hello students welcome to NAC biology this is nilava your biology lecturer today I'm going to teach you the fourth chapter of class 11th syllabus that is the animal kingdom again it's a one short video done for meat just by looking at the time duration of this video don't get panicked oh Ma'am do we need to learn this much in this chapter Yes actually whatever the concept that I'm going to teach you here in this video Everything is very important for your neat exam trust me okay it's a very beautiful and interesting chapter you never get bored okay once you watch the video and then you start reading your ncrt you will understand each and every line and every concept because I will teach you each and every word also don't worry right so like such I have done the complete syllabus of class 11th as well as class 12th that means total 32 chapters videos I have done okay okay so to watch all those video you have to join the channel you have to become a channel member okay by paying rupes 199 per month so total how many chapters I said total 32 chapters from both class 11 as well as class 12th syllabus full syllabus I have covered so all are one short video so therefore total there are 32 videos so if you just pay rupees 199 trust me you can score more than 350 for 360 in your neat exam because everything has been covered in such a way that you never skip you can't skip any questions because that much thorough you will be in the concept okay so let's not waste the time let's get into the chapter yes RH V SP Kingdom classification so already we have learned in biological classification so remember one more important thing before entering into rer classification the starting 1 Hour part of this video what I'm going to teach you here it is very very important it is just like a foundation for a home house okay so how a foundation plays a very important role in constructing a home in the same way this first hour concept what I'm going to teach you about the basis of classification it is like a foundation of this chapter if you are very thorough if you understand these concept then the entire ch become like this what I said like this means the entire chapter become too easy okay now let's start RH V's five kingdom classification so in biological classification chapter itself we have understood about RH V he said whatever the organisms whichever the whichever be the organism which are present in the earth that have been placed under five kingdom correct so according to him he placed all you unicellular I won't repeat once again in brief I'm going to tell because everything we have learned there only all unicellular but procaryotic but all are what procaryotic cells have been placed under the kingdom called Mona so when you just put your step ahead that is from protesta to an Animalia it consist all you carotic so that is one thing it is very clear for us correct so as we are learning about kingdom Animalia kingdom Animalia consist all the animals which are eukariotic right that is a one point that is very clear now in Kingdom protesta he said he is going to place all unicellular UK carots so here once again unicellular organism comes whereas in fungi Plante and Animalia it it consist only what multicellular all organisms which are so there there nothing but multicellular only except East which comes under the kingdom F okay so that's why one more thing is very clear that kingdom animia consist all multicellular organism though these words seems to be very simple but it is very very important trust me because sometimes the examiner is going to play with these words only in your exam so that's why your complete focus and concentration is very important so this thing is also very clear now let us enter into their mode of nutrition fungi it is a heterotrophic because it cannot prepare its own food whereas plant is the only organism which is autotrophic here and as we move into Animalia Kingdom again these animals is we also cannot prepare our food because we are also heterotrophic so therefore these are heterotropic again heterotropic and up to the kingdom Plante all organisms their body has been composed by a cellb if it is a Monera it is a peptido glycon cell if it is a prota some may have some may not have already we have learned them in fungi it is having kous cell wall planted cellulosic cell wall whereas Animalia no cell War let me write here only no cell so whenever we just talk about the kingdom Animalia these parts should be get printed in our mind what are those points what are those points all organisms here are multicellular all are heterotrophic that means they cannot prepare their own food but what is their mode of nutrition that is holic holozoic means what we are not like fungus correct so in fungus What happen just recall what I said in biological classification first they are going to release their enzyme outside so those enzyme they are going to degrade the material outside the body only that is on the food itself so when the food get digested outside then that will be sucked up by these fungus but ours case is totally different we are not like fungus what we are going to do if any bread piece is there if any rice or whatever right we are just going to take it as it is that is a first step called inje and after inje the body is going to make it into small small pieces with the help of enzyme that is a digestion and after getting digested into simple molecules the blood is going to absorb it that is assimilation and finally undigested food it has to get ejected out that is eation so all the four step must be there in this type of nutrition that is nothing but hosic nutrition that means as it is we are going to Ender okay first outside only we won't break understood and then obviously there are eukariotic correct so these are the main main things we have to remember now now then what are all the things we need to study here ma'am are we going to study about amiba no because amiba is a unicellular should we study about paramam no it is also unicellular remember we are talking about only multicellular organism because Kingdom Ania consists what only multicellular organism so in this chapter we need to learn about the characters that certain features about these F again I told about the meaning of the F pH in biological classification itself correct that is in the first chapter itself not in biological classification in the first chapter leaving World itself so there are so many uh taxon are there so in the taxon there are class there are Division if it is a case of plant division is the word applies to that if it is a case of animals philm is the word applies to that right so the kingdom is a broad tax on so under Kingdom there are F consist under the F there are class comes right so below the class order so like that I have taught everything so here in this chapter we need to talk about about love F what are those 11 F you need to remember in this order only because all these F existed on the earth based on the evolutionary relationship I mean evolutionary way it means the PO porer Evolved first and after porer nidaria evolved later Tora like that as we just move ahead platus then ascal minus Ana see I will tell you porifera why the name porifera comes because these organisms these organisms body will be having small small pores so hope you have a basic idea in your lower classes itself you have learned I think at least even though you don't have a detailed information regarding all this F at least you heard the name of these organisms I mean name of these F right but it's okay no problem even though you have forgot everything ma'am we are newly coming to the class we don't know anything we have forgot everything then Al okay no problem if you just watch the video you can understand each and everything about all this F okay so porifera means what if it is an organism if its body cons small small holes small small Poes very primitive organism we plac all these organism under the kingdom sorry under the film porifera okay so like that nidaria Nidia means these are the organism they have a certain special cells on their body we call them as Nido blast so those cells are those organisms those organisms on their body they have a special cells called nidol Blast they are the poisonous things we place them under the fum nidaria okay so like that t for means te means k k so the organism which have K on their surface you know that we are going to P over here so like such a structure they going to bear on their body so all those organism what we did we just call them you just come under and just sit in the SP we just place them to sit here in Tora so like that we saw plat helus plat hel means what we saw organism they're very flat they're just like a leaf darel as well as vental side both are flat then we place them in where plat helas just go sit here in platal menas so like that when you saw round worm round shaped worms we place them in ascal menas then an so their body if the organism's body they have a ring like structure complete ring anul annual exam annual sports that means it is a dention of one complete circle right so annual means what one complete year so like that year annual ring means a ring complete circle so like such ring they are going to bear on their body we place them in the phm Ana right then aropa joint Legos we saw the animal oh you have a j leg just go and sit in this place called aropa if you see a soft bed organism we just call them your body is very soft man just or mola aino dermata aino that means spine spine their body for example the starfish comes under here in this phm if you just observe the starfish their body will be having small small spines like structure just like a crocodile skin okay we just place them in the FM eano dermata Derma means skin then Hemi data and cataa Hemi means half cataa features cataa means they have a solid Rod like structure I will tell you about all those things so like such we made a l f okay singular is philm plural is f l f we made so in all this l f we placed all these organisms but now the question is on which basis you placed okay for that we need to study basis of classification imagine there is a big bag big bag is there in that have placed everything as I said no here is a starfish here is a soft bed animal here is a round worm here is a flat worm so like that there are so many organisms are present here now if I want to study these organisms or if I want to place this organism under a particular F how I can do this is it possible me to just take out any one organism from this so that I can stud oh you are having flat body okay just go and sit there in platas okay fine in one way it is fine but apart from these external features we need to study certain internal features also because as I said this echinodermata their body is having what this is aod dermata that is a starfish that we place them in a film called ethano derata so that their body is having a spine leg structure but When You observe a crocodile their body is also something like a spines is it possible for me to place this crocodile because crocodiles also comes under the kingdom Animalia only if I place crocodile as well as aino derata like a starfish like organism in the same fer called echinodermata is it right definitely not because echinodermata is having certain lowest feature compared to that crocodile starfish is not that much Advanced compared to crocodile so therefore I need to compare so many characters also so many features also on which basis we should make such classification like these Le F so that I can place all these organism under particular F only so that is what we are going to learn under the basis of classification on which basis you kept Man simply are telling these are flat worms these are round like structure no not only just morphological character there are so many other things we need to consider other criteria also we need to consider what are those that is what we are going to learn in this first one hour that's what I said it is just like a foundation for constructing the house okay if you understand these basis of classification clearly so your entire chapter become too easy for you okay so these basis of classification is also very simple trust me just focus and listen to me carefully that's it okay just listen it like a story nothing to do the first criteria is levels of classification or levels of organization so under this we need to study the four levels what are those one is cellular level another one is tissue level you might be thinking no ma'am has just forgot mentioning about protoplasmic level but actually it do not comes under the cellular level of classification for kingdom Animalia I will tell you why first I will tell you the four levels then the third level is argan level the fourth one is argan system level before reading this line First Let Me Explain levels of organization if we just talk about the kingdom Animalia it consists only four levels what are those one is cellular level second one is tissue level listen to me carefully you will understand cellular level tissue level Argan level Argan system level and before this I wrote even about what protoplasmic level it won't comes under the kingdom Animalia wait why I put this protoplasmic level purposely because first I need to make you understand the difference between the cellular and protoplasmic level because many students think that whenever we talk about cellular level it is nothing but it applies to unicellular organism okay so first if you understand the difference then easily we can understand rest of the thing right let me take an example of a Human Being Human Being look at this image it's a human body right so in our body there are so many system present physiological system for example when you eat food it is not a work done by only a mouth correct you have to chew your food of course with the help of mouth but after that it has to enter into esophagus it has to enter into the stomach then intestine large intestine so all these organs comes under the same system called digestive system correct so if I say digestive system it is not performed by only one organ remember there are so many organs they're interconnected they're coordinating so mouth says I'm going to crush the food I'm going to grind the food and I will just give it to you esophagus esophagus says okay no problem I will just push it and I will just dump it down into the stomach stomach says I will Churn it and if possible some of the food I'm going to digest then I will subject to small intestine like that their work will be coordinated correct then together we can consider it as a digestive system like that there are so many physiological system present in our body okay it carry out its function for example circulatory system excretory system reproductive system see remember whenever I I say the word system it's not just by only one organ it a coordination of many organ here I took the image of circulatory system look at this man and if You observe carefully in his body which is showing the circulatory system it is not just done by only one organ like heart heart is also a part of the circulatory system but along with the heart there are so many veins present there are so many nerves present sorry not nerves veins present arteries present capillaries present blood present so blood is also a tissue correct heart is the Argan arteries vessels all these things connect together coordinating their function and forming the system called circulatory system like such example we can take many in our body right now so one thing is very clear that many organs included here many organs coordinate and form a system called circulatory system so so if I take only one organ from the system then I can say heart heart but do you think in a heart that is nothing but organ so is it made up of only one kind of tissue no you take any organ in your body any organ you take even you take a stomach you take intestine you take large intestine heart any organ you take all these organ consist four types of tissue what are four types of tissue if I just draw a rough diagram of heart okay heart should be red in color no okay let me draw red color heart so this heart says I need a covering I need a covering so that we are going to cover this heart with a epithelial tissue this is epithelial tissue this is one kind of tissue let me write fully then heart has to pump the blood for pumping action it should have muscles correct so the muzzles are present here so many here the four chambers these are the four chambers 1 2 3 4 and rest of the things what you are seeing here all these are muscles only all these are muscles that means it shows muscular tissue muscular tissue all muscular tissue are adjusting their function they're connecting each other then they're performing the function of Contracting okay cyol dasol the time we are going to use contraction relaxation contraction relaxation then if a person start feeling a pain heart of course he has he will come to notice it right how it is possible because he's having nervous system also so here nerves are present imagine there are nerves that present here only that's why he could able to feel the pain so it is a nervous tissue so total four tissues are present in our body throughout our body any organ you take it is made up of four tissue epithelial tissue muscular tissue nervous tisue and connected tissue connected means what blood blood is a connected tissue so here in this chamber it is filled by Blood only blood so when heart pump through the vessel through the vessel it is going to transport this blood so blood is present here so it is a connective tissue connective tissue that means that means your hargan made up of four types of tissues correct now if I take only one tissue One tissue all the cells present in the tissue are adjusting they compactly arranging they doing a common function okay now if you just take one cell for example within a blood if you take a RBC if you take RBC RBC is doing its function alone they are not going to connect each other they are not going to uh present together they are not binding by any material they're doing their function alone that means in a body of a human being we could able to see all four levels of organization cellular level is there single single cell are performing their work because RBC is going to carry oxygen they just TR travel near to the tissue they will donate oxygen they will come back okay so like that they are going to carry carbon dioxide they go towards the lungs they will give it and come back so it is a cellular level so when cells combine together let me go back here let me go back here if I say cell each cells they're Loosely arranged they do their function some organisms some organism if you take a porifera porifera in their body the cells are present these cells do their function independently they're not depending on other just like our RBC how it is going to do their work so such a level of organization we call it as what cellular level I will come to the protoplasmic level wait when we come to the tissue level as we just move ahead in the PHA after porifera Tora nidaria like such organism these cells they combined together for example similar cell let me take certain cells are similar in nature their origin their structure their function everything is similar now they are going to connect it by a kind of material inter cellular material so that they perform a single work single function so such level is called the tissue level Okay and like such many tissue epithelial tissue connective tissue muscular tissue if I take the example of stomach only as I said here all four types of tissue we could able to see we could able to see epithelial [Music] tissue we can see muscular tissue present nervous tissue present nervous tissue inside connected tissue everything is there which together form organ so in organ system so many organs combined like a mouth esophagus everything they form organ system correct some organisms if they are very primitive like porifera they show cellular level organization ma'am then what is the meaning of protoplasmic level it is not a cellular level won't you consider a protoplasmic level a cellular level no imagine there is amiba amiba is a unicellular organism so here their body organization we won't call it as a cellular level because the protoplasm which is so present inside it is going to perform all the work if you want to show the process of excretion it is done by only a single cell if the process of digestion has to be done it is done only by a single cell excretion digestion a is also excretion only excretion is totally different okay so respiration everything all body system done by a single cell so such level of organization is called protoplasmic level but why such level do not comes under kingdom Animalia because in Kingdom Animalia we are going to talk about multicellular organism not unicellular correct so that's why this system is excluded it is not included in Animalia K okay but as we just move on cellular level comes for example if I take a porifera imagine this is a porifera so porifera is having so many pores that's why the name porifera and here there are internally if I just cut its body and if I just look inside there are particular cells present imagine there are certain cells are present like this we call them as collar cells so we have alloted a work for this colar cell okay what is that work you have to manage the water flow so how much water has to enter into the body of porifera because there are so many pores are there through these pores the water enters and finally there is a big hole called osculum through this Poe the water goes out so how much water has to enter how much I to retain and how much water should exist out so everything that you have to manage man you are a color cell so like that there are certain cells present we call them as scero blast scero blast so the work of sclero blast is different though there are many sclero blast but their work is totally different so their work is to formation of skeletal system like that there are certain cells called theoc site the helping store the food storage of food okay so I'm just giving an example I'm just giving example okay so what I'm trying to tell is in a cellular level organization all cells do their work properly only single cell is not doing work that's why the name multicellular but it is a cell aggregate the cells are just going to aggregate one above the other it is not like a tissue for example 10 students are there if I tell a 10 students to just move ahead some may go in a higher speed some may go very slowly some may move fast some may move slow but for all them I have given the same task let's imagine for running is a task or walking is a task some may walk slowly some may work fast but in the case of tissue level organization if a same work alloted to similar cells similar cells similar cells all should do the work in the same way it doesn't mean that once again let me take the same example the 10 students if I'm allotting the same work of walking then if one student go fast and one student goes low it shouldn't happen all should go in the same Spate so that's why what I should do for uh I will make them to gum together so that I will bind them together with the help of a gum so if everybody if all 10 students are going to attach bind each other or if I just tied them with the thread then automatically if I just tell them to move in the same I mean walk or a run of course they have to walk in the same speed because everybody has been tied or everybody has been binded with a gum correct so here also in a tissue level organization though there are many cells but similar cells have been binded by intercellular material okay so such level of organization is tissue level I am stressing it particularly because many students even in offline class also and in online classes also many student has the same love maam why is tissue level why it is called cellular level that's why and obviously Argan and Argan system level easily you can understand okay now let's read the definition now you can understand easily protoplasmic level means what in protozoa protozoans that is Ami all unicellular body performs all the biological activities hope you understood now in cellular level in sponges that is nothing but the porifera cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates lose cell Aggregates means the cells are there they are doing their function independently but if I say caller cell listen here if I say callor cell there are many color cells but they do their work independently they're not doing at the same speed but ceroblast work is different colar cell work is different theoc site work is different so that is called division of labor every cell has their own function we have alloted work for each and every cell that is called division of but they're arranged Loosely it is a loose cell aggregate it is not binded by intracellular material like in tissue level okay so it's a seen in only primitive organism like poriferans this is the only example comes under here porifera division of labor occurs among the cells where tissue is absent so that's why they are also called what they're also called tasa tasa entire Animalia group is called AA in that particularly porifera is called parazoa because the tissue level organization is absent that's why and after that in tissue level that means as we move ahead in the F the seant rates and Tora these two are the example seant rates Ando for cells performing the same function are arranged in a tissue okay so we are going to see tissue level and as we move ahead that is in PL helas tissues are grouped together and form organs so their body consist only organs one organ doing this function other organ doing that function so organs are there not like stomach is an organ but stomach is absent and splat hand this just to make you understand I gave the example like a stomach but there are many organs present in their body they do their own function that is called Argan level but as we just go ahead again that is from ascal Minas to m e here these are organism show much Advanced feature that is organ system many organs combined and form a particular system called organ system so that is nothing but in higher animals organ further organ organize to form organ system okay so based on this criteria also we are going to divide the organism to different F okay this is one feature hope I'm very clear about this very clear next next organization is body plan what is body plan look at here so when you ingest the foot when you ingest the foot that is through mouth so many process takes place in your body and finally undigested food has to ejected out through anus correct so that is how your body has been planned so inje is from one side ejection is from other side correct so these thing happens in advanced animals so that's why in advanced animal the body plan we consist as are we called as tube within tube body PL tube within tube body PL imagine here is a person okay now it is the mouth the food enter through the mouth and it is passing through the gut gut is nothing but the esophagus stomach intestine everything I'm just showing it through a tube that's it and finally the food will be ejected through the anus undigested food will be through anus that means he's having two openings that is entry of food is through one opening ejection of food is through another opening so mouth as well as Yus are the two openings present in such organism that means he's having a complete digestive system complete digestive system so this is one category So within l f what we did those organism if you have two openings so that entry of from one side exit of undigested food from other side then what we said you guys are Advanced animals you just come and place here so such body plant which is having complete digestive system is called what tube within two body plant but there are certain organism they have only one opening look at here let me take an example of uh CMO okay let's imagine there is a CMO here which is having only one opening okay so this is the gut of this animal which is the gut gut system so imagine if it is a mouth the food has entered here the food has entered here food has entered and finally the food has got digested and all the undigested waste which is to consider here that is not required to the body within this tube only which is moving and through this opening which is going outside it means what the same opening is acting as a mouth and even it acts as a anus correct so it is having only one opening so such body plan is called Blind sack body plan this is called Blind sack body plan so blind sack body plan is seen in only Tora as well as celant tra wherever celant tra is there Tora says C tra for say I will always follow you brother because both are always having a similar feature that's why wherever you find Ser for always