordered so it does not exist now what happens when the lowest temperature and pressure of a gas na extremely low density, about 100,000 times less than the normal air. So imagine that, kung gaano kagaan niya. At sa pinakamababang temperature, ang nangyayari daw guys, yung particles ni Bose-Einstein condensate nagmumove upward, downward. Remember gas moves randomly, di ba?
Sa gas, moves randomly. Kung saan-saan yan, nagmumove, right? Same, ang solid. the particles of the solid are stagnant, they don't move.
The liquid will just flow, but not like the gas that moves randomly. Now, what happens is that when I reach this quantum critical point or quantum critical pressure or temperature, what happens is that the Bose-Einstein condensate, the particles of that moves upward and downward, which forms this kind of waves. So, that's it. So, the gas random, solid is like this, the waves of the electron or the particle of Bose-Einstein condensate moves. upward and downward.
So, that's it. Oykay? Now, what is the sixth state of matter? The sixth state of matter, guys, is the fermionic condensate.
And the seventh state of matter is the quark-gluon plasma. But we're not going to further discuss that, because it's a bit advanced physics. So, is there an eighth? What is the eighth state of matter?
There's none. Oykay, there's none. So, for now, in your time, The official state of number of matter is 7. Oyh, diba? May natutunan agad kayo na hindi lang apat ang state of matter or lima.
That is 7. Oykay? So, next. Punta naman tayo sa change in phase ng matter. Phases pala ito ng matter.
Oykay, phases. Mukha. Dechoko lang. Ano yan? This is a mothball, right?
Guyss, this is a solid. Tama? Kapag si solid naging liquid, what do you call that process? The process is melting.
Now what is the other term for melting? The other term for melting is, starts with the letter F. Blank, blank, blank, blank, blank.
Nga ko. Baka freezing is sagot niyo. Nga.
Nga. Nga. Nga. Nga.
Nga. Solid si liquid nga, freezing. is okay Now, what is yung liquid to solid naman? Just kapag namin hindi ninyo paalam yung liquid to solid, that is freezing, right? How about liquid to gas?
That is evaporation. And gas to liquid is what we call the condensation. E paano naman sir kapag gas to solid? That is what we call the deposition. And solid to gas is what we call the sublimation.
Example, dry ice. pulse okay what is the other term for evaporation the other term for evaporation is what what is the other term for evaporation the other term for evaporation is vaporization Oykay? Kaya lang meron pa tayong isang state of matter, which is the plasma.
So si gas, kapag nag-input ako ng energy, magiging tawag doon ionization. Oykay? Kasi inionize ko yung gas.
Ano nga ibig sabihin kapag yung atom isang ionize? It's either missing or sobra ng electron. Oykay?
Kapag sobra ng electron, cut ions. Kulang na electrons, anions. Now si plasma, pag naging gas, siya naman ay tawag doon ay deionization. Oykay.
However, there is some, ano pa, meron pang sign convention. So, kapag solid to liquid, guys, yung ating tinatawag na heat of fusion, heat of fusion ang tawag sa heat na kailangan para si solid maging liquid. Oykay? Yungg heat na kailangan ng 1 gram ng solid para siya ay maging 1 gram ng liquid. So, that is heat of fusion.
Now, what is the sign for heat? of vaporization, ganun din, yung heat na kailangan para ma-evaporate si liquid to gas in one gram. Oykay?
And yung heat of sublimation, yung heat na kailangan na solid para siya ay maging gas. Now, the question is, what is the sign of delta heat, delta H, of fusion in freezing? Remember that the solid released heat You input heat here, kaya siya natunaw.
Tama? Pag ininit mo si yelo, matutunaw siya. Melting, natawag doon. It absorbs heat.
That's why the sign here is positive. Now, kapag nag-freeze siya, anong ibig sabihin nun? What does it mean if the solid freezes? Ibig nag-absorb ba siya or nag-release ng heat?
Based on the second law of thermodynamics. Oyn the second law, sir, hindi naman kami lawyer. What is it? I don't know. What's the second law of thermodynamics?
Second law of thermodynamics is the movement of heat is from hot to cold. So when it freezes, what does it mean? It releases heat.
The heat came out of it. That's why it froze. Now, the question.
