Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - EES199.Class 6_Atmosphere_Online.pptx
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# Earths Atmosphere EES199
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## Readings Chapter 16, all pages Chapter 17, 518523 Chapter 18, 552563 Chapter 19, 578587 Chapter 20, 621630 2
## Weather vs Climate Weather is the daytoday state of the atmosphere, and its shortterm variation in minutes to weeks. Climate is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Weather is your mood, Climate is your personality.
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## Weather Weather can/does change in very short time frames. What factors contribute to our weather? Air temperature Humidity Air pressure Wind speed and direction Type and amount of cloud cover Type and amount of precipitation
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## Climate The sum or average weather information that helps describe a place or region. Murray, KY : Humid midlatitude climate with warm summers and mild winters
Contributing factors same as for weather
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## The most important factor in weather and climate: Unequal and variable heating of the Earth by the Sun!!!
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## Question (True or False) Climate is used to denote the state of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time. 7Question Which one of the following is not generally considered a major element of weather and climate? a) air temperature b) humidity c) ocean wave d) wind speed 85
## What is atmosphere? The gaseous part of the planet
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## What is atmosphere? A mixture of many discrete gases with varying amounts of solid and liquid particles that surrounds the Earth. Interchangeable with the word air. What holds the atmosphere around the Earth? Gravity!
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Nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% Argon: 1% Carbon dioxide 0.04% What is the atmosphere made of? Major component in clean dry air
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Which one of these gases are more important in weather and climate? Why?
Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O) are crucial for life, but have no effect on the weather.
Argon (Ar) is an inert gas (chemically inactive) and has no effect on the weather.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has a significant impact on the weather and climate.
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## Variable components Water Vapor (0.04 4.0 % by volume) Source of clouds & precipitation Aerosols (volume % unknown) Tiny solid & liquid particles that kept in the atmosphere Effect cloud and fog formation Ozone O 3 (volume % varies with altitude) Effects atmospheric heating Effects human health
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## Greenhouse Effect a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat. Shortwavelength radiation from the Sun Longerwavelength from Earth
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This creates a feedback loop that keeps our atmosphere warm. causing global warming!
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Without naturally occurring greenhouse gases, Earth's average temperature would be near 0F (or 18C).
What gases in the atmosphere have greenhouse properties? H 2O : 04% CO 2 : 0.03% Methane CH 4 : 0.002% Ozone O 3 : < 0.001%
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Which is the biggest contributors to global warming? 9
Why is the subject of interest to humans? Natural greenhouse without it, Earth would be 30C colder Because human activities have increased the greenhouse gases. burning of fossil fuels releases CO 2 Warming of the earths atmosphere would have environmental impacts.
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## CO 2 vs Temperature
> increases since
> 1900
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Global Warming Effect
Sea surface temp
CO 2 solubility in ocean
CO 2 in air
Ocean evaporation
Water vapor in air
Precipitation
Drought
Ocean volume also due to high temp Reflection around pole
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Fossil fuel usage CO 2
Venus: too strong GH effect (runaway GH effect) Mars: very little GH effect due to thin air Mars is colder than Earth: it is farther from the Sun and it has an atmosphere that is too thin to retain heat. Mercury and Moon have no atmosphere so no green house effect.
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## Air pressure The weight of the air above; it is caused by the air pressing down on the earth
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Varies vertically and horizontally Air pressure can be easily measured.
## Air pressure measurement Average sea level pressure: 1atm (14.7 lb/in 2) Millibars (mb) Standard air pressure: 1atm = 1.01325 bar Inches/mm of mercury: Standard: 29.92 inches or 760 mm of mercury Instrument: barometer
> A simple mercury barometer 22
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## Does the Earth has a uniform atmosphere? No! variations in atmospheric pressure and temperature These variations provide a means to divide up our atmosphere it has a definable structure!
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Why would air pressure decrease with increase in altitude? At 3.5 miles (6 km) above the sea level, air pressure decreased 50%. 90% of air lies below 10 miles (16 km).