just go run behind this understood so these are having blinds side body plant but after that the rest of the animals okay I forgot even platy helas also shows such body plan okay so that's why mainly two types of body plan we have seen here Cel and TR are to Plate element obviously ASAS data they are showing two within two let's read it one is blind sack in complete digestive system because they are having only one opening single opening serve as both mouth and anus cant are to pla helus okay so it is very important you have to remember the example from example part you may get the question whereas tube within Tu a complete digestive system is there mouth and anus are the two openings present separately so ascal Minas to card that means if you just keep check the F we have started from celant and finally we have ended with C where is porifera then then porifera comes I'm the only one I'm the only one not having all these feature but still I have placed in Animal Kingdom but please study about me also then we said okay no problem man we'll study about your body plan what's your body plan it says I'm just cell aggregate that's it what is the meaning of cell aggregate body plan very simple very simple if it is a porifera which is having so many pores on it surface let's take one knife and cut this porer then you may take a section like this you may get a section like this okay so here what happens I will teach you about this in detail but here you just learn it roughly so these are the small small poles a small small holes through which water enters through which water enters and here on strange thing is as I said there are collar cells correct so the collar cells are placing here they are present here so these collar cells they will be having Flaga okay if I just enlarge the color cell they looks like this they will be having flula like this so with the help of Flaga they will just uh bind the food and they will ingest it so within the cell itself the food get digested and rest of the material rest of the material there is nothing but water only the water moves up there is no particular digestive system okay as we have seen in the case of selan data up to C data what you are seeing mouth andus no such body plan simply it is a cell aggregate so many cells are present they are doing their work okay so such system or such a body plan is called what cell aggregate cell aggregate so this is the second feature remember the examples then the third feature third basis is circulatory system so C system you know it consisting of heart blood vessels within blood vessel we are going to see arteries veins capillaries all those things correct but all these things are present in advanced animals so such organisms are called close circulatory type system whereas in such organ in there are certain organisms some may have art some may not on heart but still they show a kind of circulat system but let me tell you with the help of example only through diagram only so that you can understand easily let me write the circulatory system here this is closed circulat system this is open circulat system very simple imagine this is heart okay so this is heart of an organism so through this heart the blood is going to pump that will be carried through this artery okay imagine this is the blood let me write the blood in so the blood is coming through this vessel this is called artery so this blood is carrying so many material it is carrying oxygen in it it is carrying glucose in it okay but it has to provide to the cells it has to provide to the tissue so imagine here there are so many tissues organs are there these are the tissues these are the organs that are present here so finally what it is going to do is you need glucose you need oxygen right so what I will do I'm just going to Branch into small small capillaries like this okay it is going to Branch into small small capillaries now in these capillaries the blood is moving the blood is circulating here the blood is circulating so imagine this is a blood which is circulating inside this capillary so the capillary being very small it can easily allow the material to get diffused that means here if the glucose is present the glucose can easily get diffused here the glucose get diffused the oxygen get diffused everything that will be subjected to these tissue as well as the cells along with certain fluid certain fluid is also get diffused so this fluid itself we call it as interstitial fluid interstitial fluid because the capillaries are very thi it allows these material to get passed through easily okay so what class the cell needs the tissue needs glucose oxygen everything so they got and finally they have released carbon dioxide so that carbon dioxide is going to be released in this intertial fluid only so again that will be absor back into this capillary capillary so finally so finally these capillaries combine to become a vein v and this is nothing but oxygenated blood converted into deoxygenated blood that goes back to the heart so if You observe clearly the blood is not touching the cells are the tissues it is just moving through these capillaries correct so they are moving in a closed pipe so such system is called closed CC circulatory system whereas in open circulatory system what happens open circulatory system some organism may have art some may not so let's imagine the organism what we are studying it may have art okay let's assume like that let me take an example of a cockroach so cockroach is having art so that heart is 13 chamber okay so it is having a art some may have artery some may not but here cockroach cockroach shows open circulat system which comes under the phm arthropoda okay so it is having aorta that means alter is there so now the blood which is so coming through this artery through this artery that will be just spills out on the organs okay let me show like this show like this here the blood is coming right it is just like a fountain imagine here these are the organs so whatever the materials which are present that is glucose oxygen everything oxygen glucose everything that is directly supplying to these Aran these are the Argan Argan or tissue whatever so all these are all these are directly coming in contact with the blood they just bathing within this blood within this blood and finally they are going to release carbon oide that carbon dioxide that will be carried back carried back to this heart and finally they will be goes out through the excretion of nostrils the exhalation as you can take so everything which is happening within a body cavity imagine this entire thing is a body cavity this entire thing is a body cavity within the body it is happening all these arons are directly bathing they are directly comeing contact there is no movement of blood in a particular pipe like this as we have seen in the case of closed circulat system so that is called open circulat system okay so hope I'm very clear about this now in which FM we are going to see only the Three FM we are going to see this closed type of circulator system what are those one is Ana another one is Verte only these are the main two Ana and vertebr first of all listen to me carefully porifera celant Tora helas ASAS up to here we have not seen any circulatory system at all now circulatory system has beg where from anela anela from here itself it starts showing the advanced circulat system that is closed type of circulatory system after arthropoda mola EOD Hemi everybody showing open circulat system what a strange thing we need to remember like this because it is a fact and here I put molasa as open circulatory system but within molasa there are certain category we call them as Cod calop mola they show certain exception they show will give I mean we will show open not open closed type of circulatory system okay and here in cordate cordate only few lower Cates they have like a tunicates you will learn about tunicates and all it seems to be quite difficult these terms to remember but once we finish the chapter all these terms become so easy because we'll come across with these STS while pronouncing you will understand Tate is also a category comes under card data those organism shows this open type of circulatory system okay write down in your copy make a notes or else you will definitely get confused if you just listen the class while listening the class you will understand everything but if you won't copy or if you won't make a notes just by looking at the board what writing then definitely at the end you will get confused everything so that's why you better do for each and every topic now itself okay now so the third basis of classification over the fourth one is the Symmetry what is symmetry I will tell you symmetry means geometrical arrangement of body parts okay imagine Human Being Human Being let's take an example of human being only in our body all our body parts has definitely arranged right in a proper proportion it has been arranged in a definite configuration configuration it has arranged for example see the two ears has to come here only the two eyes has to come here only mouth should be here head should be here leg should be like this so This proper arrangement of these body parts geometrical arrangement of these body parts is called what a symmetry okay now when you consider a symmetry of an organism in that symmetry you just recognize the long axis okay imagine imagine it's an organism this is an organm this is the short axis this is the long one correct now you identify the long axis in this long axis you just mark down a central axis this is the longitudinal position this is the long position in that if I just mark down the central axis I can say this is the central axis of this organism correct Now by considering the central axis if you cut the cut an organism by passing through Central axis okay if you cut an organism by passing through Central axis if you get a equal half whether you get a equal half or you may not you may get or you may not so based on that based on that we have classified the organism into three group what are those one is radial symmetrical organism another one is bilateral symmetrical organism another one is asymmetrical let us talk about radial symmetry okay what is radial symmetry look at this look at this this is a cimon okay which is having lot of tentacles tentacles in the sense imagine I'm a cimon if I am a cimon on my head first of all they do not have head and all on the surface of their body they having a long thread like structure can you see here okay so with the help of these tentacles they can catch their prey if any prey comes here they can just catch it they can engulf it so that is what the function so that tentacles will be present through out their body that means all over their surfaces understood now if you take this organism if I ask you to mention the symmetry of this organism whether it is a radial symmetry bilateral or a symmetry how we are going to do you have to do one thing you have to keep your your organism on a plate just like how you're going to place a cake at the time of birthday party okay just look at from the top view here I have took the image this is the top view of this organism so now if I mark this as a central axis this is a trans Central axis now you cut this organism if you get equal half if you cut this organism like this do you get equal half yes I'm going to get equal of equal that I'm going to get how many tentacles are present here the same amount of tentacles are same Parts I could get here also okay so in one plane if I pass I can get equal half now I will do one thing instead of cutting here I will cut from this side I will pass from this side can you get equal of yes I can get equal okay even if you cut like this you can't see this no that's why I have taken the top view I can get equal half equal halfes now instead of in these two plane if I cut this organism in this plane in This Plane by passing through Central axis do you get equal yes in any plane you can cut this organism by passing through Central axis this is the central axis you will get equal plane so such a symmetry is known as what radial symmetry okay when any plane passing through the central axis of the body divide animal into two identical half okay so such a symmetry is called radial symmetry in which organism you could be able to see radial symmetry moves in cile organism cile organism means if their body attached to the substratum they cannot move or even if they move their body should move slowly not fast okay so in such organism you can see radial symmetry example C and trar in s only we could able to see the C and then Tora I said no wherever the Sant rate goes t for follows it then echinodermata AATA particularly adata not in larva larva body shape is different aod example which one we took starfish starfish now you cut the starfish by passing through Central axis we can get equal plane equal plane so that's why it is also radial symmet okay but as we move ahead move ahead in the sense this is also Advanced a canata Evol later after Mesa but it is slow moving but look at this there are certain organisms from plat hel to card there body shows head formation that is called calization so when head formation occurs so many sense organs concentrated here on the end okay in such organisms their body plan is different sense Argan in the sense we have two sense Argan I mean two eyes it is a sense Argan we have two ears sense Argan we have a nose sense Argan we have a Tong San almost everything has been concentrated here on this head correct because we need to catch the prey we need to run behind the prey if any predator attack us we have to escape from that so for that our sens are going help us a lot correct in such organism we cannot get radial symmetry if you want to cut an animal by passing through Central axis only two equal half we get only in one plane not in all plane okay I will tell you I will tell you look at this example look at these image this is the seed Turtle seed Turtle here head formation OCC okay here if you want to cut this organism only in this plane you can mark this is the long body long body here you cannot see this is a SE Turtle it is not looking like a SE Turtle but it's okay now if you consider this as a central axis this as a central axis it's wrong because you need to identify the long one the body that long body shape not that is a transverse which is having a short short end okay so that's why this is the long body so if you make a central axis as this so that if you cut this organism through the central axis you can make the body into two equal half right but if you want to cut this organism just by passing through Central axis only imagine this this one only let us consider this one as a central axis now I'm passing through this I can make into two equal half one leg this side one leg that side one for Li here another for Li here that I can get two equal but if you pass like this do you get equal no two leg comes one side two fours goes other side each one should comes in know two equal half equally then only we can say it is a two equal symmetry but it is not coming only in one plan you could able to get this no that's why in such organism in such organism we can get only two equal half in only one plane correct such organisms are called called bilateral symmetry here in butterfly also you can get like this only correct not in any if you cut again we won't get this this is a drop we can get equal half only in one plane the best example is human being look at here human being when you just pass through a central axis we should not cut the human being it's actually legal but if you just think if you just divide a human being so one year this side other this side one I this side other I this side so like that it will become a equal half not any plane if you just make a cut of a human being like this head comes back and the I mean the hair goes backside and our face will come forward so it is not a equal half correct so such organisms are called bilateral symmetry look at this Lobster Lobster here this is the long axis here this one is the central axis if you pass through the central axis again equal half shark this is the long Body Central axis if you mark down equal half are you getting so when the body can be divided into identical left and right half only in one plane in all plane we cannot get man so that's why it is called bilateral symmetry and the third one in bilateral symmetry which organism comes under this category H plat hel to cits whereas in asymmetry most of the sponges why most of the sponges they have given some shows radial some shows bilateral but don't get confused in your exam if the question comes to mention the symmetry of sponges just write down asymmetrical why asymmetrical because sponges are like a tree if I ask you to cut the tree imagine this is the tree and mark down the central axis of this tree how can you mark the central axis this is the long posture of this body this one is the long so even if you consider this is the central axis if you cut through if you cut this stream through a central oxis one way one side may get more leaves or more branches other side will be less like that only our porer will be so it will be branched like this some way will be having more branches some way will be having very less branches so if you make it as a central axis if you cut this here will be more here will be less branches so that's why such a symmetry is called asymmetry there is no equal half when you pass through the central axis okay that's it okay radial symmetry over bilateral symmetry over asymmetry over when any plane that passes through the center does not divide the body of an animal into two equal half example is porifera porifera okay important then the next feature is germinal layer what is germinal layer let's learn it first let us understand what is the meaning of germ layer in our ncrt the term germ layer is not given as a basis of classification they have mentioned as diploblastic and triploblastic animals to understand the term triploblastic or dipl blastic we need to talk about germas I will tell you very simple very easy so a sperm is a gamut comes from our dad a y is the gamut comes from our mummy okay so sperm and Y are the two gamuts comes through the parents at the time of formation or birth of an individual okay now when both combine together which form a structure called zote everybody know this zote is a structure it will form now this zygote before attaining the shape of any organism it will start divide first okay so how it will divide it divide like this so that it form a mass of cell like a ball like like a ball it will form mass of cell so this structure is called marula marula now these mass of cells which will rearrange it will take up certain blast to all that you will learn in class 12 that is in human reproduction chapter okay but you just remember even me you other organisms everybody have gone through this process okay so first we will like a mass of cell and finally these cells rearrange and they form they are arranged in three layers like this this is one layer just imagine if any three uh disk have you seen the dis how it has been placed one above the other how it looks like that these three layers of cells are going to look when they are arranged one below the other okay something like this this is one layer this is one layer and below that one more layer is there a disk like structure one more layer is present below this one more layer is arranged and below this one more layer have you seen Puri it a kind of dish can you look at this diagram it's a image of Puri it's a dish okay so like such a structure we are going to see at the time of rearrangement of the cells rearrangement of the cells these three layers are nothing but what germ layers germ layers so these three layers are the germ layers they are responsible for the complete formation of an organism your eyes ears nervous system circulatory system reproductive system every system every organ every cells are formed from these three GM layers only okay so we have given a name for these three ger layers what are those the first one the outermost layer is called Ecto ectoderm and the middle one M for Middle M for miso it is called mism and the inner one is called endod endod okay so those organisms if their body made up of three germ layers together combined and made a complete organism then such organisms are called what triploblastic triploblastic that means three GM layers are involved in that process but in certain organisms that means in a primitive organism they are not advanced in their body are their body formation occur only by two germ layers ectoderm and endoderm there is no mesoderm at all okay I will tell you if it is ectoderm ectoderm is there this is in one disk or one layer below that endoderm is there endoderm is there but in middle layer what you seeing as a mesoderm it has been accumulated by a jelly like substance there are no cells at all only jelly like substance is that so this gel like substance is called mogia mogia that means only ectoderm present and endoderm present no mism then how many germ layer you will count only two germ layers correct if the organism body develop from only these two germ layers because Mis we won't consider at all then such organisms are called what diploblastic animals diploblastic an but these three layers present then such animals are called triploblastic hope you getting my point okay now just imagine this ectoderm is elongating it's elongating so this ectoderm layer is elongating it is multiplying multiplying it is become a big line mism is also multiplying it is becoming a big line then this endoderm is also multiplying it is becoming a big line then how it looks how it looks this atod something looks like this no Ecto this is [Music] Ecto this entire outer layer is imagine it's a very big pipe a big pipe so in the entire this this is a very big pipe here you're seeing only now below this big pipe are inside this big pipe there is one more pipe one more elongated pipe so that is meod let's imagine like that so here is a [Music] Mis here is a Mis that pipe has been inserted inside and inside that there is one more pipe you have inserted so this is known as endod that pipe is also inserted now when you just take a crosssection or only if you just cut this part if you just look at only the front view we are going to see these three gemm layers correct we are going to see these three germ layers this is ectoderm this is one layer we could able to see and the middle one is misom because only this portion you could able to see this this is meod and inner one is endod so this is called three Jam layer three Jam layers you can see the same image is given in ncrt also I will read the uh text part look at here so this B part what you seeing this is you have to which is shown in one diagram I mean one layer and the middle one is Mis middle one red color is shown by Mis and inner one is endod look at here so the front view they have shown front view they have shown so earlier they were like a dis only dis only now they are elongating by multiplying they're making elongated structure when you cut the section you could able to see this behind this there's elongated structure okay and now this one is moglia why moglia because here the same thing I have to draw it again this is the outer layer Ecto present Ecto present and directly inner layer directly inner layer that is the endod present endod present but in this position in this position which has been accumulated by what this is nothing but accumulated by moglia this is yepo this blue color is yendo whereas this one is miso mism whereas here the middle one is Moga understood no so these are the germ layers now let's read the text part what is given yes based on the Germania layer we can classify the entire organism into two category one is diploblastic another one is triploblastic so if they have three germ layers they triploblastic from platy to card we are going to see these examples are very very important very very important markdown okay and here cant tra yes cant tra and T for because always these two are like a Brothers they are very best friend they just follow each other okay they just made up of only two germ layers porifera do not have germ layers simply they are cell aggregate made up of cells that's only let's read the text part diploblastic the animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers embryonic layers means germ layers epod and endoderm with intervening undifferentiated Moga Misa means undifferentiated it is just like a jelly like substance that's it whereas triploblastic means those animals in which the developing embryo has third germinal layer mism in between the ectoderm and endoderm so they are called triploblastic very simple very simple so diagram you have understood then the sixth one is body cavity and ser many student make mistake in understanding this concept first of all they do not know what is body cavity means they do not understand what is c c means simply they will mug up the sentence of ncrt they will write if any question comes in applied level they will fail to understand the question they will make mistake so first let us understand the meaning of the term then it will become easy for us to learn okay so what is or what is body cavity so let me draw human diagram here imagine this is a person okay so is a person it is his body wall right so this is the the body W of his guy it is his body wall this is the gut of the person this is mouth and this is anus so overall I can say this is the gut and here this is the gut wall on either side the wall which is so present this is the gut wall let me write gut wall only so now if I just mark down only this area if I just mark down only this area only this area the space which is so Left Behind let me fill this space okay see the space which is so present between the body wall and the bit wall what are you seeing this space is called celome this is nothing but salom or body cavity body cavity understood now based on presence or absence of this body cavity we have classified the organism into three groups what are those huh one is serate another one is pomate the third category is aeromate so what are coelomate organism let's read the definition animals possessing celo that is the body cavity which is lined by mesoderm on all sides that is called celone see listen here body cavity we have understood but here one more line is given it is lined by Mis okay so when whenever you say any organ which should be surrounded by epithelial cell okay there is a common sense we all know our we are human being so entire body is covered by epithelial cell that is skin even if you take a stomach if you take a stomach the stomach is lined by epithelial cell like this both inside and outside so like that you take any organ so inside and outside it is lined by epithelial cell so this epithelial cell can be derived from any three germ that is the only exception we have given to epithelial only speciality or provision we have given to epithelial because there are many organ system there is a mandatory system that mandatory rule that you have to form only from this germ layer if I say nervous system you have to form from ectoderm only you are a circulatory you are a muscle you should form from only miso so like that each organ specifically form from only particular GM layer okay in General an but epithelial cell or epithelial tissue is the only tissue that can be found from EP Ecto the epithelial tissue can be formed from miso the epithelial tissue which can be formed from endod okay but now here this epithelia tissue which is deriving from Mis this is surrounding the whole body cavity it means that telling that telling look at here this is your body cavity which should be surrounded by this epithelial cell so this epithelial cell surrounded by what formed by what Mis so which should be present on the body ball also now the same mesodermal origin epithelial cell should be present on the gut wall also should be present in the gut wall then we say yes you are the true C if your body cavity there is a c if it is surrounded by a mism mesoderm if it is lined by mesoderm then such body cavity are called true okay are youum such animals are called Cate animals so that is what the definition given here that is what the definition given here animals possessing there is a body cavity which is lined by mism in all side then we say that you are a true so example comes under here an to so remember it is very very important multiple times the same question has repeated which of the following is showing uate which of the following organism showing true Cate like that okay now if you cut this organism you cut this person like this take a transfer section don't cut him it's illegal okay now if you just cut him like this how we are going to see it is his body one correct this is his gut one