What's the sign if it came out? Guyss, the convention, when a heat comes out, that is a negative heat of fusion. And the heat of sublimation is equal to the sum of the heat of fusion and heat of vaporization. So, the same thing with vaporization. When I input...
pag nag-release ako ng heat sa gas, makukondens siya. Mala lamig siya eh. So therefore, that's the negative heat. Kasi nag-release ako ng heat.
So ganun din sa, wala na palang ganun sa deposition. Now, if you are going to apply this concept of second law of thermodynamics, so ganyan yung convention. Now, how can we apply it?
For example, malamig ang panahon. Normally, anong ginagawa niyo pag malamig ang panahon? Magbubukas ng shower, tapos pipindutin yung hat. That's how we'll be. We'll be swimming.
Don't worry. Some people will heat water in the tank. They'll even pour it into the river.
It's too much. We have swimming pools. You can choose.
If you say hot, it'll boil. If you say cold, it'll cool down. That's how it is. What's that? If you bathe in hot water, Try nyong maligo ng mainit sa malamig.
Is it advisable to... Ano, figure pwede. Pero, is it advisable?
Remember, class, you are taking a bath in a warm water and your surroundings is cold. Now, what would happen to the heat? The heat from your body will go outside of your surroundings.
Now, what would happen if the heat go outside to your body? Meaning to say, the heat will... be released, therefore, lalamigin ka lalo.
Diba? Solid, kapag lumabas ng heat, anong nangyayari? Ay, ang liquid, naglabas ng heat, anong nangyayari?
Nag-freeze, nagiging solid. Diba? Kapag si solid, ininputan ko ng heat si solid, anong nangyayari?
Nagme-melt solid. Kaya positive yung heat of fusion. Si liquid, pag inalisang ko ng heat yan, lalo.
So, pinalamig ko yan, magiging solid yan. So, ganun din dito. Kaya, huwag kayong maliligo ng mainit ang tubig kapag malamig.
Kasi, after that, lalo lang kayong lalamigin. Oyr, unless gusto nyo mag-jacket, pwede naman. So, eto naman, sir. Paano kapag mainit ang panahon?
Mainit ang surroundings. Oyy, sir, ano yan dinodrawing mo? Ano yan?
Oy, ano yan? If the surroundings are hot, will you bathe? Think about it.
Will you bathe when the surroundings are hot? Will you bathe when the surroundings are hot? It depends. It depends if you're stupid or what.
You're hot and you're going to bathe when it's hot, right? Oyf course not. That's stupid.
Oyf course, you should take a shower in a cool place. So that the heat will reach you. It reached me in the middle of the shower.
I was even hot. That's how it is. We can't do anything about it.
Can we reverse the heat to cold? The movement from hot to cold to cold to hot? Yes, that's why you have aircon. But you need work.
to do that but it's a very long discussion pass the thermodynamics now but it's amazing that you are not according to the second law of thermodynamics would make you uh would make you an iceberg so next classification of math So basically, you know this. You have two memories. Guyss, when physical means, you always have one in your mind. When they're separated from physical means, it's either that.
When yes, they're separated. And when no, they're separated. Either that is pure substance.
If they can't separate physical, or that is physical. Now, guys, if they can't separate physically, If they can't separate physically, that matter, that unknown matter, it means, if they can separate by... Chemical means, ibig sabihin yan ay element at yung isa ay compound.
Oykay? So kung kaya niyang iseparate. Ngayon kung hindi kayang iseparate by physical, chemical means din yan ay mixture.
Oykay? So that's either homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. So ano lang tatanggaan ko? Kapag physical means, it's either a mixture or a pure substance.
Pero kapag chemical means, it's either element or compound. Let's give an example. For example, we have a seawater here.
Basically, guys, what did I say about mixture? Let's define mixture. Combination of two or more pure substances.
The other one is the pure substance is a substance that has fixed chemical composition. From the word, it's a pure substance. It's a pure substance.
It doesn't have any other components. Oykay? Oykay? puro pa sa pure substance, yung element. Kaya nga meron tayong table of, periodic table of elements.
Kasi purong elements na yung mga yan. Now, ano kaya ang kinukompose ng isang seawater? Basically, it's composed by salt and H2Oy.