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Gravity 13
## Question Which gas is the most abundant in Earths atmosphere? a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Carbon dioxide d) Hydrogen 25 Question Which of the following is considered a variable component in the atmosphere? a) Water vapor b) Nitrogen c) Oxygen d) Argon 26 14
## Question The Greenhouse Effect is ________________. a) greenhouse gases act as a blanket and trap heat on Earth b) greenhouse gases protect us from harmful UV rays c) greenhouse gases allowing heat to escape from our planet d) none of the above 27 Question Among the major components in dry and clean air, which gas is the most significant to weather and climate? a) Argon b) Oxygen c) Nitrogen d) Carbon dioxide 28 15
## Question Air pressure represents the _________ of air as measured above a given location. a) volume b) temperature c) weight d) none of the above 29 Question (True or False) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 30 16
## Question (True or False) Standard sea level pressure is 0 atm. 31 Question The instrument used to measure air pressure is called a/an ____________. a) barometer b) thermometer c) pressure gauge d) none of the above 32 17
## Structure of the atmosphere The atmosphere of the earth is divided into four layers Troposphere (012km) Stratosphere (1250km) Mesosphere (5080km) Thermosphere (80130km) Total thickness of atmosphere is
130km and roughly 100miles The temperature of the layers winds like a snake!! 33
Troposphere bottom most layer (012 km altitude) is the layer that we live in and extends upto the clouds (airplane) temperature ranges from 20 C to 60 C. (6.5C per 1 kilometer) temperature decreases with the increase in altitude (Why?)
less heat from the surface warms the air
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Stratosphere 1250 km and contains the ozone layer (5% of the atmosphere) stratosphere ranges from 60 C to 5 C temperature rises with the increase in altitude (Why?)
OZONE layer, absorbs the energy from the sun.
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Mesosphere 50 80 km altitude Temperature decreases with the increase in altitude Mesosphere cools down again to about 90 C.
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Thermosphere 80 130 Km altitude Temperature rises with the increase in altitude (Why?)
absorption of high solar radiation
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## Ozone Small amount of O3 naturally exist in the Earths atmosphere; 1. solar UV radiation breaks apart oxygen molecule (O 2)2. free oxygen atom collides with an oxygen molecule
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> Formation of Ozone!
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## Ozone Ozone in the lower atmosphere is considered an air pollutants and has negative impacts on human health. SMOG
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But, one in the Stratosphere plays a critical role in making the Earth a livable environment. O3 shields the Earths surface from the dangerous form of radiations It is also responsible for warming the stratosphere.
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> 10% 90%
## The Ozone hole Humanintroduced chemicals reduce the amount of O 3. CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) have been widely used as coolants, propellants (in spray can), and solvents Possible health impacts include the increase of skin cancer.
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## Global Ozone changes
3 4% reduction The largest decreases at the highest latitudes
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## Ozone Hole The ozone hole is formed over Antarctica .
These reactions are most effective when they occur on the surface of ice crystals, in the stratosphere.
This ozone hole leads to melting of ice of Antarctica, increase in sea level and other harmful effects on its environment.
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## Question (True or False) Essentially all important weather occurs in the Troposphere. 46 24
## Question (True or False) Higher up in the troposphere, the temperature drops. 47
## Question (True or False) The top of the mesosphere is the coldest part of the atmosphere.
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## Question From the ground up, this layer is the top most layer of Earths atmosphere. a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Mesosphere d) Thermosphere 49 Question The highest concentration of ozone is found in this layer of the atmosphere. a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Mesosphere d) Thermosphere 50 26
## Question (True or False) Ozone is a molecule formed by combining two oxygen atoms (O 2). 51 Question What absorbs ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere? (short answer) Ozone 52 27
## Question What chemical is responsible for breaking up the ozone? a) CFCs b) Carbon Dioxide c) Nitrogen d) Oxygen 53 Question What is the most common name for ground level ozone pollution? a) Smog b) Blog c) Fog d) Smoke 54 28
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