this is the gut which is surrounded by which is surrounded by misom like this this is the misom which is covering the body wall and which is even covering the gut one and here one line is given like this which comes in your a exam that is about the shoate all those things nothing to worry about all those things just know only if the mism is present body wall as well as in the gut wall lining also then it is a true C that's it so here is the body cavity the black color area what you seeing it is a body cavity okay now there are certain organism there are certain organisms here they have a body B they said we have a body B like this they have a body and they have a gut wall also and within that the body cavity is there this is the body cavity correct this is the body cavity body cavity is there but they do not have what mism lining mism lining is absent even if the mism is present they are present like a pouches they're present like a pouches so such organisms are called pomate where the body cavity is not lined by mism even if it is lined by Mis even if the mism is present they present like approaches okay so such cases seen only in the FM called ascal it's very very important whereas in the case of aom what happens look at here this is the body one and this is the gut wall this is the gut wall these organism says we do not require any misal lining we have completely covered by the cells only here Paras that is mesoderm derived cells only completely covered no body cavity no body cavity do you find any cavity here no body cavity if I want to show in a longitudinal sections or elongated section something like this this is the body wall this is the gut wall in all these area the cells are occupied no lining no body cavity nothing completely cavity has been filled no body cavity then such organisms are called as again porer remember porer if you remember C obviously who is following him Tora then plat hel these four F comes under this category ASO and after that remember these examples are important see let's read the text part Cate definition what they are given pedo sorry pomate in some animals body cavity is not lined by mesoderm instead the mism is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm ectoderm and endoderm in the sense the body wall and the gut wall okay which has derived from these ectodermal endod lay that's right Yom means the animals in which the body cavity is absent first of all absent so where do you found body cavity that's why a so that basis of classific over this is NC diagram if you look at this image carefully you will understand so the first a part which is talking about the CATE organism so this blue color part what they are marking this is the body wall and inside this is the gut wall and red color part what they are showing that is nothing but the mism here in the pom they are present like a pouches okay body well is there gut wall is there here body wall and gut wall between that completely filled by the cells no body can so this is the image if such image comes in your exam to identify uh the tripl not tripl blastic cateo a don't get confused just mark it properly okay now the next one is segmentation and metamerism what is the meaning of this next's learn okay the next topic is segmentation or metamerism both are one and the same segmentation means Parts okay are nothing but the division metamer means nothing but a Parts which are appear like a ring like structure I will tell you I will tell you the meaning let us take the example of a earthw so you have seen the earthor structure right it is something like this outside that is externally if you look at the earthworm's body carefully we could able to see the ring like structure outside that means which completely surrounds the body that entire ring completely surrounds the body correct so these Rings what you seeing it is not only present outside it is present even inside also let us recall our train okay Train everybody have seen everybody have traveled even that also right so if I just draw a rough sketch of a train image how it looks this is one compartment so like that the train will be having many compartments correct many compartments are there in train but these compartments are not restricted outside only even when you get inside the train also we could able to see oh yes this is my compartment where I'm sitting and somewhere else in the next compartment somebody your friend or your relative might be sitting and of course we could able to see this is one compartment this is other compartment so inside also we could able to see the compartment though there is a way there is a place to go inside we can walk inside but we could able to see the compartments right so let me draw inside here the inside the TR I'm writing so this is one compartment this is another compartment this is one more compartment correct which is present inside so outside which will be looks like this right no so same thing if you just take the example of AR the compartment can be seen inside also inside also the compartments are present like this so there are certain organs are going to get repeat if I take an example of inter so these interin that will be run uh for many compartments or many segments so such segments which are present both inside as well as the outside is known as metamor metam or metamor but overall if I just talk about the word called segmentation or segments it can be present even externally or it can be present internally or it can be present both externally or internally so that's why we are going to give a term called segmentation that is a true segmentation if they show such compartment both inside or outside or only inside or only outside okay so based on that category once again we can classify the organism into three groups one is both external and internal segmentation where we could able to see an an FM which consist the best example is earthw just now I have shown correct look at the image of the earthor here if you are a very keen Observer Even in our real life also we have seen right outside many ring like structures are there corre these are nothing but segmentation or metam which are present even inside also and another group of organism are there which show segmentation only outside there is no segmentation inside okay example arthropod arthropoda means joint leg damp example you have cockroach spider scorpion everything comes under this category only look at here this image loopster it is here if you are observe clearly we could able to see the lines these are the segments this is one segment head and this is the thorax and sorry thorax is comes here only this is the abdomen region or even if I take if I draw a diagram of a cockroach this is the head this is the thorax Tora shows many segment like this and this is the abdomen abdomen shows once again the segments and why they are called arthropoda because the legs are consisting many joints this is one bone another bone they are like this they are connected by many joints so we'll talk about all this FM with the example in detail but you just know this these are the joints the leg which consist many joints therefore joint leg d right so here only external segmentation we can able to see not internally so this is another category whereas there are certain organism where the best example we can take the C data where we are also comes under this category only internal segmentation here outside we do not have any segmentation inside we can see the segmentation in vertebral column as well as even in the ribs look at here [Music] look at here this image this is the vertebral column that is a backbone so here the backbone can be seen or can be made into many segment this is one piece this is another piece these are the segments right even when we are in embryonic condition even our body was showing certain segmentation embryonic stage not now in the adult stage and even the rib gauge also see this is these are the segments many pieces correct but it is only internally not externally so therefore these F which are showing the segmentation either internally or externally we call them as segmented animals these are the true segmented animals but tap form is not like that let us not learn about the tape form Also regarding segmentation it is considered as a false segmentation pseudo segments that won't comes even in your exam also nothing to worry don't worry about that okay so hope I'm very clear about this now the last criteria of classification is nothing but the not cord so Noto cord means a solid Rod like structure so now as we are talking about the L phm so these lilm can be broadly classified into two categories if I have to classify on the basis of presence or absence of not cord I will tell you what is not cord now if I have to group the entire animals into different category based on the presence or absence of not a c I can make two group what are those one is non called Data nonc data another group of organisms are called C data cor data on which basis based on the presence or absence of Nal okay so let me take an organism roughly I don't know which organism it is let's take an organism roughly okay so let's imagine this is one organism anything it could be it could be any organism right it could be a cockroach it could be a human being or it could be any fish anything it can be now this side will be considered as the dorsal side and this side is ventral side now in this ventral side we can see the mouth this is the gut that is Elementary canol this is the anus this is the mouth and this is the anus okay which is present on vental side whereas in the D D side there is a solid there is a solid Rod like structure is present a solid Rod like structure this solid Rod what you seeing this is nothing but not card this is actually derived from a mism where it is present on the dorsal side and above this not card there is a nerve card so we'll talk about all these features in detail this is the n so this is the main criteria that we are going to take the entire animals of the Kingdom for the classification of two categories one is non codata another one is cod okay so if the question comes based on any four options which one considered as the important criteria of classification then you must go for this one only not even though the segmentations or seom uh so many things C segmentation symmetry many criteria we have taken for the classification but this is the most important criteria because see the entire Animal Kingdom we have classified into two categories just only based on the solid Rod okay but now you may get a question ma'am do we have a solid Rod like structure if you just touch your backboard I mean on your back no we do not have but how do you consider ourself as a c data but remember this not a cord it doesn't mean that it should be present at now I mean uh we should be there at present even if you take before birth that is in the embryonic condition till the death of an organism if this solid Rod life structure is present in any of the stage of an organism then all those organisms are comes under which category cata okay if I take example of a human being itself when we are an embryo that means when we are in our mother's room mother's room imagine it's a mother this is the embryo right this is the embryo now this embryo this embryo which was having a rod like structure here this is the not understood Sometimes some organism in adult body imagine this is one organism we don't know which organism simply roughly I'm trying now it is adult organism we do not find any nard here but the same organism when it is in a larva stage I will tell you about all this larva everything you will come to know Imagine This Is The larva of this organism but here in The larva stage if it is having a solid rod in any part of the body either it doesn't mean that it should be present throughout the body in any part it can be restricted to the tail it can be present from head to tail anywhere it is present but it should be present then in any of the stage of its life form then such organism are considered as what Corda if you do not have notal then you belongs to which group group non quad okay so that's why in non quad group we are going to see from porifera to echinodermata from porifera to echinodermata all these organisms comes under the group of nonod based on presence or absence of nard not card means what it is a solid Rod like structure understood very simple clear okay so now the basis of classif ification part of your ncrt has been clear now I have uh taken the text part of ncrt Also to clarify few things why it required for clarification I will tell you see many heading what I have put there is a digestive system nothing but a body plan and many things which are not given in ncrt in the form of heading but the informations are given but what do you think when you just look at the questions or when you uh listen the class you think that map has gone out of the syllabus it is not important she has simply done more things no these are there in your ncrt but if you are not well aware to analyze how the things are hidden and how the informations are given then there you are going to fail to analyze the concept okay I will tell you very simple see this is the first page here the basis of classification is given in the level and the first criteria levels of organization is given that I have done so here you won't get any doubt because we have gone through ncrt only now when you come to the second page here yod andard all these things this pattern is called organ system of level of organization up to this what they have given this is fine this is fine now after this after this Argan system in different groups of animals exhibit various patterns of complexity for example from example when you just open your textbook open your textbook along with me take a pen or a pencil mark on here itself now from here to here the digestive system in plat helus has only one opening to the outside of the body Ser has both mouth and anas and hence called incomplete a complete digestive system has two opening mouth and anus okay up to here up to anus what you going to read here in this paragraph This is actually related to another type of classification criteria that is they are talking here about the body plan but instead of giving us a body plan everything they have included here only in the levels of organization we think that it is not at all given in ncrt but it is given in ncrt that's why I'm just opening ncrt page only to clarify okay and now after that they have not put the heading of circulat system but they given about circulatory system look at here this paragraph circulatory system heading is not given but information is given this entire paragraph is about circulator system okay so now you can write here this is about circulatory system but we have discussed in the class as a separate heading separate criteria but here the examples are not given right directly they have given the uh definitions of open circulation as well as the close circulation but examples are not given now you are getting question ma'am is it required to learn the example because you have given so many example you said it is important yes it is important but to make you get confused in the philm part for example in mola part in arthropoda part in Ana part or in Hemi part there a single single line has been inst start so that they telling oh this is showing open circulator system this is closed circulator system so like that certain lines have been inserted but here they have not given example so we should be smart enough to analyze to identify to recognize the questions okay now and the Symmetry part as usual it is also given and we have also done okay so totally we have done how many criteria of classification total eight criteria correct so this is the first one this is the first one and body plan second circulatory system third symmetry four and here diploblastic triploblastic is given but they have not mentioned as germ layer but it is related to germ layer if the question asked in the form of germ layer we should not get scary okay we should not get panic because this is nothing but germ layer part only so this is the fifth criteria and here in this side this is about radial symmetry this is bilateral symmetry this is about the dipl blastic and tripl blastic even have shown the image while doing class correct this is the which one fifth criteria one total eight we have to this is see sixth one so which is given as usual we have done also and seventh one segmentation e one not a so everything we have discussed so now no doubt I think every concept is crystal clear about the basis of classification now when we just enter into the phm part like a porer s data except few special characters or special features of that particular F the general characters need not to explain again I won't explain once again because all this General character we have learned in detail if I say oh these organisms are bilaterally symmetrical then you should what is the meaning of bilateral symmetry if I say these are Cate you should know why they are called Cate why these are pomate because we have understood the terms we have understood the concept so only special features we start reading we'll learn the fil okay now before entering into the FM porifera let us solve few questions based on this topic so like this for after every topic we'll solve few questions let us see how the questions will be framed in nit yes radial symmetry is seen in Tora Sant EOD all of this remember one thing radial symmetry is the characteristic feature of organisms where they do not show motility that is cile or slow moving Tora cile are slow moving here celant echinodermata all these are head formation is not there even in Tora also we are going to see some organisms are freely movable free moving but that is not a criteria first of all we should see that their head formation do not occur so therefore all of these is the answer correct next question which among the following do not show the presence of celom okay so C from porer to porer to if you take up to C up to C ascal minus ascal Minas shows Pudo and after that Ana from Anala to ca we are going to see the presence of and before that whatever the organism up to Plat helus what you are going to see all are aate only aate correct so let us see an comes under here so it's not an answer because they do not show the presence of c means they're talking about aate okay so here directly answer is given plat arop also comes under there eodm also therefore this is the answer next one dash a Clos circulator system is present once again from porifera to ca c porer c Tora platal Minas ascal Minas AR so first of all the circulat system concept introduced in Ana part only from Ana and after that we are going to see some Me shows open circulation some shows closed circulation but here overall they are talking about closed circulation So It Begins from an part itself so here the Ana itself is the answer arthropoda open circulation mola some are closed some are open for example calop are closed circulation hemicord also open circulatory system next during Evolution triploblastic organization and bilateral symmetry starts from which fum see directly if the questions related to symmetry then you should think that it is begin from the head formation uh FM so in which FM we are going to see the head formation that is from the plat helus plat helenus up to that the porifera cant Tora Tora up to here up to these three FM the head formation do not OCC therefore all this category except this one except this one we are going to see the radial symmetry radial symmetry and from hel TOA except AATA except because it is a s this is the only one showing radial symmetry but apart from that everything was showing what bilateral symmetry and even when you talk about the tripl blast dipl blastic these are advanced animal they show like this so therefore here porifera do not comes platy helas where we can see the head formation therefore this could be the answer Asal C shows Asal minus comes after after plal minus okay but both are this one showing the first according to Evolution they are telling so the Fon has been placed in evolutionary order itself therefore plat hel come first after ascal minus though ascal Minas shows both the features but evolutionary pattern from which film it begins plat helus therefore this is not our answer hope you are getting my point next question the basic fundamental feature that have enabled us broadly classify the animal kingdom is cell organization and symmetry level of organization and salum segmentation and not all of the above see I said by giving all the options if they said which one is the most important then you must go to not called okay but here all of the above option is also given so all these criteria are also included in classification therefore let us go with this option only if all of this is not given only four option given we not was there then you should go to nard option only okay next animals where the body cavity which is yes animal wear the body cavity which is the cavity present between the body wall and G simply they are talking about the okay is not lined by misom remember is not lined by misom then such animals are called what Pate but they have not mentioned that they are present in pouches that's it but if it is not lined you are what what pomate man so you are a pomate if you should say that you are a true then it should be lined by Mis therefore they are not aate osom and Cate next what does true segmentation or metamerism means I said no either the segmentation of the partition present outside or inside or sometimes both inside and outside there is no repetion of any organ in successive segment wrong some organ will be repeated I said no the intestine is an organ it will be repeated in AR if you take a testes okay uh or spma there is a pouch like structure thank God so many part has got deleted in a revised syllabus or else you need to learn about AR in detail you need to learn about uh there are so many Concept you were you need to learn detail but now there is no such thing so many Concept has got deleted where when we were studying the earthw particularly that worm so there there are certain pouches called spermatia where the sperms were present which will be repeated in many segment okay like that there are so many orans that will be present in many segment for example if it is present in segment two it will be present in segment three segment four segment five like that many organs are Beed okay so that is what they telling there is no reputation of course the reputation occur this is a wrong statement body is externally and internally divided into segment correct each segment of the body has a Serial reputation at at least some organs at least some organs must be repeated yes so therefore both B and C is the right answer option D next one statement based question read the statement one and statement two carefully to Mark the correct option okay let us read statement one says H and C are C yes we do agree these are C because they body is lined by mism second statement the body cavity is lined by mism is called correct they are given see even such question can be comes as a assertion and reason instead of statement one if the same line is given as assertion and instead of marking a statement two if the same line is given as reason then it is a right reason for assertion also okay but here both statement one and statement two are true this is our answer here statement one is false given here statement two false is given here both are false given therefore this is wrong next question okay that's it okay that's it that's it let us talk about the phm porifera okay the first phm that is phm porifera yes before going to this film let us talk about a schematic representation which is given in our ncrt textbook so whatever the things that we have discussed now about the basis of class classification so the same thing which has represented in the form of a table so that is appearing on your screen let's have a glance over it see one side they are talking about Kingdom that is Animalia that is what we are talking about this chapter multicellular animals and after that they are talking about levels of organization here cellular level as well as another group consists tissue organ and organ system so when it comes to Cellular level only porifera is the Fon which represent this type of organization so that's why if you just look at the philm at the end which is so given which is represented by porifera group only right and now if you come down tissue Argan and Argan system level that has been compromised comprised by the phm celant TR Tora okay and platal Minas ascal Minas up to card and after that the third second criteria is the symmetry so mostly asymmetrical once again only porifera radial symmetry celant Tora and how then the bilateral symmetry which is represented by platal Minas ascal Minas and rest of these things see look at here carefully in bilateral symmetry only there is a group which is given from an to ca where EOD dermata also they have represented but if you are a keen Observer you can easily notice that to this EOD derata they have put a star Mark okay so what do the star Mark represent just look down below below this table there is a line given so this line is basically representing this eano dermata once again that also represented by star Mark only they are telling aodm exhibit radial or bilateral symmetry depending on the stage it means if the organism is adult then it is represented by radial symmetry then it goes to radial symmetry part if it is a laral stage which is represented by bilateral symmetry so therefore it has been put a star Mark so that it is nothing but an exception then come to the third criteria body cavity or AO so aom is porifera then come to a once again toron nidara that is nothing but celant tra and without body cavity aate platal Minas also but pomate are ascal Minas rest of the pH are Cates that is from ANA to C so this is what the schematical representation of these different criteria on which we have classified the organisms into different F so apart from this we have discussed so many other criteria also hope I I'm very clear about that all these points are very very clear crystal clear now let's move on to the philm part let us discuss one by one in detail so the first thing is phm porifera name itself is telling that these animals are having what pores on their surface if I just draw a rough diagram like this to represent this organism is nothing but a poera then how can I represent or how can I able to know this is a porifera just by looking at the surface the surface of these organism having small small holes it is nothing but a pores hence the name what porifera okay and these organisms are the Primitive one because the life exist in water itself if you are a Class 12 student you are very well aware about the Evolution chapter because we know that we have learned there that life begins in the water itself that is a single cell and after that the evolution start taking place multicellular organism arised and after that many different forms of life we started seeing on the Earth but whatever you take if you take an example of a plant the life of a plant begins from the water itself that we learned in Plant Kingdom chapter so like that if you take the example of Animalia animals the life of the animals once again started from the water itself so that's why the most primitive organism prefer to stay in where in which habitat of course in water because that is what they home understood no so that's why Being A Primitive organism porifera prefer to live in which environment in aquatic [Music] environment and after that porifera is a name already we know white came like that a commonly called name for these organisms are sponges because earlier these organisms were used for bothing purpose nowadays we are using the plastic sponge right but earlier the real sponge were using real porifera were using as a sponge so that's why they're commonly called what sponges okay yes here the same points are mentioned in general features of porifera they are commonly called sponge just no I said and their habit is aquatic so mostly they Maran majority of organisms are found in Maran water but there are few organism as I said no sponge sponge is also one form which comes under the porifera only but if I say porifera it is a general group so within porifera film there are so many organism comes which are having the similar characters okay so in that in that the sponge is also one among them so there is a there is an organism called us spongia so which is actually using for bothing purpose that's why it is also called B sponge okay so like that there are so many things like a sponga sponga is one more organism comes under this F only which lives in fresh water so that's why we can say majority are