Oykay? Is salt a pure substance? Yes.
Pure substance yan. Compound to eh. Tama?
Yungg mga salts nyo, sodium chloride. Ano pa? magnesium sulfate, right? There are many types of salts. H2Oy, it's a compound.
So therefore, it's made up of two pure substances. Therefore, this is a mixture. Next.
Now, if that is a mixture, therefore, the other components, such as water, can be separated by chemical means. If you want to separate hydrogen and oxygen, you can separate them. However, how can you separate the seawater by physical means is using the Pwede yung evaporation. In the other country, they use this reverse osmosis.
Diba? Parang ginagamit nila dyan sa mga yan. Merong reverse osmosis.
Merong evaporation. Merong filtration. No, finifilter nila.
Yungg reverse osmosis, ginagamit nila doon. Membranes. So, ganon.
Kaya lang, however, hindi, hindi, ah, kung isang dagat yung iinitin mo, you need a lot of energy in order to desalinate water. to desalinate the sea water okay that's why other countries uses the reverse osmosis method so physical means yun so pinagihiwalay ko yung mixture into two pure substances now now the mixture here is the sea water and the pure substance is the salt and water now what are the components now now let's differentiate element and compound so element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler. It means, this is the simplest.
But, if I build two elements, the compound will come out. So, therefore, this can be separated by chemical means. Then, it's either an element.
If no, it's an element. If yes, it's a compound. Oykay.
Now, let's go back to the seawater. So, seawater contains chloride. What is chloride? Chloride is an...
type of ion. So, hindi siya Cl2. Oykay, siya ay Cl-.
Next, sodium. Ano ba yan? Sodium.
Sodium plus or sodium 2 plus? Nakalagay lang. Nakalagay ba ay sodium atoms?
Hindi. So, sodium lang. Sulfate SOy4.
Tama. Tapos may charge yan. Next. What's the charge of sulfate?
Search it. Is the charge of sulfate 3-or just minus? Search it on Google. I didn't even look it up.
Because it's 99. I'll show it to you. The 2-. Sulfate is 2-.
Next, calcium. So guys, those sodium plus, that's calcium. I am Lian.
Why? Because in the ocean, it won't exist as sodium plus, calcium 2 plus. Because it's unstable. Now, they want to find a partner. Now, if they want to find another partner, they will grab the electron here.
So, what we call the taking of electrons is what we call the ionic bonding. This is what we call covalent bonding. When sharing covalent, when...
transfer of electrons is. Kaya diba, si Cl-hindi yan mag-iexist sa dagat palutang-lutang lang. Gusto niyan laging may kasama.
Same with H. So, ganun yan. Now, let's differentiate.
Alin dyan ang compound? Malamang, sir, itong SOy42-. Now, how are you going to this one as element, this one is an element, this one is an element. Now, how are you going to differentiate to understand this one?
So for every 1 kilogram of seawater, 965 grams of water. And the rest, those are salts. 35 grams of salt.
If you want to make seawater, you can't make it in life. You get 1 kilogram of water. 1 kilogram of water is equal to 1 liter of water. Then, you get 35 grams of salt and dissolve it in the mixture.
That's how salty the seawater is. Oykay? That's how salty it is.
Oykay? So, next. Now, let's differentiate the mixture.
So, guys, this is an alcohol. If I say that the mixture is homogeneous, the composition of the mixture is the same as the whole compound. So, it means, as you can see, it's very obvious that it's homogeneous. Look at that, it's homogeneous.
Because you can't see where the ethanol is, you can't see where the water is, right? 70% solution, it means that for every 100 grams of water, 70 grams of ethanol is there. Oykay? So that's it. Next.
This is a type of heterogeneous mixture, right? What is this? What is lard? Lard is a type of what? Lard is a type of?
animal fat. So, kinukombine si animal fat sa mga biodiesel. Kasi, diba, ang biodiesel, composed yan ng mga alkyl esters o fatty acids. Diba, ng mga renewable lipid feedstock, pwedeng vegetable oil or animal fat. Ngayon, si Lard Guys, si biodiesel, most likely, hinahalo siya talaga sa diesel engine.