found in Maran water there are few porer they prefer to grow in fresh water and the body is mostly asymmetrical you know the meaning of asymmetry that cannot be divided into two equal half when we pass through a central axis okay and they primitive multicellular why it is called primitive because when you take the multicellular organisms Evolution then the evolution begins from the poriferan itself and after that gradually it started showing the evolution it Bec senta from selenta we start seeing the Tora okay like that we started seeing the different F or different organisms which are having Advanced character therefore placed under different Kingdom I mean different FM okay so here this is the most ancient one therefore It's A Primitive multicellular and obviously there is no tissue level organization which level it is cellular level organization only the cell Aggregates lose cell Aggregates Okay so these are certain General features now let us enter inside the actual body plan how the sponge looks the general things everything let us discuss in detail okay so if I just write down the diagram uh of a sponge which is present in a water how it looks let's assume this is a water right this is a water and now let's imagine here is a sponge which is attached to the substratum which do not move it is a siai now this is a structure okay let me take only one part here or else we'll get confused now on the surface of this body it is having so many PES small small PES so we have have given a name to these pools what is that name AA so these are small Poes and if you just observe on the top there is a very big Poe or big hole correct so this structure is called osculum now you take a knife and just cut this sponge and take the lateral section what do you what is meaning of lateral section if you cut like this in the straight way it is a longitudinal okay if you take a knife or if you cut like this cut like this then it is a lateral section if you just cut in this form it is a transverse section but now I am telling you to cut in the lateral way that is a lateral section then how this sponge looks I'm rubbing this you have to imagine this is a water body then it somehow looks like this okay this is the lateral section here the POS what you what are you seeing here they are present here somewhere these are the now let me mention the same things this is the osta and this is osculum and inside there's a big cavity you can see just imagine a pot imagine a pot so a big pot you have so you have kept that pot in a water and you had made even a small small holes in that pot then what happens automatically water will enters into that pot correct through the small holes and on the top of the pot there is a big Poe or a big opening that big opening is nothing but what osculum and obviously inside a part there is a cavity correct so that cavity is also present inside here because we are referring this we are comparing it to a part itself no so that's why we could able to see a cavity inside also this cavity is nothing but spongo spongo seal okay now if I ask you a simple question if you have kept that pot inside a water then how water will enter Then you say yes ma'am of course it is through osta only once it enters through osta where it has to go directly through the osculum are inside the spongo of course it is into the spongo because it has to enter into that cavity only correct so that's why here also the same process is happening the water also moving or flowing in this Direction only that is first water enters through osta then it enter into spongo and finally which is going outside the water is moving outside through this osculum let me write here water enters water enters inside enters inside okay so this process or this water flow movement what you seeing now this water transport system is nothing but we call it as a water canal [Music] system water canal system this is a very important feature of poriferans water canal system very very important in your exam the question may ask by your examiner to mention the direction of water flow then how we are going to write the first is ostea second is spos the third is asculum sometimes the same terms can be interchanged like ostria osculum then spoil or spoil ostria asculum like that they can interchange the terms and they may ask you to mention the right direction then obviously you have to write in this way only this is called water canal system okay now is this body so simple like this do they have any other structures or any other cells of course they have what are those cells let us have a glance over it okay so hope I'm very clear about this part now if I just take only the wall okay imagine imagine imagine a pot again so that pot if I'm saying the outer layer is nothing but a wall of that part then that wall must be made up of something right it must be made up of something some clay or some sand or whatever so it must be made up of some material like that here being a multicellular organism it must be made up of certain cells that is nothing but we call it as a body wall so what are those body wall what are those cells present in that body wall let's see here it consists mainly two layers one is pinaco another one is kyod here these informations are not mentioned in ncrt but the chances of asking questions in your need exam may be high or may not be sometimes they may ask they may not but if you know the information regarding this it will be better okay so I won't give much information a general a brief information I'm going to give so what is spod and what is qu because kodm word is not there but they mentioned about color cell in N so that's why to understand about caller cell we should understand Co order okay and there is no term like m Kaa gelatinous layer but there is something related to skeleton so if the skeleton is there in the sponge then where it is present so in this structure it is present then how it looks how the structure looks in a poriferans so for that purpose we need to understand these structure very simple very simple let us take the same lateral section again okay to understand the body wall so now the outermost layer what is said as a pinacoderm this is the outermost layer it consists two types of cell one is pinaco site another one is poro site how it looks like this these are the cells these are the cells they are called pinac cells okay and which also consist certain cells in this way okay actually it looks like a two cell but in fact it is only one cell it is only one cell right inside there is a opening opening through which the water enter through which water enters so these are nothing but the osta this entire cell is called porite this is osta through which water enters this entire cell is porite then obviously this is what Pacos site correct so then this layer is nothing but what this layer is called pinacoderm so it is not just made by only two Cells Two cells in the sense it's not only a simple structure it is continued form somewhere again there is a porite again pinaco site again porite so like that it is continued like this okay hope I'm clear about this layer this is nothing but pinac now when you get inside when you get inside the pinacoderm there is one more layer called chod so kodm look like this looks like this made up of a cell called collar cells a group of cells present in this way okay what is the name given for this cell these are nothing but collar cells so the layer which consist this collar cells are called quod quod okay so colar cell is also so called Cano sides and this thread like structure what I have written this is nothing but a Flaga okay so I will draw the detail structure not detail our individual cell I will take out and I will show you how this colar cell but you just know this is a codm consist of colar cell which is having a fagula okay now two layer over one is pinacoderm another one is codm between these two layer actually the length become so big here and here the length become so small let me rub this part now it is better I think okay now between these two layer the space which is so present which is filled by a jelly like substance a gelatinous material okay so that material we call it as a mean kind right so let me fill that area Okay so this is a jelly like substance the is nothing but mean Meen correct so three parts in a body wall we have represented let us go back so pinac I showed that it has Pinos and porite then carod consist colar cell then M com is made up of gelatinous layer okay now what is the purpose of studying this structure because I said there is a there is a there are certain cells which are even present in a gel-like substance what are those cells do you think the porifera which are so standing like this are erly do you think it's because of certain magic definitely not how in our body we have a skeletal system like that even the porifera though they do not have a bone like structure but still they have certain hard structure which are present inside this gelatinous material which make this porer to look erect in a proper shape okay so that looks almost like a rice grain have seen the rice grain okay so in that way in a different shape it looks let me show here let me show in this color something like this something like a rice grain they looks like this like this throughout this material it will be present not only this one there are so many other cells are also there but the thing which is present in ncrt I'm just focusing on that I'm not telling anything extra even if I say extra information that is relevant to neat only so don't worry nothing to get worry here okay just learn these things so these structures what you are seeing like a rice grain are called spicules now specul is we need certain mesh like substance which should cover us okay those mesh like material is called sponge in fiber so let's imagine here is the sponging fibers which are covering like this like a mes like a mes which is present throughout the surface of this poriferans okay so spicule as well as the sponging fiber sponging fiber so these two structure together form what it acts like a internal skeleton internal skeleton of sponge that's why the sponge have a proper shape so it must be made up of certain hard material right so that hard substance is nothing but calcium carbonate and some amount of silica is also present in this area Okay so that's it and along with that in this gel like material of gtin a substance they even have amibos sides they even have Theos sides they even have certain ceroblast so like that so many cells are there so let us not worry about all those cells because the information regarding those cells are not given in ncrt so let us focus on only this much okay but along with that just know this one because sometimes the question May comes in this paragraph there are certain special cells present hope this color is not visible let me take something else which one shall I take Okay pink one only I will take so there are special group of cells which are present like this which are covered by the spicules and all spicules and all within that there are certain special cells are present these cells they have a capacity of regenerating not regenerating regeneration is a wrong word they have a capacity of give R to a whole body of of a sponge so they are called toy potential toy potency means what the capacity of a cell to give rise to a whole body whole body okay so if you take any cell that is as we are considering it as a toy potenti cell from that toy potential you can create any organ of the body okay so here these toy potential they toy potential which are so present inside they have this capacity to make the whole whole porer to reconstruct again okay now as you get inside this is a cavity is nothing but a spongo and this is nothing but the osculum through which the water moves outside okay so here as I said these are the ostria these are the small small po through which water enters this is ostria so water will enters through this ostria and enters into this spongo cell now once it comes into the spongo cell there are flagellated cells called collar cell that just pushes the water upside like this upside so do you think why they are simply wasting their energy of moving this water upside this is because they have certain uh benefit over here okay so what are those benefit because through this movement of water they're also Gathering the food they're capturing the food which is present inside the water okay so that's why the process of digestion also occurs within this colar cell only then we must see the colar cell structure correct let's see the color cell structure water Canon system I will tell see something like this the collar cell looks it's a very big cell the cytoplasm of this cell will undergo projection like this and looks like a finger like structure this area is called micro micro if you just take out only one part of the micro on either side of the microa it consist a mucous substance again a gum like material is present here a gel like material gum like material or any mucilage material is present so this mucilage being gummy in nature whenever the water is passing through this colar cell the food particle which are so present that will be addir on the surface they will be attached onto the surface so immediately what will happen it will push inside the cytoplasm of the cell and even they will be having what a big thread like structure called Flaga this is Flaga now when the food particles enter inside they start breaking inside the cell only inside the cell itself the foot molecules are going to get break so this type of digestion is called what intracellular digestion So within the cell the digestion of food occurs but in our case ours is not intracellular ours is extracellular digestion it means imagine this is our elementary canol so the food enters into Elementary canol not outside okay imagine the food particles are remain Z only then the cells which are so present on either side imagine these are the cells they secrete certain enzymes that enzymes will be released outside into this gut system okay into this canal system so that when the enzymes enter they start breaking the food they digest the food inside this uh tube only inside this canal only and after that the digested food which become into a simple molecules no then that will be absorbed by these blood vessels if it become a glucose it will be absorbed by the glucose that means the digestion do not occur inside the cell it will be occur outside the cell within the canal that is nothing but in a two structure so that's why such digestion is called extracellular but here it is occurring inside only therefore it is intercellular digestion okay that means here when you just look at the structure of the spongo cell here the system how the water is moving that is through ostria then it enters into the spongo cell then it goes through osculum outside during this process this entire process we call it as what water canal system during this process they can also satisfy their hunger they can capture the food they can gather the food so that is the one function of water canal system here I have mentioned water canal system function is capturing the food then this system even helps in respiration because whenever we thought about an animal because it's a multicellular animal we think that it might be having certain face nose ear but it is not having any these structure then how come respiration process occur how come exchange of gases takes place once again it is through water canal system only see here the water which is so going outside which will be carrying what dissolved oxygen so that dissolved oxygen even enter inside of the spoil through Austria only and after getting absorbed this oxygen the carbon dioxide which is so released that will be comes out to osculum so once again exchange of gases also occur here okay and even excretion process also it can be occurred through body surface or once again through water canal system because here the waste material which are so released in the form of ammonia because the animals which are living in water body they release ammonia as their expiratory waste in our case we are excreting Ura as a excretory waste right so that will be removed with the help of kidney kidney are the excretory structures but here they do not have such a advanced organs right first of all they do not have tissue only how come you expect Argan so therefore this ammonia that is excretory material that also removes out through osculum that is through water canol system ostea spongo and osculum therefore these three main function capturing food respiration excretion done by water canal system and along with that it also perform the function of reproduction it helps even in reproduction how it is possible let's see at the reproduction part okay so if the question comes regarding the water canal system function don't make mistake because it's very important okay next this one over colors okay now let's talk about the reproduction so how these organisms are going to reproduce one is by asexual method another is by sexual method if it has to reproduce by a sexual method then no involvement of gamet requir correct so even if one org organism is there from that another organism can easily form no gamut Fusion required so one such process is fragmentation fragmentation means what here it is your porifera okay imagine there is a small piece of this porifera gets cut from the main body then this small piece just fell down and again it start growing into a a big porifera okay so this is called fragmentation and another one is internal butt formation so it is also called gemu formation J is a term that we have seen even in plant kingdom correct that is in bide here also we are using the term J it is also called internal but how it is formed just recall here I have shown like this no when you take a lateral section of porifera it looks like this so this is the collar cell present in this area the which cell line the spongo cell which cell you are going to write colar cell only they going to line the spongo cell okay here the pacum these poro sites like these things are present inside I have mentioned the mean that is a gelatinous material and inside I said there are specul present these specul along with the sponging fibers they enclose certain cells also I told like this correct imagine these are the cells these are the cells these are special cells they are called toy poent cell just now I said toy potential they have the capacity to give rise to whole porifera entire porifera body can be formed from this toip poten cell that's why it is called toti poten cell their special name is aryes but let us not get confused by reading those cells just remember as potential now they form like a bird they look like a bird imagine certain unfavorable condition occurred in this area where these poriferans are living imagine there is a area there is a ocean in that ocean certain toxic material released this is the ocean part certain toxic has entered here so that this spch start thinking that yes this is my last breath now I'm going to die so by that time even though the entire sponge or entire porifera may get die but this internal bud what do you say that which is having the to potential inside that will remain alive because which has been covered by a strong layer so this is called internal bird or now there be comes out inside which is having the cell inside toy poent cell inside when the condition become favorable they start germinating and they become a new porifera new sponge okay so this is once again a kind of asexual reproduction now another method is sexual reproduction what is sexual reproduction let's see this so porifera in porifera there is no special male porifera or female porifera both the sex organs male sex organ as well as a female sex organ present within the same individual such organisms are called what hermaphrodite correct now let me draw one sponge here imagine this is one sponge okay here in this sponge there is a female gamut and within this sponge itself we could able to see the male gamut also right these are the male Gams so both the sex organs are present within that it is called what hermite no separation of sexes but nature do not allow the organism which are having the same G I mean organism which are having both the Gams of male and female do not allow to fuse inside only because it required Evolution if the same genetic makeup continue throughout the generation then how come you expect the evolution so that's why for the evolution to occur we need certain change changes in the genes so that's why how the nature encourages suppose if the male gamut mature F then the female gamut will be in a immature condition so even though the male wants to combine with the female it will not be get matured enough okay so that's why it has to it has to search for another female gamut which might be present in some other porifera so that's why imagine there is one more porifera here this is also having the same condition that means the male gamut is here sorry female gamut is here the male gamuts are here and here in this case the female gamut has matured first the male gamut not yet mature now along with the water Canon system in water Canon system what happened what happened the water enters through Austria then into the spongo then it comes out through osculum now through this osculum these male gamuts are also coming outside okay so the male gamuts are coming outside and now again through this porifera I mean througha again now they are entering into this body and they are fusing with this another gamut that is a female gamut of another porer so like that they form a zygote so zygote formation taking place inside the body of an organism therefore what type of fertilization it is it is a internal fertilization it is not external fertilization so many students don't know the difference between internal and external fertilization I will tell you I will tell you wait if I take the example of a human being itself so she's a human female okay so now she will be having female reproductive system female reproductive system now the sperms are entered the sperm enter into her body and here itself the egg will be there in her body egg will be present the sperm from the male partner that will be enter into her body now it will fuse with this y inside her body only inside her body only so such a fertilization is called internal Fertilization in any organism if the fertilization occur inside the body of an organism then it is called what internal fertilization but in external fertilization the scenario is different for example let me talk about the Frog okay let's consider it's a uh female frog okay let's consider this is a female frog and the male frog is going to hold the female frog okay it's going to just hold the female frog this is the male one this is the female now at the time of fertilization what happens which are present inside a water imagine this is a water body water body now the female gamut is also going to lay the egg outside so these are the female gamut that is the egg and the male gametes are also going to release outside so they release the male gamits the sperms so both are fused within the water body outside their body male gamut and female gamut are not going to fuse inside the body this is the sperm they're fusing outside the female body such type of fertilization is called what external fertilization so these are the basic knowledge if you don't understand the difference between internal and external many things you will get confused okay so if the fertilization occur inside the body it is called internal fertilization if it occur outside the body it is called external fertilization but here in the case of porifera the fertilization is occurring inside the body now after that the zyon has has form zygote has formed now the zygote now the zygote it is when it start growing it won't looks like a porifera it looks like some other feature or some other organism say for example something else it is looking I don't know which organism shape it is but it's not looking like a porifera it is nothing but a larva stage then as it start growing up then it become like a adult porifera so such type of development is called what indirect development indirect development okay what is said in sexual reproduction these are hermite these are Herm that means sees are not separate hope you understood the meaning and the fertilization is internal I said what is the meaning of that and indirect development indirect development means it is showing the larva stage if you take a human being example when we give birth to a child it resemble like a only maybe in size it is small but it looks like human being only but if you take an example of a what is that caterpillar or silk worm only silk worm okay so any butterfly you take it will show a laral stage it look like one it's not look like a butterfly only in the beginning itself right it has to undergo so many different stages so that larva stage if it exhibits then if it looks like an adult then such development is called what indirect development and though it is being Kap direct internal fertilization though occur but here the same gamut of the same organism I mean the male and female gamut of the same organism do not fuse they prefer another organism male or female gamut to fuse there correct then it is called what cross fertilization cross fertilization so hope you have learned so many things in sponges this is more than enough if you just read ncrt you will understand each and every word and every line okay if any question comes it will come from these lines only from these information only so sexual reproduction already we have learned so this is the image uh given in our ncrt textbook if the question comes if the examiner ask you to identify the image of this porifera then you should know what is this what is this so this is the scyon this is nothing but syon scon okay so this is the real image of syon okay it is also called CA ciper right and another one is this one so this is nothing but use there is a bath sponge earlier this is spula this one bath sponge it is commonly called bath sponge it is using for Bing purpose then this one it is called sponga it is a fresh water sponge if in your neat exam which among the following is a fresh water sponge if such question comes you should know it is spula okay sometimes the question May comes directly like this or the question maybe comes in the form of a a diagram like this diagram based question the image will be given and ask you they may ask you to identify then you should know it is nothing but Spong C1 okay so like such question May comes so whatever the points that you have learned till now that is more than enough more than enough okay I'm 100% guarantee if any question comes from porifera definitely are going to solve now let's move on to another F that is celent tra film celent tra after celent data then the third one is Tora after completion of Tora then we'll discuss few questions McQ okay yes San tra is the old name nideria is the new name nideria why they have kept nideria because it is a suitable name celan tra is a group where Tora as well as the narian were kept together in this F earlier but later scientists came to know that the Tora is having certain special features compared to this night area then they made it separate but before that everything was kept under where in selent data so the same name started continuing but the right name is what nidaria okay because the organisms here in this F they have a special cell those special cells are called Nido blast I will tell you we'll talk about that in detail now if the term celant comes in front of you then which are all the organism you have to recall this one there is a jellyfish this one that is the Hydra so these are certain things you have to imagine okay now let's talk about about about this FM in detail first of all in this group the organisms which are so present they will be having two basic body forms two types of body forms few organisms are there they can easily swim like anything okay they do not stay in one particular place they freely swimming so such organisms we called what Medusa form okay but there are few organism if they found any substratum that is any rock or any surface Earth surface they just go on sit over there they do not move anywhere from that place so just attached to the substrat it is known as what cesal cesal means they do not show moment so technical name for Cal organisms are what polyp where in the case of nidaria there is C whereas the technical name for freely moving organism in celent tra is Medusa okay so that is what I have written it having two basic body form one is polyp another one is Medusa the polyp is s and cylindrical shape look at here the example I said Hydra and adamia look at this image this is Hydra which is attaching to a substratum which is attaching to a substratum and this is adamia adamia means C Anon C animon is also called adamia it is also attaching to a substrat they are not moving whereas if you take arelia that is a jellyfish it will be freely moving anywhere it want okay so this is actually Medusa here these are usually cylindrical in shape like this they're cylindrical this one also cylindrical elongated cylindrical but which this one which show something like an umbrella correct so this is umbrella shape so these are the points I have written here free siming umbrella shape example Orel and Jellyfish write down in your copy just don't look at the image as well as the information or the teaching what I'm doing just write down in your copy or else you cannot learn okay this is the way of learning even if I'm coming here to teach you before that even I also write the points in my copy I will also practice it and then I'll come or else there are few terms that will do not return in your mind it will easily get collapsed so that's why just make a practice of right okay write down in your copy it is a free swimming and umbrella this is a s and cylindrical example just now I said now let us talk about their body structure how it looks okay General structure we talk every organism here after this they might be having mouth okay because the food has to enter inside the body through mouth only so let me show mouth here also this is the mouth part so the mouth here is called by a term called sto sto means what it's a mouth M So Below the mouth there is a structure like this below the mouth the structure which is so present below the stroma is nothing but hypo stroma hypo means below stroma means below the mouth now it will be continued as when the food intake by these organism that has to enter into the gastrointestinal cavity right gastrovascular cavity that is nothing but the gut system so now let's assume this is the gut system of this organism [Music] so to this gut we have given a special name what is the special name gastrovascular cavity so it is also called celon okay celon is the term given to this I won't write because it's not given in ncrt don't get confused that's why the name seranta okay and if it is a gut wall there is a body wall also present outside this is the body wall so between the gut wall and the body wall if there are no cavity if it is filled by cells if it is completely filled by cells then what do you call such structure C or aate yes it is aate only correct because it is filled by the cells no cavity between this body W and gut system correct so this much is clear now when you come on the surface that is uh on the stoa around the mouth there are so many thread like structures present okay so here it looks there are so many so these are thread like structure surrounding this mouth okay so these threads are called what tentacles tentacles so because of this tentacles only they are so powerful why what is there such a speciality or what is a speciality found in the tentacles there are certain poisonous cells present inside okay so those poisonous cells something like this which are present on this tentacles they are called nidol blast so these are called nidol blast so that's why the name what nidaria nidol blast or nidoy nidos syy okay so now when the food enters inside the food can be digested within the cell that is if the cell is present the food may be get digested within it it is called intracellular or sometimes the food can be digested in the gut system so that the cells which are so present here they may release the fluid they may release the enzyme so that which will make the food to get digest within the cavity okay so such a digestion is called extracellular extracellular digestion so therefore in these organism we can form both intracellular as well as extracellular digestion but now I said the tentacles are having the special power so what is the special power that is nothing but having nid blast what are these nid blast will do first of all how this Nido blast look let us learn about this so hope I'm very clear about the structure okay now yes before going to this let's learn the nid blast structure so here ncrt image it is nidy or nidol blast but I will draw separately how it looks very simple structure beautiful structure even it looks something like this okay it's a cell it will be having a trigger point on the surface okay and inside there will be a cone like structure present there is a cone like structure present inside and this cone is filled by poisonous material poisonous material okay now there is a thread there is a thread which is surrounding this which color shall I use okay there is a thread which is surrounding these things correct and this is an opening this is an opening this is an opening and there is a there is an upper culum upper culum means just like a a cap so this cap is going to close this opening this cap is going to close this structure like this close the structure so this is the structure of this Nyro blast and inside inside what you're going to see this thread though this cone shape structure is called nematy neaty and these thread are called sting it is called sting therefore they are also called stinging cell so this is the whole structure of this Nido blast what is the power of this what is the speciality of this I said inside they're going to store a poisonous material okay by using the poisonous material it is going to attack its spring for example see if any organism come and just sat over here if any organism some insert came if if it is get triggered by this inser then immediately this upper culum this structure is called upper [Music] culum this upper kulum is just kept open it will just open and immediately this cone which is so wrapped by this thread like structure This Thread I said string that will be gets opened up and immediately just like a syringe just like a syringe how the injection sying that you are going to fill the fluid in the same way here also the sting which is so poisonous present inside the cone that will be filled up I will show you here you will understand now it's a trigger point now this operculum has got opened this is the cone inside present which is having the stin I mean the poison inside see now this thread is just moving going up they are going up they're going up so which is piercing is a thread inside this insect body insect body the insect is also attaching to this thread now inside they are filled by this fluid the fluid is just moving inside that's what I said it is just like a syinge how we are going to give a injection by filling the medicine in the same way here by filling these material they are going to inject these organism so by doing such thing they make the organism to get numb so or get paralyzed immediately when it get paralyzed or it get numb immediately that will capture and they will just put it inside the mouth so This Is How They are going to satisfy their hunger okay so that's why the stinging cells are helping in capturing the prey and even sometimes if they want to fix their body into a particular position then with the help of these stringing cell they are going to attest uh their body to the substratum okay so that is also once again importance of the stringing cell or nidol blast and even if they want to escape from the themselves from the Predator again they will be used it as a defense mechanism it will just numb that pre I mean Predator immediately it will just run from that place okay so that's why if anybody ask you to mention the function of these stinging cells are nidol blast nidol blast you can write it is for Anchorage that is to fix it in a proper position the body then for defense mechanism and even for capturing the pr okay so this is the most important feature that we are going to found in this case okay definitely are going to get a question from this part and if this image comes to identify in your exam then you should know it is what it is the nidol blast look at here this is a thread what you seeing this is a thread filled by these poisonous material so here is the conical conical shape structure what I have shown here understood this is the nid blast and this image once again ncrt image this is jellyfish so the jellyfish which is showing this outline the body outline so these are the tentacles of the jellyfish and this one is adamia adamia means C Ando and these are the tentacles this is the general body surface which is fixing to the substrat and these are the tentacles simple very simple structure okay done done this one done this one done this one done functions also done now after listening all these things easily you can write the general features of this nidaria or Canta what are General things General points the first thing is it is aquatic because this is the advanced form from the Primitive sponges correct so the sponges are the poriferans preferred to leave in water so immediately after this the evolution will not make the organisms to move into the terrestrial habitat therefore even though some Advanced feature that could be able to seen in other FM obviously they might be adjusted within the water body only therefore they are also aquatic mostly Marine mostly Mar but I'm not telling that entirely Maran are exclusively Maran there are certain F they exclusively belong themselves to a Maran body only but here they found even in a fresh water but majority are Maran okay and saz are free swimming just know I said saile means like a Hydra Hydra majority are Sile only but sometimes even if they show any movement there is a slight movement we could found in Hydra okay and C animon they Sile fix their body to the substratum and jellyfish and they easily swim okay they are Medusa and they are radial symmetry already we have learned in the basis of classification they are diploblastic two germ layers they have ectoderm as well as the endod no mism then tissue level organization just now I have shown between the body on the gut system there is no cavity okay aate there aate that is not isssue level so that property we call what aom this is one more feature and tissue level organization because up to porifera only cellular up to porifera not only porifera is having cellular and after the tissue level then blind sack body plan why blind sack body plan look at here if you just look at this diagram we can say easily it is having only one opening that is mouth there is no separate opening as anus so even if the food enter here it has to get digest here only either it is intracellular or extracellular but The Unwanted food Stu whatever it found here undigested it has to goes out through this mouth itself so therefore it is having only one opening therefore such body plan is called what blind sag body plan and digestion can be inter cellular not inter intracellular or extracellular okay these are certain General Properties or general features of this FM okay now let's enter into the reproduction part reproduction once again can be asexual asexual asexual reproduction usually through body take an example of a Hydra only if it is a Hydra okay this is Hydra it will be having tentacles right now at the time of reproduction it says I want to give one more Hydra bavy Hydra but it is very small it looks like a butt that should grow on my body only it say so that's why a small Hydra even though it form that will be attached to the main body only like this this is the baby Hydra now this baby Hydra that will be get detached from the main body again it will be attached to the substratum again it start growing again it become okay so like this it show the asexual reproduction and if it want to show the sexual reproduction majority of these organisms are unisexual unisexual means what male organism is separate female organism is separate but once again certain organ few organism they may be bisexual there is Herm both male and female sex organs may form within the same individual just like in Pence okay suppose if I take the herma frite example then how it looks let me show here this is one organism here the male sex organs are present on the top if it is a hermite and obviously the female sex organs are found here only because it's AR prodct so in male sex organ male gamut is going to form female sex organ female gamut that is nothing but Y is going to form but nature nature prefer cross fertilization nature prefer different genetic makeup therefore though the both the gamuts are found in the same individual it do not allow the fusion of these gam here only therefore it will prevent I mean it will allow some other organism of the same species for the process of fusion so therefore let us write one more here either it is a poly or Meda anything here also we could able to find the same thing male sex Argan female sex Argan correct now the male sex Argan which is so releasing the male gamut that may enter inside that may fuse here with the female gamut right so cross fertilization cross fertilization or if it is showing unisexuality unisexuality then what happens let me take the example of a Hydra not Hydra this is jellyfish okay imagine this is the so in jellyfish we could able to see the oral arms here their body is something like this this is the oral arm s and the tentacles will be present on the surface something like this okay it is a transparent material therefore even we could able to see certain internal organs of this organism right so this is one more jellyfish these are the oral arms right now let's assume this is the male Argan present and here the female sex Argan present so that's why I can refer it as a male jellyfish and this one will be considered as a female jish so when the Sexes are separate where the individual consist only male or female sex organ in there then we call them as unisexual then obviously what happen during the sexual reproduction they are going to release the gamut the gamut will be released that will be enters here that will be fused with uh the female gamut which is present in other organism that means in other indivisual okay so after Fusion what it will form it will form the zygote so here the zygote do not exactly resemble that of the adult again it will show some other structure it will show some other structure that is a larva structure it shows here this larva we call it as a planula so this name of the larva is not given in ncrt so even if you don't learn no problem okay but you just know it is a indirect development because it has to undergo through larva stage understood now so these are the main points we need to learn in sexual reproduction that's it sexual reproduction is nothing but by a formation of indirect development organism can be unisexual or bisexual okay very simple indirect development unisexual bisexual and even it can show asexual reproduction as well as the sexual reproduction that's it okay now let us learn few examples here okay okay the most important point I forgot to inform so in your NCR a last line about metagenesis in obelia has mentioned let us learn about this if you take poip they reproduce both asexually and sexually if you take Medusa they reproduce always sexually remember always sexual reproduction that we are going to found in Medusa not in poly but here there is an organism called obelia which shows both sexual reproduction as well as the asexual reproduction that means which show both polyp stage or Medusa stage remember listen to me carefully if you take any pop you take any Hydra or CMO when it give rise to another Hydra that will also polyp only okay so like that when you take Medusa that is a jellyfish then if it give bir to another jellyfish that also Medusa only that also free swimming this one is po attached to the substr at always the Next Generation organism are polyon here if it is a free living free swimming Medusa form then the upcoming generation are also Medusa only but here this is a special unique organism they show poly to Medusa nature Medusa to polye Nature so like that they are showing their life cycle from polyp to Medusa Medusa to polyp so this is called metagenesis or alternation of generation I will tell you how you will understand huh yes imagine here it is an oia obelia is reproduced like this it shows many bird like this it shows okay like this it grow look at this diagram this is obelia diagram it shows many branches right in one of the branches it has been filled by many internal bird these are internal bird these are small birds so when these bird comes out comes out they develop into Medusa form they develop into Medusa form okay so that is what I'm trying to write here imagine there are birds present there are birds present when these birds comes out when these birds comes out they develop into Medusa form this is a Medusa Medusa means what free swimming so one can be male and another can be female okay so this one is male another one is female let me write imagine this is the male and this one is female now the question is this is poly this is poly because their body is attached to the substratum correct so now from this poly if it give bir to the another one even though through asexual method but it has to give another polyon only but here it is giving birth to Medusa these two are Medusa so therefore we says that the polyp give birth to Medusa asexually asexually correct now this is male and this is female of course they are going to release male and female gamet correct let me show here imagine here is the male sex Argan here is the female sex Argan so both are releasing their G male sex organ releases the sperm female sex organ releases the W both are combined they form the zygote now the zygote is developing now the Zod is developing developing further further and finally they give rise to when they become grown up as an adult they become what polyp so here the polyp stage is forming sexually through sexual reproduction only we got zot that zot has developed into what polyp right so from polyp it become Medusa from Medusa it become poip one is through asexual another one is through sexual this is called metagenesis This is called metagenesis which seen in certain Sant traits like obelia okay obelia is one such example okay hope you understood about this let me summarize here polyp polyp give rise to Medusa poip give rest to Medusa Medusa give rest to poip Medusa give rest to poip this is asexual this is through asexual method this is through sexual method this is called alternation of generation that's it over finish okay now let us learn few examples look at here Adam already have understood correct jellyfish obelia so many things already we have learned and here few more example already what they said that also included and few more extra information also given about it not information few extra names are also given here if such question comes to identify this example or this organism belongs to which F you should know you should learn okay examples part is very important many students are failed to remember the example but there is no other way you need to practice you just make a chart of every fer and their example just keep glance every day definitely it will come okay though in the beginning it may seems difficult but of course as you keep practicing it every day definitely you can learn it easily okay so here one example is felia felia is commonly called Portuguese man of war why it is called Portuguese man of war because in 15th and 16th century at the time of uh these Portuguese they were introduced the s ship Sal ship that is for the discovery you know invention of uh many parts of the country like South Coast Africa and all so during that process the s ship what they were used to travel that means for their traveling purpose it was looking like this so that's why they are called Portuguese man of war okay this is the common name once again the question May comes in the form of common name of felia you should know this is Portuguese man of war then adamia it is called cimon so you are very well aware about the cnon okay just now we discussed about this and another example is patula common name of the patula is C pen so it is not actually looking like a pen it is looking like a feather right in ancient period the people before introduction of this ballpoint pen they were using the quill pen so the quill pen the ink will be filled to this quill pen with the help of that they were writing on the paper now that means those quill pen they will be having feathers on their surface right so in the same way this is also having feather like a quill pen therefore it is called what C Pen only uh the scientific name is pen Ula it is also cant trate and this one is the c fan look at here it is looking like a fan only because having a broader surface and all gargonia the scientific name is and this one meina the common name is brain coral it is looking like a it resembles like a brain only correct so that's why the common name brain coral so these are few examples you need to remember in this F yes the next f is what phm Tora yes now the next film is Tora Tora has two words within the same time Teno means K te means K normal what we are going to use to that is nothing but only in Latin ter and for means bearing so it means might be these organism having K on their body so that's why the name T4 Kum bearing animals correct so earlier both nidaria as well as this stora both were kept under a same FM called celant TR celant data now we are reading Canta as a separate file correct but before this both were having similar characters majority of the characters were similar therefore they were kept under C data but later the s came to know that yes the Teo for might be having some Advanced character compared to n area therefore you just comeand this side so let the N area to be a separate F so that's why n n area become a separate FM but actually n area itself is a f but in our NCR nid area itself has mentioned as what Canta don't get confused Canta Nidia both were same according to our NCR but actually earlier both were kept under Ser data okay now if the question comes in your exam regarding seant trats okay regarding narian then without getting any confusion just Market a SE data only because now they have kept this t for has a separate pH correct so therefore there is no confusion okay now look at this image it's a beautiful organism correct it's not actually looking like an organism because it is not having any mouth ear tongue anything but still it is an organs okay so why it is looking so beautiful because it says I can play a dual role it means during daytime I looks like a transparent gel but at the night time I just show a stunning light like diali light okay so that's why the entire body is bearing the lights on it surface it is somewhat emitting the light so this property is nothing but biolumin bioluminous what is the meaning of bioluminous the property of an organism to emit light okay so they might be having certain special structures special chemical with the help of that they could able to emit light only during night right so this organism this stenora they're exclusively Marine exclusively Marine it means what when we were studying C andri we learned that these organs can found both in Maran water as well as in fresh water but mostly Maran mostly Maran in the sense majority are Maran but at least few were found in the fresh water but here they are telling we are purely exclusive man we won't touch even your fresh water also so that's why okay fine you are a unique teature let's go on one side you are a Tora but for that reason we are not given a name called Tora if you are a key Observer If You observe carefully we could able to see a HS on the surface like this I will show you in detail so this is the K bearing animal look at here during day time a person is holding this same organism it is actually a kopl it is looking like a transparent gel correct so that's why we can also call it as a sea Walnut okay it is having a shape like a walnut or Kum jellies okay they are having K on their surface that looks like a jelly therefore they are Kum jellies right and they're exclusively Mar as I said they're purely restricted to Mar environment Mar environment in the sense Ocean Sea like that they all found in the fresh water here uh in examination point of view you have to remember three phm name which are exclusively Marine right now right now in your copy just take down what are those FM F which are exclusively Mar here only it is let me write three FM name you have to remember one is the stora second one EOD dermata EOD dermata also purely marine and hemard one more F so whenever we see the organisms which are exclusively Maran then one thing should come into our mind that they are showing external fertilization write down in your copy definitely it will come to your help during EX examination or while reading this okay now let us see few characters before that let us understand the body structure why they are called Kum jellies or t for okay so this organism is somewhat spherical in shape it is a spherical in shape spherical so on this surface they have eight CB plates eight com suppose if I just look at this organism in a 3D dimension 3D View if I show it looks something like this this is a 3D view let's imagine okay so here is the mouth here is the mouth and here on their surface here on the surface okay let me not Mark M first let me mark down those eight P plates then it is somehow look like this 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 seven eight eight ples K plates why they are called K plates I will show you in detail okay and they will be having two thread like structure which are arising from this end so this is what a structure of an organism it name is plob braia plob braia which is one of the member of this choora so in a 3D version it looks like this now the same diagram I will show you in a two 2D version 2D version means only one side I can show you on the back side the four C plates what it is there that you cannot see because only one side you could be able to see no that's fine now here if I just show the mouth it will be present somewhere here so here the mouth is at the center right now the four com plates I will show something like this see this this is one p plate why it is called P plate let me tell you let me color it first why I am coloring because I love to do col that's yes now it is clear and it is very clearly visible now on the these Co plates we could able to see a com like structure like this like this like this like this okay so it will be present throughout its body now do you understand why they are called T4 because throughout their body they are bearing the C and they're just moving by having the C okay no need of cuming their air because throughout their body it is present but actually it is not a c it looks like a con then what it is it is nothing but it is nothing but celium these are Celia okay so with the help of the Celia these organisms can move in the water that is in the ocean right and this is the mouth and on either of this surface here a thread like structure arises like this okay it's a Flaga on either end it is having the tentacles so these are the tentacles so once again the tentacles are present but in some organism tentacles may be absent okay but in some it may present so let's imagine the tentacles are present in this organism on the surface of tentacles usually what we have seen in the case of nidaria yes of course Nido site or nidol blast that's why the name nidaria but here these organisms are telling we do not comes under your group man because we do not have n at all then what do you have how you going to capture your food I mean how we going to capture your pre or how we going to defend yourself from the Predator then these organisms is very simple we have a gum bottle we have a glue along with that so with the help of that glue first we will release that glue glue means gum if any organism comes in contact with that immediately it will get attached to them or adher to that then will easily inest it we are going to uh take it into our mouth this is how we are going to satisfy our hunger okay then which structure what are those glue then then these organisms said these are the tentacles no on the surface of these tentacles you could able to see this glue that is nothing but a small cells are present they act like a glue they are nothing but col blast this word is not given in ncrt but write down in your copy suppose if the question comes it would be beneficial for you to answer it so these are called col blast H blast that's it very simple and rest of the things almost are similar to that of the nans now now these organisms are telling we are also dipl diploblastic you are also diploblastic that means to the N area and I am also tissue level organization you are also tissue level organization that means many characteristic features many characters they were in similar with that of the narian let us see what are those character because if such question comes