Oykay, pag namin nakalagay, pag bumili kayo ng diesel, that has biodiesel, sometimes you mix it with biodiesel so that it can help. Because it's helpful, because it's renewable. Right? It's depleting the sources of fossil fuels. Now, if I say biofuel, that's different from biodiesel.
Biofuel is not from... Biofuel is really from waste. This is biodiesel, it's not from waste. Oyr sometimes... biofuel and biodiesel.
Example of biofuel is water lily. The lignocellulosic compounds. Those are the ones that can be distilled to extract ethanol to become biofuel. So biodiesel, that's always the story of biodiesel. It's always mixed with petroleum products, especially diesel.
So that it can increase the performance of that biodiesel. But it's not yet purely used. It's still in the process.
For example, bioethanol. What is that? Biofuel is also that.
Bioethanol. The one that comes from corn, sugar, king. The problem with biofuel is, how do we shortage food?
Because they make gas. So that's one of the... Do you need to produce a lot of corn to produce a lot of gas? No, you don't.
So fossil fuels are still effective. So heterogeneous mixture, this is a mixture that you can see the composition right away. The composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.
Look, the color green here, the color white there. You can see that it's heterogeneous. Like this, there's pink here.
So, it's not uniform. It's not even. There's yellow here, black here, poop here, bird poop here. So, this is a fertilizer. That's a type of heterogeneous mixture.
Now, the question is, which of the following are examples of mixtures? Except... Except what? Answer it...
What's your answer there? Oyh, you answered it there. Is it air, bitumen, steel, alum, sterling, silver, brass, bronze?
Remember that bronze is a mixture of what? Bronze is a mixture of... Bronze is a mixture of copper.
This brass and bronze, bronze is a mixture of copper. But what composition is... What element is the one that composes the bronze?
Copper and tin. This brass, copper and copper and what is that? What is brass?
Brass coin. There are things like that. What is the component?
It's copper too. Copper and? What's the mixture?
Zinc. Oykay. So that is zinc. Steel.
That is combination of iron and? You need to know this. The basics. Bitumen.
Bitumen is also called asphalt. Later we are going to discuss that. Air is composed of, malamang, hindi naman 70. Ano air, tanda ko ay hindi, hindi, hindi, ano yan?
Hindi yan pure substance, ha? Air, mixture ng ano yan? Nitrogen, oxygen. Parang ang tanda ko, 78% ay nitrogen, 21% oxygen. How about alum?
What is the chemical formula of alum? Ah, chemical formula of alum. So guys, take a look at this.
The chemical formula of alum is KALSOy4 2 times 12H2Oy. If you can see 12H2Oy in the formula mass of an ionic compound, it means that the amount of water molecules is fixed. So it's fixed.
Fixed. Unlike aqueous, for example, you can see sodium. bicarbonate aqueous.
Naka-dissolve siya. Ano ibig sabihin ng aqueous, naka-dissolve siya sa water. Pero hindi mo alam kung ilan yung water.
Ito kasi, fixed. Ibig sabihin, sa kada isang molecule ng compound na to, merong kakabit na labing dalawang molecule ng H2Oy. So, ganun lang yan.
Oykay? Now, what is, that is what we call hydrates formula. Yungg mga hydrates. penta hydrate no the deca hydrate doc deca hydrate now if you answered this sterling silver you are wrong because sterling silver is 92.5 percent silver and other metals however alum is a type of compound mixture by pure substance yet compound okay so ano lang dyan ang except yung alum Oykay, I'm getting mad. Star.
I'm going to say star. Oykay. Oykay, next.
Blood and smog are examples of homogeneous mixture. That is true or false? That is false. Why? Sir, blood is homogeneous.
Yes. If you look at blood and smog, they're just homogeneous, right? However, blood and smog is not a type of homogeneous mixture.
Mukha lang silang homogeneous but in reality, they are heterogeneous mixture. Oykay, heterogeneous mixture. So, ang tawag sa mga ganito ay, touch with the letter C, colloid.
Colloid ang tawag sa mga. Sila yung mga magugulo na hindi mo maintindihan. Sila yung homogeneous tingnan pero in reality, they are heterogeneous. Hindi uniform yung composition nila.