right which among the following characters are similar with that of narian then you should know it no hope you writing all these points in your copy let me move on to the next slide here I have put some similarities with the narian so blind sack body plan what is blind sack body plan so here also they have only one opening that is mouth so through which the food again that will act as a anus through which undigested food comes out okay and here they have tissue level organization uh no organ level and radial symmetry if you take this organism cut into any piece I mean through the central axis if you cut it will give rise to two equal half in any plane whichever whenever it pass through the central axis then these are also aate no body cavity both are intracellular and extracellular digestion they are also in I'm also having intracellular and extracellular digestion then celant said narian said you're showing lot of characters no just come to our then these organisms said that means Theo Force do you have bioluminous property that I have so that I can illuminate brightly like a Diwali light stunning damp Diwali light okay do you have that property you don't have then how dare you to call me into your group okay just get lost so bioluminesence property is one such property possessed by T4 it is very important for your need point of view okay then these organisms have home plates that's why they are called T4 but Nigerians they didn't have correct then here they are not having nidol blast instead they have a Col blast therefore if they do not have nid Blast how can you consider them as a n area correct and no poly no Colonial poly poip no colonal pop all are M it means what in the case of Cates we have seen the poly like this for example Hydra so this Hydra is a single one it is a solitary poly solitary poly suppose if you take the example of obelia obelia present in a colony like this again it will branches again it make one more Branch one more Branch so like that they were present but still they are attached to the substrat therefore we can say this organism as Colonial po Colonial Po and even these organisms were found in a MTI form also for example jellyfish jelly fish so this is a motti m so we could see all these forms in selan treats that is in nidian whereas here here these organism said we won't show any polyp stage not even Colonial polyp we were we are only modal structure so therefore it is one of the unique feature that we have then the reproduction what we have seen in the case of this Hydra they were showing a budlike structure so that this bird get detached it is one of the aexual reproduction and here also we could able to see from this poly it could able to give R to Meda but no such asexual reproduction occur in Tora only sexual reproduction therefore because of having all this characteristic feature what the scientist did okay do one thing you both don't get quarrel just come into the separate F so therefore t for become a separate separate F okay so remember these points are important now let us talk about few things about reproduction so this F is over very simple very small so what about reproduction as I said they show only sexual reproduction correct so the sex organ should be present in their bone body but here they are telling we do not have a separate individual for bearing the separate sex organs male sex organ is also present in my body female sex organ is also present in the same body therefore obviously these are harite correct if I just draw one organism like this here one more organism if I take they are not unisexual it is not a male T4 or female T4 if it is a plural braia only it is not a male or it is a female both sex organ present within the same individual that means if it is a y and it could be the female sex organ it could be the male sex Argan correct so here also if it is a female sex Argan it could be the male sex Argan so male sex Argan of course it will produce the male gamet but nature do not ENT the fusion of the same gamut of the same individual so that's why are searching they are searching of another gamet I mean the another partner of the another organisms which is present in other organism to fuse with this gamut so therefore it is a cross fertilization here I have not mentioned cross fertilization and always it is external fertilization okay okay let me not show like this let me not show like this suppose if it is releasing the male gate outside the body that is in the water the female also releases its y that is female gamut into the water only so both female gamut as well as the male gamut fuse in a water fuse in a water body in this water body okay then such fertilization is called what just now I have shown uh by taking the example of frog in porifera correct so therefore it is a external fertilization remember it is once again a character feature and indirect development so the zygote which is so formed here the zygote produce a larva it produce a larva then it will become adult like this such development is called indirect development here only two examples we need to remember what are those one is Flur braia which is given in ncrt only suppose a diagramed question comes you should know this is fobia so this is the real image of flob brachia can you see how is glowing in the night so these are the two flagellated structures which bearing the tentacles and one more example is TL this is just like a basket uh once again comes under this Fon Tora okay that's it that's it over Tora also over now regarding these three phm porifera santum as well as the Tora let's solve few question let us check our knowledge how much thorough we are in our concept okay in Spong sponges in the sense they're talking about porifera Dash maintains the flow of water current in the spongo Cil who is responsible for that amid cell collar cell epithelial cell all of the above amid cell epithelial cell first of all I didn't inform of course they are also present but they're present in the mean I told where the mean is present between the pinac as well as the kod but they are not playing any role here in water movement who is actually playing there is the collar cell collar cells are just pushing the water right excess of water will be pushed out with the help of their Flaga so that that will be removed outside from musculum so that work is done by collar cell thos site is the answer next question the grade of organization in sponges e which one this is the only FM which possess cellular grade of organization so don't get confused it is not a cell tissue grade protoplasmic grade Argan system grade if you have understood the concept within a fraction of second you will answer without taking much time okay I'm very sure you're answering most of asymmetrical cetes asymmetrical c means they're talking about porer only belongs to the fum porifera because majority of the individuals which comes under porifera they shows asymmetry only very few bilateral radial therefore we won't consider those exceptions okay it's not for area both are radial symmetry eodm also radial symmetry next one callar cells from the lining of spongo in in which organism we are going to see colell of course in porifera here jellyfish is not a porifera cyon is a porifera correct cyha tenia P they belong to some other fum tenia that we learn shortly in plal Inus group then sponges capture food with the help of again collar cell only collar cell oroide both are same Pinos side proos side Theo side don't worry about all these Stu it won't come in your exam because it is not given in ncrt only which one of the following animal is diploblastic see anyone's name they have given see if we are talking about diploblastic means obviously it relates to phora as well as the N area correct from the plat helus they start showing the different nature here patula is nothing but cpen it's a celent data only I can mark this param first of all it is not an animal it's a protozoa tenia tenia is a flat platal minus group triploblastic ascar is also do not comes under this category they are all these two are triplo blastic this one first of all not an animal only therefore this is the right answer next question the function of Neato blast Neato blast means Neato site in The celent treates Locomotion offense and defense reproduction nutrition see many students they will stuck here when they see these options they know easily that Locomotion it will not help reproduction it won't help but when they look at these option offense and defense as well as the nutrition they got confused because ma'am said with the help of that Nido blast they will capture the prey and they will engulf it might be a more nutrition right but actually remember remember while answering any question we need to seek the best answer of course the correct answer is also important but if there are two similar answers then we need to go for the best one best one so that's why instead of going to the nutrition nutrition the best answer the most relevant answer is defense and offense because with the help of that sting sting means what okay it's something which is having the poison inside so with the help of that string the chemical which is present inside that cod with the help of that it is going to attack its prey if any predator comes with the help of that tone it is going to attack it is nothing but it is a kind of Defense correct so if we are having any gun means what of course we can use that gun for shooting purpose so that we can hunt it I mean we can hunt the animal we can use that animal as a food but suddenly if a person is having gun then what thought comes in your mind of course it is for his defense only no therefore here also we should go for this option offense and defense okay it's not for a nutrition yeah they using that for this purpose mainly next question corals okay I forgot to inform this corals Coral re you have called so in celant rate which are present at the depth in depth of the oan something like this they will form cant only on their surface of their body po poly okay they attach to the substratum on their surface they are going to Bear a thin layer of this calcium carbonate calcium carbonate very thin layer okay let me Mark it as calcium carbonate so these are called corals or coral reef it is one of the property that you can see in celant TRS Coral belongs to the phym it's not a property Coral are actually organism they are poly they have calcium carbonate on their surface that's it so they are celant rate it's not found in porifera porifera calcium carbonate is there but in silica sorry what is that in endoskeleton spicules spicules okay mola echodata we have not yet learned but these two things do not comes under here radial symmetrical diploblastic animal radial symmetry Asar is earthw liver fluk Hydra hyra Hydra is a radial symmetry correct of course it is a serian rate these asares Aram and liver flu but they are not showing radial symmetry they have head okay even though I have not done this pH in detail but in the introduction part in the basis of classification I told about the an aropa ascal menas and even platal menas the calization process head formation process begin so therefore they started showing bilateral symmetry therefore this is the right answer Hydra with showing radial symmetry Medusa stage is not found in C it is not found in in which organism it is not found Hydra it is attached to the substratum correct it attaches to the substratum so it is not a Medusa this is our answer aelia it's a Medusa that means it easily can move OB also move F also move Portuguese so all these are Medusa except this next one Kum jellies or SE W belongs to which category not C it ISO for then which of the following is a cantat SE cow c cumber Sea Fan seahorse Sea Fan Okay C fan I have shown even the image also okay next F PL helus PL hel look at this image it looks like a dry Leaf right and if you just look at the shape of this organ it seems as if somebody has put it put their foot on this organism so that it has been pressed over the rock correct so like that it is flat so that's why the name flat wors they're commonly called as what flat ons okay so all the organisms which are comes under this Sil are Doo Vally flat dentally flat means dsal side is also flat vental side is Al also flat just like a leaf if you imagine a leaf how a leaf looks flat leaf in the same way these organisms looks even though their shape their length their WID may be varies but uh when you just look at their structure they are flat only that is the best first best thing you have to remember flat worms okay look at here yes these are daro ventrally flattened just now I said the meaning of daro vental flatten and most endoparasite it means majority of this organism are I mean majority of the organism comes under this stylum are endoparasite of course there are certain organism they're free living they do not want anybody's sell first of all you should know the meaning of endoparasite no then you will understand the meaning of free leading those students who have watched the video of biological classification that I have done they can understand the difference between parasite sapry free leing everything but even though if you are a new no problem to this channel okay I will tell you parasite means what any organism which is depending on other organism for their food and shelter for example for example a worm worm okay you have uh we have come across with the round worm we have seen there are so many worms which are present in the small children's stomach don't eat too much of sweets because your body will Pro to lot of worms see General uh talks that we are going to see from the parents mouth okay don't addict it for the sweets and that why they are telling because though they do not know the scientific reason but they know that the body is going to give a place for certain worms inside their intestine or inside their stomach usually it is not a stomach inside the intestine then we become a host for those worms because we are giving shelter inside our body in inside our intestine and we are giving food to those worms then obviously we are a host and those worms which are actually depending on us for the food as well as the shelter they are nothing but a parasite if the parasite is present inside the body they Endo parasite if the parasite present outside the body for example the lies which are present in the air they're ectoparasite lies and tis you might have seen on the surface of the dog body the ticks are present so they sucking the blood from the dog's body but they're present outside only they're ectoparasite but here majority of the organisms are endoparasite present inside the body of other organism okay and they have bilateral symmetry see till now till Tora we were studying that the organism were having radial symmetry why because they were not having the head when the head formation occurred in the evolution process majority of the sense organ accumulating the head that process is called calization then the organism start running from their predator or they start running or they start moving in search of organism then in those organism we couldn't expect the radial symmetry correct so therefore in such organism we can see only bilateral symmetry here the bilateral symmetry For the First time seen in Animal Kingdom in these plat helments and that triploblastic and Argan level of organization okay so in our ncrt on one side it is given Argan level but on other side it is given organ system level but remember it is argan level of organization okay so these three are the unique unique in the sense the characteristic feature For the First time seen in Animal Kingdom and of course the later on the which organism or which film comes they started showing these characters but for the first time we started seeing here and of course they are AC roate okay now look at here one such example of flatform is stay for okay so this is the intere of a person there's a human being inside can you see here it's a tap a long thread like structure it's a tape like structure which is present in the intestine which is attaches to the intestine okay and okay if I just remove this organism outside they looks like tape only they looks like a flat tape like this as if somebody has put that foot on this organism so that like that it is going to be oppressed on the bottom okay that's why it is called dentally Flat right and these organism they depending on the host means they are endoparasite so only one tap is going to present in human being we are not going to expect many tape form if a person is affected listen to me carefully I'm not telling everybody is having one tape form in our body if a person is affected imagine if I'm affected no I'm not affected let me take somebody's example okay so if this person is affected then okay if I say this person is affected then in his interestin only one tap is going to present not more than one okay so I will tell you why I'm stressing this particular so these organism they are going to attach to the intestine with the help of certain structure called Hooks and suer okay because we know that our body keep on doing the peristaltic activity the food will be keep moving we have learned in in our lower classes itself no from the esophagus the food will be pushes like this then in the stomach also it start showing the churning moment when it comes to the intestine then also it starts showing the movement there is a peristaltic moment so during this mov if the intestine is showing like this the worm may get detached from the body it may go out from the human body in the fal matter but these worms are very smart they are telling whether you do any type of movement whether it is a peristaltic movement or whichever be it is I am going to hold on your intestine like this okay with the help of certain structure those structures are called Hooks and suer okay so let me show that they do not have Elementary canol first of all okay I will tell you why and they absorb nutrients from the host through the body surface and they have oops and suckers let me show here okay imagine this is a tape one a long tape one very very long it is very very long okay so this is the head part actually we won't call it as a head and here the rest of the things this start showing the segments like this actually it is not a true segment I will tell you I will tell you why it is not a true segment when you take the example of Ana that is AR there we could be able to see the segment inside as well as the outside but here they looks like a segment but they are not actually the segment each part each part acts like one individual organism because as these organism keep growing the lower base start bulging out and it will be get detached from the body outside through the fal matter okay and I said If a person is affected from a tape form he will be having only one tape form myself okay so why why because its nature is like that only in such cases if this organism if it has to show sexual reproduction because in sexual reproduction we are going to learn that I will tell you about flame cellia let me show here only if they want to talk about the sexual reproduction these organisms are Herm Hera product and they show internal fertilization internal fertilization now just think now just think if this person affected from only one tape form then how can he show sexual reproduction because the tap if it is a male then it has to go from its body out of his body in search of female do this organism is going to take a permission from this guy time please so that I will go out from your body I will make with the female and again will come back no it cannot do like that so that's why these organisms in each of these segments they are going to Bear the sex organs okay so every segment they have male sex organ female sex organ male sex organ female sex organ so like that every segment will be having so at the time of maturity these SE AR release release the gamuts and these gamuts fuse and they produce the zygote that's why the fertilization occurs internally only okay as these segments become older they start getting detached imagine this segment become detached from this main worm body okay it got detached this becomes separate now this detached segment going to be get released from the feal matter of this person it is going to get released again it will be just enter into the somebody's body again it start growing into a new world okay so that's why we can say that even though even though they present only one inside they hermite and they show internal fertilization as well as the self fertilization remember till now the organism though they bear both sex organs male and female sex organ but they prefer to meet with some other organism why because the nature nature wants Evolution it want different genetic makeup but here cross fertilization do not occur only internal fertilization because there is no other option no that's why okay so this is about fertilization that's it and here I said I said the body absorbs the nutrient from the host surface through their body surface only they do not have Elementary can canol at all because these organism says any I am present inside a body of a human I am present inside the body of a mammal it it could be a pig it could be a dog it could be any other organism why should I bother because anyhow I am retaining in the intestine in the intestine the digested food only comes if I just absorb the digested food like a blood vessel then why should I need Elementary can why I have to digest it again so therefore all the digested food which are so present in the intestine that will be absorbed through their body surface of therefore no Elementary can and even they do not have any sense they do not have any eyes they do not have any ears why should they have because they're present inside they're very safe okay so no canol they absorve nutrients from host through body surface Hooks and suers present then how these Hooks and suckers look let me show this let me enlarge only this head part actually it is not head but let us call in general as that how Oaks and SAS look okay suppose imagine so this is the body of this one that is the upper portion of this form so here on it surface it starts showing the segments like this and here these are the stru structures present like this okay look at these structures these are Hooks and these are suckers right so these are the segments but actually it is not a true segment they're called pseudo segment that's why I won't name it so with the help of this they are going to attach onto the substratum substratum in a sense our body surface only understood so this much is enough about the tape form now you take any organism of this film that is nothing but a flat worm of course they are going to excrete the was substance okay they want to balance their body water that is nothing but asmo regulation that function we call it as asmo regulation and excretion so that is done by a special cell so these special cells are called Flame cells this is the structure of flame cell can you see here so here the waste material the waste material that will be in the form of fluid enters from one side and they will be having a Celia and that will be with the help of a tubule they will be removed outside so this is very important question for your meat point of view in which organism we are going to see the flame cell then you should know it is a flat so flatform helps in excretion and in osmo regulation asmo regulation very important very very important okay and now one more example is given in this FM only that is plan areia can you see this organism just see it is staring at you it is just watching whether you guys are preparing rightly for meat or not okay just kidding actually it's looking like ice it is not ice these are ice spots I spots they actually can sense the light and dark okay so it is a very small microscopic organism not microscopic we can able to see but it is a very small organism but these organism says don't worry bro I'm not present in anybody's body because I'm a free leing I'm a free leing so if question comes which among the following flat worms act as a free living worm then it is a plan areia okay so it is usually found in fresh water or even Maran water and even it is found in the terrestrial habitat so in any of these area we could able to see this plan areia okay so these are carnivorus carnivoros if you want to catch this plan areia very simple if you just go towards a pond just put some uh meat piece then after a few hours if you just take out that meat piece and if you bring it to the lab you could able to see the plan area going to attest there because they are caror in nature okay and this plan area they have a very special property what is that regeneration High regeneration capacity High regeneration capacity it is very important as well as a favorite line for examiners which of the organism having high regeneration capacity there is plan areia what is the meaning of regeneration regeneration means growing the last body parts I will show you how so let me draw on plan here so imagine it is like this oh okay so they are actually not ice spot I mean ice but looks like ice spot right so this is our plan area now you just cut this plan area into th place thousand pieces then th000 plan area you could able to get but now I cutting only two parts I will make cut here I will make cut here and I will okay two cuts I made no two cuts I made now this plan area says no problem man even from each cut piece I could able to generate my whole body part okay now only this is a head part no this is only head part and let me show the trunk part here let me write the tail part here now what happens look at here so from here it can able to grow the rest of the body parts like this it become a new body part it it looks a real plan only just to make you understand I'm using the different color okay and here also it will regain the tail it will regain this head again it could able to regain the whole body parts like this even though you made a cut here cut here we could able to get the plan area many plan area so this property is called regeneration regeneration understood so that's it that's it about flatform two examples are given in our ncrt one is tenia tenia is nothing but a form can you see look at the image carefully if the diagram based question you should able to identify and the second one is C fola common name is liver fluke why it is called liver fluke can you guess yes you guess is right it's a endoparasite usually it uh wants to retain in the liver of the mammals it could be any mamal it could be a human being it could be a sheep it could be any other mamal so usually it will attack the liver glad GL sorry G bladder like such happen that's why the name liver fluke okay so this is the liver fluke image now so this FM over now now let's move on to the another fum that is as helment whenever you just heard the term helment remember majority are bad only they're not a good Helm almost are bad Helm bad organism therefore the term hel comes okay let's learn about this as helments yes the next FM is fum ascal nus so these organism are the organisms of this FM are commonly called as what round worms so just by looking at this word you can guess why they are called as round worm because it is not because they looks round in shape okay if you cut a transverse section or if you take a cross-section of this organism they look spherical that is they look round that's why they name round looks right so here look at this image can you see this is the intestine of human being our intestine so in this intestine can you see the white color worms these worms belongs to this category called ascal MERS so these are round worms only but here a specific name is given for this worm that is nothing but asares so this Asar says I won't go or I won't depend on any other host except human being so human is my target I will just stick on to his intestine that means through contaminated water that is their y will be present in the soil as well as in the leaf or the fruit if you won't wash the vegetables or leafy vegetables fruits if you eat as it is the eggs of these worm may be present on that so when they enter into our body they start multiplying so how they multiply means look at here so they are looking like a noodles so that can be easily seen in this image okay so I shouldn't mention the word noodles no or else that means henceforth you won't need you won't eat noodles but it's okay even if you leave it also no problem it's very good for your health see in this image the doctor is removing all these worms from the intestin of a person infected person so that much large quantity of worms can be found it will block the intestine sometimes so when it is get blocked what happen imagine this is the intestine here all the worms are present like this if it is multiply so fast and it will block the intestine let me show here it is a cuted part then do you find the M of the food occurs easily definitely not so the person may suffer from anemia sometimes in a very severe cases he may get die because of excess of these worms okay so that's why it is insisted that every 6 months without fail we need to take worm tablet even if eggs are present that will be get killed there itself okay yes fine you are going to study about these uh diseases symptoms every everything in your class 12 suppose if you're Class 12 student already you have learned the chapter human health and disease they have taught very well about these diseases okay yes come back so this is ascaris which belongs to ascal meas but commonly called as what round worms not only this one all the organism of this member right here when we just look at that image a thing comes to our mind that oh this might be parasitic that which is depending on the host body only that is a human being fine but it is not only one member it consists lot of organism in this grou so those organism some may be le in the terrestrial environment some may leave in the water some may act as a parasite okay so that is nothing but a habitat so it could be free living that means in the terrestrial habitat or in the Aquatic habitat or it could be parasitic it could be a plant parasitic or it could be animal parasitic animal Paras just now I took the example of what ascaris ascaris full name is ascaris Lums Lums so the full name of this organism is not given in our ncrt but where it is given it is given in our lab manual so that's why if the full name is asked in your examination don't get panic because it is there in your ncrt only but it is in a lab manner okay so this is animal parasite so like that we can take many we can take ferial worm ferial worm so its scientific name is uraria uch areia Bank thy so it is going to cause a serious disease called elephantiasis if a person get infected from such organism his leg will be get swollen Like Elephant leg so that's why the name elephantiasis okay so like that we can make a list of many organisms which could be act as a parasitic in animals okay so this is one thing like that if you take an example of a plants plants are also easy target for these organism for example there is an organism called melod in cognia melod in cognia so why I'm underlining separately because it's a binomial nomenclature rule you shouldn't forget it okay so this organism it is a microscopic very very minute you cannot see through our Naked Eyes so easily it will affect the root of the tobacco plant imagine it is a tobacco plant okay so let's consider these are the roots of this plant then these WM will get inside of the root and it will start forming a knot like okay it is called root knot affect tobacco root that means which is residing inside the root of the tobacco means obviously it is a parasitic okay so once again you are going to study about this organism in your class 12 there is a chapter called biotechnology and its application so there is a particular topic called RNA interference then we are going to study about this okay so ascal Minas are also called neat neat right yes so we understood about the habitat now if you just look at the general features like triploblastic diploblastic Cate aate then we have going to see quite Advanced feature compared to platy helus because look at here in plat helus we studied Argan system level of organization sorry organ level of organization but here these organisms is we are quite advanced in The evolutionary basis we are putting one step ahead okay so that's why we possess organ system there are so many organs combined to form an organ system to carry out a particular function in the body so this is the first time in the animal kingdom such characteristic feature we are going to see in ascal hus so once again this could be a neat line okay then it is sudate till now all the phm what we have studied from porifera to platus all are asomate but now it is telling at least at least even though I'm not having the true serum but at least I have a body cavity but it will be not lined by the Mis that means what suppose if it is an organism correct imagine this is an organism and here this is the elementary Canon this is the elementary Canon when you take a cross-section obviously this is what the front view we could able to see and the portion what you seeing this area it will be completely filled by cells in the case of asomate but here the cavity is present so this is the cavity we are going to see the presence of cavity between the body wall as as well as the gut wall correct but here it is not lined by misom but instead the misom are present like a patches like a pouch so that's why we call them as what it is a pomate so once again it is a favorite line for examiner every line is favorite every line is a neat based lines only but these lines are very very specific that will be targeted by these examiner okay pseudo for the first time is seen in ascal meus so I have mentioned this also it's the first time in anom then tripl blastic that nature already we have seen in platas and even bilateral symmetry because the head formation already started there sense organs are accumulated there okay so these two are General things and rest of the things also once again the features of these organism now now when you look at the body plan of these organism they said we have advanced know we have a complete Elementary canol man we have a complete digestive system okay imagine if I draw a warm like this imagine this is one worm Mo look like a man's leg one second okay imagine this is an organism and these organisms ISS we have a mouth that is a opening that will be continues like this in the form of a gut that will be ends in anus that will be ends in anus so if an organism having two openings called mouth and the anus then we call it as what it is a complete digestive system complete digestive system that is nothing but tube within tube so if you just look at this image it looks as it is so within one tube there is one more tube looks okay so that type of body plan is called two within two body plan so these aregan process that okay we do give respect for that but here they are telling we have a complete body plan I mean complete digestive system and in that digestive system we are not that much Advanced like you people human being for example in our case what happened if I say this is the esophagus this is the stomach this is the intestine this is our elementary canol and then large int understand the same tube it start showing the shape and position in different way but of course it is a single tube only though the shape or size May varies if I just draw a tube it will be continuous like this okay and when you just ingest a foot what happened what happened just Rec when you have taken a foot and you have ingested that will enters into your mouth and then into our gut system right so once you swallow the food and after that it will not written here only it will be just pushed down how it will be pushed down in the form of a movement called peristaltic moment ch ch ch like that it will be just push us down to the elementary Canon so if it has to do such a movement okay just imagine if you are passing a marble into a uh rubber tube imagine there's a marble in your hand so that marble you are pushing inside a rubber tube then how you could able to see the swollen and that is a swallen part and again that part will be comes to a normal size again it is will it will be get swen as this ball keep moving further okay so this type of movement what you are going to see in your gut system is called peristaltic moment so that is happened only because of the musles remember throughout our gut system we have a muscles there is a layer of muscle present that make these food particles to move down with a peristaltic movement but here these organism saying we have gut system we have Elementary canal but like such muscles we do not have throughout our elementary only to a particular part the musle is that okay imagine here in this place here in this place only muscles are restricted to this particular area so that's why this area is nothing but a fings as it is consist of muszle we call it as muscular fings Muscular FS we should not underestimate this character though it is not well done develop but at least the muscles are formed here in the blood system but rest of the organism do not have that thing also correct so once again it is a unique feature of these organism well developed muscular fings again it is a neat line so all unique characters that you are going to see in a FM they are all nothing but a neat line it is a common sense you can just fix it okay so understood this is about the digestive system now these organisms are saying we are Advanced no we should have certain unique characters Even in our lookwise how you people human beings you look different the male are different female are different like that we also shows differences in male and female organism that is nothing but sexual dimorphism when you able to distinguish male and female just by looking at their morphology such character or such property we call it as what sexual dimorphism okay remember these terms are important these organism possess sexual dimorphism morphism is morphology dimorphism is dual different okay and here the Sexes are separate obviously Sexes must be separate if they look different correct let me draw those organisms here can you see this is a very small organism this is a male word okay it looks smaller and if you look at the female their length is very large look at here they're very large so this is once again important characteristic feature we need to understand here the females are very long compared to male long compared to male okay and obviously they have mouth and here these organisms is we have a particular Poe that is a opening to excrete the waste okay so here we could able to see such Force here here so these are called on one side I'm going to mention they are called excretory all nitrogenous B un things will be excal from here but not undigested as mouth is present at the top let's imagine there is a opening here there is an opening so this opening so this opening is called cloa this opening is called cloa so cloa is a common opening for undigested food as well as the SPs here the testes are present so let me consider these are the testes if it is a male organism obviously male sex organ must be their testes so through these testes the sperms nothing but the gamuts male gamuts they are going to release No that will be passed through these system only Elementary canol only that will be ejected out through this CLA even undigested food also ejected through this CLA and sperms also ejected through this CLA and where they going to eject where they are going to replace those sperms into the female body in the female body there is an opening this is called gono for nothing but female genal system so here with the help of a structure like this so these two structures are called pineal seating sometimes if the question comes these information not given in ncrt but sometimes if the question comes in your exam it it would become helpful for you at that moment that's why I'm telling okay so these two pin like structures that acts like a penis uh of a male organism so they are going to open this gof for they are going to deposit SPM inside therefore obviously the fertilization must be where in the inside the body itself that means internal fertilization understood so this is about the body structure uh don't worry if any extra information that you are going to see in other modules or in other Publications don't get panck and don't even get scared by looking at all those things because the questions will not be asked out of the NCR even if it is as asked also I have covered everything which Al needed right now let's move on to where the reproduction part as I have said that sexual reproduction is the only mode of reproduction takes place here there is no asexual reproduction so this is one thing and sexual dimorphism I said male and female look different so this is one more character internal fertilization if the sperms are going to deposit inside the body they only the fertilization takes place no what is mean by fertilization Fusion of male and female gamut male gamut that is the sperm female gamut that is nothing but the ovam so if both get fused the resultant product is nothing but the zy so that Fusion if it occur inside the body that is internal fertilization correct internal fertilization and the Z sometimes which may develop and look like adult only then it is called direct development sometimes it may shows Lara that is called indirect development so these are few points you have to remember that is more than enough in this value okay and here look at these examples ascaris it is also called common brown just now I have shown in the image that is in the inter of a person not in all human being in my stomach stach stomach is a wrong word in intine in my body and your body may not be affected by this worm okay so that's why we are not affected we are healthy only in affected individuals they start multiply like anything because the egg is going to hatch and they become a big worm obviously their multiplication rate will be more they will be occupied so they are commonly called common Dr B okay and another example already I that is uch areia it is also called ferial so if it is infected to a person it does not directly go and infect a person it is spread through a mosquito qlex mosquito again you are going to study about this in your class 12 don't worry so mosquito acts like a vector vector means what student like a vehicle how we going to sit inside a vehicle to reach of destination from one place to another place like that the mosquito is acts like a vehicle mosquito will ask a fial will you come I will drop you to the human blood then it will go and sit in their body again it will travel when that mosquito by a human being it is going to drop that it is going to dump that ferial worm inside the body of a person then it start multiplying it start showing such symptom how it is going to happen have some curiosity if you are a class 11 student that we are going to study in human health already if you a Class 12 student you know the story okay so it is called elephantiasis this dis is is elephantiasis okay so they are going to connect the things from one chapter from one chapter to another chapter we should be thorough in all the chapters and all the concept of NC then only we can answer any level questions either it is a level one level two level three any Ty okay and the last one is ancy it is commonly called hook one sometimes such examples will become in the form of match the following for example see as cares in front of them they may give ferial worm hookworm is nothing but ancy stroma you should know which one is actually PS to the right turn then you can easily match it okay so this is enough about the as now let's move on to okay this is the ncrt text part I have put here suppose if I have left any line let us solve here itself okay the body of these ascal Minas is circular in cross-section hence the name round worms I said just now they may be free leing aquatic terrestrial parasitic in plants and animals we learned even the example also worms have organ system level of organization okay this is important they are bilaterally symmetrical tripl blastic and sudo animals important important Elementary Canal is complete with welldeveloped muscular fings important okay so ncrt line only if you have ncrt textbook along with you you can see there also an excretory tube removes the body waste from the body cavity through excretory po important Sexes are separate okay look at this when the Sexes are separate we call it as dious usually hermite is the term we use for when both the Sexes present in an individual correct but here when the Sexes are separate we call them as what dious if Sexes are present together it is also called manous along with herat remember that is male and females are distinct distinct in the S separate often females are longer than males it's a statement based question it can come fertilization is internal again important development may be direct young ones resemble the or it can be indirect that's it that's it over now we are in the next one sorry next film that is an an look at these wors structure this is earthor if you are a very keen Observer If You observe this earthor you could able to see a ring like structure present on their body surface correct a small small Rings present right and this is leech it is going to suck the blood of a person blood of a human therefore it is also called blood sucking leech blood suing Le okay here also if You observe their body round round structure we could able to see that is a ring format right and this one is nearest usually this organism is going to found near the marine environment that is in the seore big side we are going to see this organism here also there shows many lines that is a ring like structure correct so one thing is very common in all these organism though they structure look different their size their shape everything may look different but they have a common thing what is that common thing the presence of ring on their surface okay in the Latin word the ring is also called anulus anulus anulus means ring that means the organ organisms which have a ring like structures on their body they are all nothing but what Ana okay ring bearing organism just like how the organisms are going to Bear the Kum on their surface like that H the speciality of these organisms that the Rings are nothing but segmentation only already we have le in the basis of classification so this segmentation are we also call it as a metamere metamere it is not only restricted to outside it is just like a train there is a compartment in the train how we are going to see the compartment outside even inside also we are going to see right so like that here also in this organism outside also this compartment present that is a ring like structure and inside also we are going to see the compartment right so that's why they have this segmentation both internally and externally so it is not only see in adult case from the embryonic stage itself this segmentation phenomena started see that's why they are called true segmented animals remember true segmentation but when I took the example of a plat helus there also I could able to see I could able to see in the sense we could able to see the segments like this but why didn't we call it as a true segmentation because such a segments are not seen from the embryo stage if seen in the embryo condition itself then it is called true segmentation but here later in later stages they started developing that's why is a pseudo segmentation okay so that's why we didn't talk about this organism in segmentation criteria right now let's by taking any one example let's talk about the body structure as well as the certain features okay let me take NES first yeah before going to NES let's talk about the General thing once again the habitat could be terrestrial or it could be aquatic terrestrial means it can be free living that is present on the land sometimes it is a parasitic for example there is a leech so leech is going to suck the blood obviously it is depending on organism right for its blood therefore it is a parasitic also as it is present outside the body I mean taking the food from outside it is called ectoparasite ectoparasite endoparasite whereas in previous cases we learned about ascaris that is endoparasite take endoparasite this is ectoparasite here itself we came to know the differences as well as the example also correct next is there triploblastic it's not a special feature already we have seen are the system of are the system level of organization from previous FM itself we started seeing complete digestive system this is also already seen in the animal kingdom but youate once again a favorite question for whom not for me for The Examiner from which kingdom we started seeing the true C that is from the an group so till now we have seen the aate and incal in Theo from now onwards that is from an onwards till CA we are going to see all organisms possess true true body cavity that is a organism okay so very important mark down in your book bilateral symmetrical obviously they have a head okay now let's talk about this NES NES okay so these NES they have a ice they have a pair eyes let us not talk about much about their eyes and all they have even some not appendages palp like structure so that in a cockroach have you seen a big hair like structures in a cockroach body antenna we call them as so these antenna they are sensory if you just touch the antenna of the Coos they will just run from that place and even that antenna could able to sense the T as well as the smell as well as the taste of the food it seems to be surprise but it is true okay so like that here also there are certain appendages present can you see here they acts like a sensory structure okay let's not talk about that because it's not our main part of meat now if you look at this organism let us come to the main part if you just look at this organism can you see here leg leg structure present on either side a small small leg like structure can you see out growth leg like so these are called parapodia This is the main characteristic feature that we are going to focus in this organism parapodia parapodia they acts like a lateral appendages these are lateral appendages why lateral appendages because they are present on the lateral side if it is an organism they are present like this present on either side it's the lateral side so why they are present obviously for Locomotion for these organisms to move so of course it is right it helps in Locomotion and even as these organisms are present in the Maran environment in the beginning itself I said so they help in swimming also okay let me write here they are present in Maran environment or Maran habitat I will tell you one interesting story about this interesting fact about this orans I said they present near the Maran habitat right right so look at here look at here this is the seashore especially not inside that is in depth of the ocean no it's not present there near the seashore means in the inter tidal region suppose if it is a sea that is a ocean and near the tides which are so coming in this area these organisms are going to present here of course the sand will be there the sand everything will be there correct so the tides the water tides will be keep coming and in this area they prefer to grow I mean they prefer to Live inter tial region so they are very smart what they going to do is they just make a tunnel like structure okay let me rub this part and I will show you so let's assume this is the C Shore okay here and these organisms are going to create a tunnel like this T from here to here here to here in deep they going to create this right now the organism will come here this is the organism will reside here and once again if they want to come out again it will come and just comes out through this tunnel it will just stood up stood their head up and when the tight comes when they just move over their head so if any small small incels present in the water they will just catch it and they will just eat it so like that they are going to eat their food okay and even at the time of reproduction also they're very Advanced they are also telling just like an sorry ascal menas we also shows different Sexes that means male and female are separate that means especially I'm talking about the n in the case of n the Sexes are separate that is a dioes male and female are separate here so these NES at the time of breeding they start developing sex organs at the lower part of their body it seems to be strange but it is actually the fact okay so if it is a Nas If it is a Nas their lower part of the body start developing the sex organs okay it totally look different from upper part to lower part so when they become mature both male as well as the female neres so this is female NES it is its lower part lower part so there it develop the sexan so when they become mature when they become well developed and off then the organism will get burst out so that the gamuts will be released into the water okay so male sex organ releases a male gam organism will get D okay just for mating purpose they will sacrifice their life and this female organism it also releases its gamut into the water itself and there itself they are going to fuse then obviously type of fertilization it is external fertilization here all the things what I said regarding their sexcess the body look different even if you won't remember also no problem in that but just remember the neares are dious that means SS are separate and the gamuts are going to fuse outside the body that means they show external fertilization and the zygote which are so developed from here they directly do not look like the adult they show a laral stage so if the Lar stage is present obviously it is a indirect development so these are few things regarding NES you have to remember so parapodia is a very important term okay now when you take another example of this F that is a earthw once again we have seen that earthworm is having a ring light structure thank God actually that Earth part has got deleted from your syllabus this you need to study in detail about earthor circulator system earthor reproductive system aror digestive system everything you have to study in detail we people not even remember our own system organs as well as the names but look at the NCR how it is torturing to remember the names as well as certain thums of this AR but thank God it has got deleted nothing to worry in that okay but few things we have to remember here so AR obviously it belongs to an group okay and here once again sexcess are not separate sexcess are not separate means these are organisms are hermaphrodite hermaphrodite what is the meaning of hermaphrodite that is a manous monious that means both the sees are present together in an organism but here one strange thing is as the nature do not allow the gamuts of same individual to fuse within their body how it encourages to pass into the another organism here also it will do the same okay that means during the time of reproduction what happens here this is one AR imagine this is one AR let me write it face on mouth AR actually do not looks like this but for our convenience let me show like this okay and let me draw one more here it will comes in this way it will make its face on that side so here is it mouth as well as okay so imagine here the spumps are there in this one in these segments let me show these are the testes these are the T and here in these Earth there are certain bag bag like structure so that the testes which are so releasing the spumps that will be get deposited inside the bank they are called spermatica spermatica so inside organism one this is let's consider this is organism to AR only so here the sperm of organism one will be get deposited here so now it will become a different genetic meod now here in the worm two let's assume here is the female gamut that is the ovary So within the ovary let's imagine the egg are present now these sperms are going to fuse with the Egg of this swm but it is not belonging to the same genetic makeup because this sperm the these are the sperm of organism one this is the Y of organism 2 now they will be having different genetic makeup correct so such fertilization is known as cross fertilization which is done through different organisms Fusion okay though they are arite though they are Aral product if the sperm of this organism Fus with the OV of this organism only organism one only then it is a celf fertilization but here they are exchanging they're exchanging therefore it is a cross fertilization okay and obviously internal fertilization within their body itself the fusion occur even in the case of leech also leech also Herm frct so leech as well as the earthw in both the cases we are not going to see the sex is separate both male and female individual I mean both male and female gamuts are going to produce within the same individual it's not like neres okay in the neres case the fertilization was external but here the fertilization is internal right got the difference now General characters already we have learned let's learn few B's function because as we keep moving into the higher level of phym so we started seeing certain Advanced system because Argan system started forming there in the body obviously they have to show certain mechanism in their body right we need to study that no other way so here the digestive system is complete complete digestive system in the sense we have understood mouth as well as anus both are present so that's why it is a complete digestive system okay