Example. or milk. So, that's not it. Oykay?
Wait for that, okay? That will come out in the battery exam. Now, let's discuss the separation through physical means. So, one of the most common is what we call the magnetic separation. So, this is a mixture of iron and sand.
Iron-sand mixture. Right? What separates physical means?
What separates are the two pure substances. So what I will separate here is the iron and sand. Oyf course, the iron. You only need the sand to go to the magnet. Oykay?
Basically, this applied in the wastewater management and water purification. Because the heavy metals are actually detrimental to the health. It's removed from the wastewater. It's sterilized. They will look for adsorbents.
It causes acute and chronic illnesses if the heavy metal concentration is high. If they exceed the permissible amount, that's it. For example, an example of heavy metal is zinc 2+. Another is cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, removal of arsenic. Some are still dangerous, some are still cancerous.
That's cadmium. That's why not all metals are magnetic. Separation is added by an adsorbent that adheres to the particles of the substance they want to remove. Removal of zinc 2 plus using coconut shell, that's okay.
Those are adsorbent. Egg shells, impregnated with... It's usually tinnitus. For example, there's ore.
The ore that I just showed you. So, to extract the iron, they're passing it through the roller mill. Then, the non-magnetic remains here. Hre, of course, are the magnetic particles.
So, decantation. So, this is one of the most important. The decantation that you need to know.
But it's very simple. When I say decantation, it's the process of separation, the mixture of immiscible liquids and solid mixture in a suspension. When I say immiscible liquids, they don't dissolve one by one. They don't combine.
Example is solid mixture in a suspension. For example, mungo. Guyss, when I say the water in a mungo in another bottle, It's called decontation because mung bean is more dense than water.
So the difference that I'm referring to here is the density. For example, when you wash rice, the rice is under the pot because it's denser. So when I say water, when your mom says it, that's decontation. Now, when we say liquid-solid separation, what is the other term for liquid-solid separation? Starts with a letter Oyther term for liquid solid separation I'm already on my minutes Oykay?
Oyther term for liquid solid separation The other term for liquid solid separation is Oyh my God! I'm getting sick of not being able to cut it What's the other term for liquid solid separation? I'll search it on Google Oyr what? Sedimentation Right?
sedimentation. Sir, parang parehas lang naman. Anong pinagkaiba sa sedimentation, guys? Inaantay mong malaglag lahat ng particles from the above. So, that's basically the heavier particles that you are settling down, the heavier particles present in the liquid mixture.
Oykay? So, since ginagawa mo yun, ang nangyari, bago mo siya isalin, inaantay mo muna siya mag-sediment. What do we call liquid-liquid separation? That is what we call the liquid-liquid LLS.
Liquid-liquid separation is also called the partitioning. Partitioning. You partition it. Sedimentation, you are waiting. You wait for the particles to go down in your solution.
So, it's like the particles present in the liquid solution are settling down first. before you add it. But will you wait for the decantation to come down in the water? No.
It's too heavy. It will come down and come down. Oykay? So that's it.
So what else is what we call type separation? We also have what we call liquid-liquid extraction. When I say extraction, for example, you do this by extracting the caffeine from tea leaves.
So what we call that is you use liquid-liquid extraction. And the other one is What we call solid liquid extraction or more commonly called the leaching. What is the example of leaching? Example is your bottle. Ah, no.
The most important. I use leaching. For example, your tea.
You put tea in there. When it diffuses, it's leaching. Oykay. because you extract the liquid from that solid. Oykay, what other examples of leaching?
For example, your water bottle. Guyss, your water bottle, if you leave it in a hot car, it will leach. So that is cancerous. So the water that you leave in your car, you shouldn't drink that.
That is cancerous because the polyethylene teraphthalate bottle leaches. That's why the water you drink, from the mineral water that was left in your car and it was too hot, it will leak. So, it will be cancerous.
You can't drink it. Throw it away. It's cancerous.
Oykay? So, that's it. Another most important is the centrifugation. So, guys, what is governed? What is the physics law that governs the centrifugation?
It's the... centrifugal force. So, basically, guys, when you rotate your yoyo, it won't fall because of the presence of the centripetal force and the path of the inertia.
Now, what is centrifugal force? Centrifugal force is, as Newton's first law said, the mass, the inertia, will remain at rest unless an outside force acts on it. That's what we call centrifugal force.
Now, What happens in that, for example, you put water in your tuba and you do an experiment. Do it around it, guys. Like that, fast. Do it around it a few times.
Even if it's full, you can't throw water there. Yeah. Right?
Amazing, right? Try it. Try to do it around the tuba that has this. It just hurts a little in the stomach.
It's trying to be angry. It's scared. But it's not going to fall.
Because of that, what we call the centripetal and centrifugal. When I say centrifugal force, this is directed towards the center. When I say centrifugal force, this is directed away from the center.
So, it's imaginary. Now, what is the application on this one? Now, the application is that this. While the rotor is rotating, the centrifugal force applied to the particles is proportional to the sedimentation rate. I said earlier that sedimentation settles below.
It means that the higher the spin, the faster the spin, the faster the sediment will settle below. Why? Because of the presence of the buoyant force and the centrifugal force. So centrifugal force, parang nanginihilan niya ngayon yung mga particle na may mas malaki yung density at molar mass.
Yungg mas mabibigat, mas malalaking molar mass, napupunta sila sa ilalim. So nagsisentil sila. Oykay?
And that is what we call the centrifugation. Oykay? Kaya alam niyo na, no?
Diba? Pag sinisentrifuge niyo ang inyong ano. particle so the particle will then sediment at the rate that is proportional to the centrifugal force applied to it now what is the viscosity the viscosity of the sample solution and the physical properties and nakaka effecto dun sa sedimentation dito yung bilis ng pag settle down niya sa baba okay kaya ito yung ginagamit sa mga dna kasi si dna is highly dense diba ang ano neto is 1.7 gram per centimeter cube or 1.7 gram per cent ML okay, the bar so brandons and DNA even the memory of DNA is 1.47 terabyte per millimeter squared imagine in you buy in 1.47 terabyte some millimeter gonna come a millimeter manga ganyan lang square new millimeter MM squared the bag and young young by in centimeters squared Centimeter and the bar pagina mushy on square centimeter squared man, okay So, yung isang ganito ng DNA, yung maliit na maliit na ganan, no, yung laban niya, 1.47 terabyte.
So, that's how magnificent, you know, our... So, ginagamit to sa mga separation of fluids, gases, liquids, and density. So, other type, most important type, is also called the distillation.
So, guys, the distillation is a... can be separated into two, the simple and the fractional. But there are more of them. We have a subject called SEPA, which has a lot of distillation. There's fractional distillation, flush distillation, and a lot more.
It's like my house is getting full because of the poromylagen. There's also the concept of reflux ratio, but what you'll remember here is the distillate. So guys, because magkaiba ng boiling point, for example, meron tayong water, then ethanol. The boiling point of ethanol is parang 78 degrees Celsius. And the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius.
Pag ininit ko to guys, sinong unang maboboil? Si ethanol. Siya yung unang maboboil dito.
Then makokondens si ethanol. Then after that condensation, may iipon siya dito. So, siya yung pinatawag natin.
distillate. Ito yung narireceive. Oykay? So, anong hinaharness niya?
Difference in boiling point. So, kanina, difference in density, molar mass, dito din, ganun. So, dito naman, boiling point naman tayo. Wala akong pakialam sa density nasa boiling point. What's the application of simple distillation?
So, this guys is an example of red wine. Oykay? Distillation is commonly called as purification step sa mga red wine. Basically, ang nangyayari si red wine, dinidistil yan. So, pag dinistil si red wine, what would happen?
Mas concentrated, anong maunang madidistil? Anong sinabi ko? Si ethanol ay 78 degrees Celsius. So, therefore, mag-evaporate si ethanol agad-agad. Now, if that ethanol evaporated agad-agad, magkakondenser dito.
Then may iipon sya dito. And this is what we call the distillate. Anong tawag sa distillate ng red wine?
Iniinom nyo yan. That's the brandy. Yung yung mga emperador.
Ano pa? Ano mga brandy na iniinom nyo, emperador, kondador, imperadora, mga ganon. So yun yung tinatawag natin distillate. So san galing yung brandy? Yungg mga iniinom nyo emperador?
Ano mga tituhin nyo? sa red wine din siya galing. Concentrated niya lang yung ethanol. Paano ko malalaman na concentrated si ethanol? Malalaman ko lang na concentrated si ethanol if papasa siya sa flint test.
Kasi paano mag-aapoy? Paano ko malalaman na merong concentrated na si ethanol na may ethanol yung laman ng distillate ko? Paano pag wala?
Paano malalaman kapag nag-apoy siya? Ibig sabihin, pag higher than 57% ng ethanol yung ating liquid, ma-apoy siya. Pasok siya sa flame test.
So, ibig sabihin, marami ng ethanol dun sa distillate na yun. That's why, huwag kayong maniniwala sa mga pinagsasasabi ng manufacturing nyo. For example, sinabi nyo lang 6% alcohol.
Pero, nung ininom nyo, umapo, nung tinry nyo to, umapoy. Ibig sabihin, higher than 57% yung laman ng alcohol dun. Huwag kayong maniniwala sa mga ganun.
Lalo yung mga nasa tindahan. They will put 60% alcohol but when you light it, it won't burn. It means that the ethanol is not full.
So that's it. When it burns, it means that the ethanol is higher than 57%. You know that when the alcohol burns, it means that the ethanol is concentrated.
Higher than 57%. Example is that emperador. That's why you get drunk easily.
Things like that. Oykay? Next, let's go to fractional distillation.
Now, this is one of the most important type of distillation because this is used in the crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is basically made up of remains of animals and plants. Galing yan sa mga fossil fuel wells na remains that was buried in the million years ago. Kasi ang meaning ng petroleum is rock oil, di ba? Petro-rock oil from petroleum.
Now, basically, fractional ang distillation naman. So here, earlier, simple distillation, we're just talking about two things here in fractional distillation. You separate each of the components of the crude oil into different types of boiling point.
Now, here, as you can see, the crude oil, it's being distilled. So guys, are you ready? So guys, when I reach 300, this bottom here, what I call here, when I heat it, asphalt.
As you can see, the asphalt is black. So, it comes from crude oil. Because its boiling point is high.
So, the first thing that rises, guys, the first thing that rises from those holes, is the lowest boiling point. And what is that? The lowest boiling point? You can see it in the kitchen, 70 degrees Celsius.
No, it's in 20 degrees Celsius. What is that? Pinang sa samgyup minsan, bottled gas. Sin yung inyong mga gasol. Yan yun.
Ibig sabihin, boiling point yung 20 degrees Celsius. Kaya nga sya gas eh. Diba? Eh ano naman sa yung mga nandito sa 150 degrees Celsius? Ano naman yan?
Ito naman yung inyong nasasakyan. Petrol. Yan yung mga petrol. Petrol yun. Diba?
Mga fuel oil sa shell. Yung na yun. What about this 200 degrees Celsius and above?
This is what we call diesel. So, this is where diesel comes in. Sir, what are these 200 degrees Celsius?
This is what we call the kerosene. So, these three are not lost in gasoline stations, right? And lastly, we have paraffin, nafta.
We also have paraffin wax that is used in candles. So all of these are different distilleries. So here, the distilleries will distill the boiling water from low to high.
Because if you raise it, it will collect the heavy heat from the bottom. And they make asphalt. So that's the if. Asphalt.
The other one is fuel for the ship. That's what we call bitumen. So bitumen is a mixture.
Roads, roofing. Oykay, jet fuel. Diba?
Oykay. Sana naman malinaw na kung saan nagagaling yung mga gas nyo. So, thank you very much.
So, this is our last slide. So, you can just read this. Ininoko lang sa inyo yung iba't iba. Kapag heterogeneous, kapag homogeneous.
So, basahin nyo na lang to. Kasi baka naman lumabas din sa mga NMAT, board exam, and all. Which of the following is a type of mixture? For example, it gave an experiment to the problem.
What type of separation is that? Oykay, and that's the end of our topic. Hy hey! Oyur next topic is this one.
The atomic property. For the next video, right? And see you for our next... So this is... type of lecture is more comprehensive, right?
What we can understand about atoms. And what we can't understand about atoms. Bye-bye!