and next close circulat system remember once again it's a neat line neat line because till now in any other FM we have not learned about the circulator system circulator system begin from Anala part itself even though it is the first time in the animal kingdom they are saying that we have a closed circulatory system we won't show that entire blood should be fall on all the organ system okay that is in the open circulatory system already we know the differences in the basis of classification here they show the clo circulat system remember it's very important then the excretion is done through a special structure called neia in the case of platal menas we studied flame cells here neia whereas in ascal menas just excretory it neia is something like this it's a funel like structure it's a funel like structure it will be opens out like this okay if it is a earthor if it is earthor this funnel this funnel will be present they will be excr out through this okay and here one more important thing I forgot to mention in the case of leech in the case of leech the parapodia was there parapodia means there are the lateral appendages for their moment but when it comes to the not Lee neares when it come to the earthw the earthw body have you seen the earthor moments they're not going to do like this they won't run like this in the form of a snake they are going to pull their body first then again they move they just bend their body up again they move like this they are going to show the movement correct so this is because with the help of certain musles it happened okay so imagine this is the earthw in this earthw there are certain longitudinal Muses present these are the longitudinal muscles okay let me write this is important thing I forgot how can I forgot this I shouldn't do this no longitudinal muscles and here over this longitudinal muscles there are certain circular muscles present these are called circular muscles so these two muscles together help in Loc Lo motion Locomotion okay and along with that along with that these organisms we cannot see in this image they will be having small small structure yes shape structure like this like this like this like this they are present they are called C even C is present in N also and here they're very prominent c as well as the longitudinal and circular muscles responsible for what responsible for Locomotion in this organism even in the case of fle also muszle only the helps in the movement okay yes so Locomotion part we have understood then respiration respiration is just through body surface they will be having opening through that the exchange of gases takes place neia have shown no so here the extra waste will be just exced out that means the ammonia as well as the nothing but nitrogenous waste that will be excr out through this nepia important feature then nervous system p gang we are connected by lateral nerves to a double v nerve car so here you are going to get stuck out many student they just mug up this line pair gangar or gang nervous system double vental solid nerve card what is the meaning if I ask the question in off for offline student they will just get numb they won't answer just they will mug up but if you do like this no in your exam for time being you can remember but if the question comes in applied level or if the question twisted and if they ask the question definitely are not going to answer it because first of all you didn't understand the concept only how you can answer so very simple first let us understand the meaning of these thing okay nervous system means what let me talk in simple way in a simple language what is the meaning of nervous system neuron okay very simple let me talk very very simple neuron isans nothing but a n everybody know the structure of neuron already we have learned in lower classes also what is that it will be having the cell body over this it will be having the dendrites like this correct it's look like a star but it's okay no problem and it will be having a long thread like structure called Aon and this is the n correct so let me write this part is a cell body and this is the axon now now I will take only cell body I will take only cell body this is one cell body with dries this is another cell body with dries this is another cell body with dries so like that are Will Group many cell bodies many cell bodies are Will Group man then such group of cell body group of cell body is called what gangon gangon gangon is actually singular it is a singular so like such many gangon are present we call it as a ganglia okay now imagine if the cell bodies are grouped obviously their aons also in a bundle right correct so their axons which are so running like this from each neuron they are also like in a bundle they are also like in a bundle it is nothing but a Nerf card it is a Nerf card okay now what they are telling what they are telling in these organisms there is a paired gang connected by lateral nerves to a double vental nerve car what is the meaning that let us understand let us understand let me write a gangon here this is a gangon so you should understand that here so many cell bodies are present so many cell bodies so many cell bodies correct here also so many cell bodies are there so many cell bodies and if the cell bodies are grouped together obviously I can call it as what I can call it as a gum ganglia now it is a ganglia because I have written two bundles of cell bodies now in this group The aans are running like this axons are running like this and from this group also the aans are running like this a are rning right now it become a two it become a double so we have understood the ganglia we have understood why and how it has become a double and now paired ganglia paired ganglia in the sense now such group what you have seen in the beginning we could able to see here also let me take one more color yellow color I take here also you could able to see the group of cell body that is one gulum here also group of cell body that is another ganga so like that there are so many group of cell bodies are there nothing but a Ganda Ganda present if these are cell bodies then obviously their Aon must be there their Aon must be emerged no so here the Aon of this and here the a of this will connect together here also a of this Neuron a of the cell body connecting so like that each gangon axons are connecting like this can you see they're looking like a ladder looking like a ladder so that's what we could able to see that it's a paired ganglionated okay it's a paired ganglionated paired ganglionated ganglionated solid Nerf card double double solid nerve card paired ganglionated we have understood because the ganglions are present in there why they are solid because in our cases in our cases our neuron is a hello hello but here the a are completely running without any Gap therefore it is a solid okay paired gated double they are in double solid because there is no Gap inside there is no hallo Nerf and here in the case of especially these things let me show here these neurons oh one second one second so axons of these neuron and axons of these neuron ax of these neuron ax of these neuron they're connecting like this they looks like a ring even so if the ring like structure are present then also okay you can take it but especially in the case of invertebrates I will tell you invertebrates word is a new for you till now I have not taken that word but at the end of this class we will understand we have to understand that it is a paired ganged double solid Nerf card where it is present they present in the vent side not on the D side if I draw Aram if I just draw Aram AR here I could able to see the gangon here I could able to see the gangon like this Mo like this Mo and this is the double this is the double these are paired gangl unated this is pair gang lated they're interconnected like this interconnected like this sometimes it could able to form a ring like this by interconnecting so this is nothing but a nervous system PA gated double solid ventral side this is the dorsal side of an organism this is the ventral side this is the vental side okay so in our cases this is the vental side and the back side is the dorsal side so here the vental side of an organism this nervous system is present that's it that's it over see nervous system is paired gandia connected by lateral nerves why lateral nerves because on either side they are connecting double mental nerve part over that's it what is there in that okay yes this one we have understood this one we have understood this one this one over yes so this is ncrt part ncrt text have taken directly so so let's read it if any doubts if I have not explained any L let me explain here itself there may be aquatic Maran fresh water or terrestrial free leing sometimes parastic this we have understood organ system level organization bilateral symmetry triploblastic metally segmented important Cate animals important their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments that is metam hence the name Ana important Latin anulus that is a little rink they possess long itudinal and circular muscles which helps in Locomotion where if it is a case of Na if it is a case of arw specifically I have explained arw as well as the leech but it is given in general here we should be specific okay yes aquatic animals like neris see here they are mentioning specifically neris possesses lateral appendages that is parapodia this is important which helps in swimming a close circulatory system is present important I said neia that is nephridium asmo regulation and excretion so excretion meaning you have understood asmo regulation means water balance okay so how in our body the water is going to balance suppose if you drink less water no we will uh urinate less amount why because our body should manage the water amount that means water content inside so that's why we will less urinate if you drink more water obviously urine output will be more so that kind of mechanism there is water how much should be there inside and how much it has to get excrete out along with the water certain ions are also going to get excrete so that is nothing but osmo regulation okay so that thing is performed here in neia how it is done in case of human being by a kidney like that here by nefaria okay neural system consist of pair ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double vental nerve C okay over nearis aquatic form is diosas important I said but arws and leeches are Monas important okay reproduction is obviously sexual here near is fima once again you should know Aram is also called fima it's a scientific name and hin area so these examples are very important students simply many student what we will do know okay even when I was a student if I just remember the name of Aram I think that was enough but actually along with Aram I should know the name there is a scientific name as H what is that fera so like that along with the leech there is a blood sing leech I should know it's so called hin area because sometimes the questions will comes in the form of match the following then there itself we are going to get Disturbed and we won't answer forther okay yes that's it let's solve few question three FM over another three FM corrent very simple question if you have understood the concept easily will answer ascaris is characterized by so ascaris belongs to which phm first we should know the FM name ascal Minas ascal Minas they are also called round worms round W so in round WM case ascal Minas here the word is coming c c so we should know ascal aoom so in the first sentence they are telling absence of TR correct this is correct TR is abent presence of metalism first of all ring like structure started seeing in Ana so therefore this is wrong presence of neither true correct we do agree uh presence of neither true zum but here absence was given okay nor metalism correct both are absent you do not have segments also and even you do not have the also so this is the right word man this is the right word this is the correct answer here the presence of true wrong here itself wrong presence of Trum and metamerism wrong next question which of the following is not a platy helus platus means flat uraria it's a ascal minus escalus no it's a fial worm tenia flator faiola it's a new example but it is a flator plan areia so all belongs to flator this is not a flator therefore this is our answer okay next question phm plat helas members are see here plat in this question how but it's okay no problem they're dally flattened do called Flat ones I will tell you why have put this question this line is Right bilaterally symmetrical tripl blastic and a this is also right with Argan system level of organization yeah now many students will ask the doubt in the comment section I know it but before getting the doubt I will only solve you in your ncrt when you just open the text part of of clity hel there they have given it's a Argan level of organization but when you open a table I will show you I will show you one second yes see here page number 51 if you have ncrt with you you can open that in page number 151 sorry 51 there's a table so in this table there are column given regarding film levels of organization symmetry so many things that is different criteria in the beginning itself I said but here I'm showing with a pro okay when you just come down here to the plat helus part and the level of organization which is given beside to that what they are telling Argan and Argan system then what you have to write during examination because in the text part they have mentioned Argan system and here they are telling both Argan and Argan system level then you need to stick on to both the words why because some of the member May possess Argan system and majority mostly they are Argan level okay so that's why many times we are going to take only the majority not the exception but yeah the exceptions also included but if it is given in such a way then all of the above could be the right answer that's what I said just few minutes before we need to mention the best answer sometime we need to look at the best answer instead of moving to the correct one because here if you just put into a debate of course are level of organ system itself is going to get win but here the best answer is with all the above feature because this line is given in the table that's why okay just to avoid that confusion I put this question now hope it's very Crystal Clear next question aerion tenia Solium it is nothing but they're talking about the plat helus only and duia it is also plat helus both are plat helas belong to Plat helas okay reason what they telling plat helas are C do you think plat are first of all C is the term introduced from an part plat or a then which option we should go here both assertion reasons are not true here also both are not true assertion is true but reason is false correct reason is false this is our answer here assertion itself false is given this is wrong next question pick out the incorrect statement about the phm ascal minus ascal minus means what we have seen our worms no often females are longer than male correct Sexes are separate dashes correct Elementary Canal is complete with well developed muscular fence correct fertilization is external incorrect because they are going to put their sperm inside the body of a female so it is a internal fertilization this is incorrect and this is our answer okay we need to Mark the incorrect one which member of ascal is parasitic to animals look at the question parasitic to animals ascaris it is a parasitic to animals which is present inside the human intestine melod incog it is also ascal minus but it is a parasitic to plants correct tobacco plant therefore this is not our answer uchia that is elephantiasis this is caused by it so it is also parasitic to animals only so option both A and C next question round worms are different from platas which of the following feature okay round worms are triploblastic platas are also tripl blastic man round worms have complete digestive system but platas are incomplete only one opening it was having okay round worms have flame cells wrongs do they have flame cells wrong wors have neia platial MS of flame cells all of the above cannot be the answer so therefore option b is the right one okay next one which belongs to phm Ana Lee n AR all of the above Lee Lee is also Ana because ring is there n also un a ring arw so all of the above is the answer next Dash in dash true segmentation of body first observed see first time the ring like structure that is a segmentation started seeing in Anala group so therefore Ana is the answer okay next question animals with metameric segmentation bilateral symmetry and Clos circulatory system see metamerism first of all started seeing in Anala and Clos circulat system started seeing from ANA but bilateral symmetry tripl blastic that has already introduced from platal so therefore Ana is the right answer okay next question which of the following is a Pudo Asal Minas direct answer where it is ascal minus is not given examples are given ascal minus ascaris and uchia comes under this group whereas ancla is also there in ascal Minas but P belongs to mola we have not yet gone there this is the answer dulus and Lee so this is anela okay this is anela It's A ascal minus therefore this is also not an answer the right one is option y next question okay phm oropa let's talk about this pH arthropoda so here in the word arthropoda we could able to see once again if you split that word two sub words we can see one is Arro another one is AA so Arro in the sense joints Oda means appendages so here it means these organisms in their appendages they have many joints that's why the name arthropoda I will make you understand the meaning of this term arthropoda through an example example that is through cockroach okay but before that one more important thing we need to know that so this is the largest phm in the Animalia Kingdom because whatever the organism that you have identified that you have discovered say around 1.7 to 1.8 million species we have discovered on the earth of course there are still so many are there we are not discovered but out of discovered species itself the 23 23 of all named species are nothing but arthropoda only say for example imagine you have named or you have discovered 10 organisms or 10 species in that 23 belongs to arthropod itself means what that much abundant they are that much large amount they are present on the earth okay so these are the most abundant non non Cates because they comes under the group of nonc they land on the that means they started increasing their population on the land okay so it's a neat question which is the largest FM in the Kingdom analia as well as this two3 word is also neat question okay now here I said I will make you understand by taking the example of a cockroach right so this is the leg piece of cockroach simply I was a kidding this is the leg of the Cockroach okay not a leg piece leg of cockroach so here I have mentioned the parts also one is called coxa another one is tranter fmer tdia torsus so these are the different bones which are attached onto the leg okay why have took this image because even though it seems to be only 1 2 three four five bones but still there are so many pieces are there small small bones they are going to be attached with the help of certain joints so that's why the name joint appendages okay imagine here in this tiia in this tiia okay let me draw this tibia first okay small small the these pieces are going to be get joined by this joint or if I take here only Cox and F joined by this appendage I mean joint here also joints here also so many joints you are going to see here that's why the name jointed appendages or the organism bearing so many joints in their appendages are nothing but arop even the joints can be seen in the antenna also look at this image of cockroach this is cockroach right everybody knows it so this cockr they have a long thread like structure see these threads are nothing but the sensory structure called antenna antenna so even in this antenna also if You observe carefully through microscope this antenna consist small small pieces like this again they are going to be get joined together with the help of these joints that's why the name arroa Arro means joints p means appendages okay now let's study about certain features as well as the body structure of this organism let's by taking the example of cockroach itself because it is very familiar in everybody's house of course we are going to see the Cockroach correct yes now let me draw a rough diagram of a CO here so first of all within arthropoda we are going to see so many sub classes so many classes okay but here for our reference let us study by taking three classes okay but before entering to that three classes let me talk about the body structure by taking the example of whom yes cockroach okay now the body of this organism is divided into head torax body has three parts one is head second one is torax third one is abdomen in few organism this thorax part cannot be visible it will be fused with the head part itself okay so that's why they are called sealo thorax for example if you look at the octopus octopus do not comes under this category and very sorry it comes under molasa we'll talk about that later but here in some organism that head part as well as the thorax part can be Fus sometime but generally generally generally head thorax and abdomen is the three parts that we are going to divide in its body okay now let me consider this is the head part of the coach okay and here the neck is there but we cannot see the neck and this is the thorax region and this is the abdominal region so of course it is a segmented right because externally it show the segments like this three segments are present in the thorax region 10 segments are present in the abdominal region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 okay now this is the head part so within the head what are the structures you could expect of course we are going to expect the I correct imagine these are the eyes so I in some arthropod they're very simple just like human hands we have a simple eyes one simple ey ear another simple ey ear but in some organism say for example in cockroach within I we are going to see many simple eyes okay I will tell you what is the meaning of that imagine imagine this is one I I'm just telling this is one I now to this eye just imagine you are going to insert so many pin okay so many pointed pin needles needles okay if you just insert the needle here how it is going to look like this no imagine this is the needle structure so this needle if you insert it looks something like this no something like this actually what you are inserting here as a needle these are the simple eyes these are the simple eyes we are going to call by a term called umia singular is umum plural is umia okay there are so many umum I mean um are present here around 2,000 um present that means what it become it's not a simple eye right now right it is having many simple eyes together then of course it is what many simple eyes let me take some other color look at here how it is staring at you correct so this is nothing but a compound eye so what did you understand some arthropod may have a simple eyes some may have compound eyes correct now in the case of kakro it is having compound ey and after that it has to make a sense right oh somebody's standing oh some food is there how it could able to sense it with the help of a sensory structure that sensory structure is something like here like this so what are these yes your guess is right these are called antenna plural is anten singular is antenna now this is the abdominal part this is the sorry this is the thorax part this is the abdominal part now the entire body of this cockroach will be covered by a exoskeleton what is the meaning of exoskeleton skeleton means you know it is nothing but a structure or it is a something made up of certain chemicals that could able to give a proper shape to an organism if I take a example of human being we have a skeleton but which is present internally that's why we have a proper shape we have a proper size correct but here in these organism there is no internal skeleton there's a outer skeleton that we call it as exoskeleton okay so that exos skeleton is rough in nature so that will be covered throughout the body that is in all the segment so let me talk about by taking any one of the segment say for example let me take this part only that is let me take this part that is from the thorax and let me show how these exoskeleton looks okay so it is something like this no this is the thorax region so I just took out one part from this now on either side here also on dorsal side a exoskeleton is present on ventral side also exoskeleton is present lateral side also exoskeleton present this side this side in all the Four Corners this exoskeleton is present let me take an analogy to make you understand just imagine the soldiers in earlier time in ancient period you might have seen the movies of the Kings right King who are doing war with their enemies so while doing War the soldiers are even a king they are going to wear the armor which is made up of some some kind of Steel jacket right so how hard it is it is it is a kind of protection for them during the war period so like that there are also wearing certain armor so that they need certain Shield like structure for their production so this is nothing but the exoskeleton that will be present throughout their body okay so this exoskeleton it is not completely covered if completely covered then just imagine how this cockroach could able to walk if you just run behind the Cockroach you will get fail but cockro will win why because of having the jointed appendages they can run very fast like anything you cannot easily uh catch the Cockroach correct so how it could able to run suppose if it has been completely Tied by this armor like structure there is exos skeleton so that's why for its flexibility there is a membrane present here here there is a membran structure present here it is called arthrodial membrane no need of learning the name of this membrane but you just know it this is a membrane but this structure what you seeing this is the exoskeleton made up of a material called kiteen so again it's a neat line exoskeleton so don't worry we are going to learn in detail about this cockroach only particularly in our structural organization in animal chapter because in a revised syllabus that has that part has got deleted but according to NDA that is a need pattern what they are telling in the neat syllabus they just mentioned the word insect study the digestive circulatory dash dash dash all the systems of insect so insect means who is here of course it is cockroach only so that's why we need to understand about cockroach but we'll study in detail in that chapter okay let us not waste time here by learning in detail okay but these words are there in our ncrt so here we need to focus right so kittin is made up of extra skon very simple and now while flying while running it has to balance its body how our ear is balancing us because ear is going to balance the air inside as well as the outside okay so like that here there is a balancing Argan it is called staty okay so staty is a balancing Argan present inside so many things we have learned let us learn certain basic features of this organism and at the same time we need to learn its body's function also because as we keep moving in advanced level of course there's a respiratory system circulatory system nervous system everything started forming because it is organ system level of organization okay let us learn that also so hope you have understood this much next okay basic body features one is tube within tube that is a complete digestive system again I won't explain everything because you have seen uh you have understood the concept what I have taught in the beginning itself correct and organ system level of organization it has three germ layer therefore tripl blastic of course the head formation is there therefore we can cut this organism I mean cutting the sense if you pass through a central axis we could be able to get a two equal half so that's why it is called bilateral symmetry and of course it is a Cate animal now as I said in the beginning itself there are many classes in arthropoda but we can classify into three major group for our study purpose what are those it is important for your examination point of view remember don't neglect all those things one is we can group into insecta so insecta means all your cockroach mosquito everything comes under here cockroach mosquito butterfly everything comes under the group of insecta okay so look at here these insecta I mean organisms of group insecta they have a compound ey remember important another group is called crustacean these are organisms are present in water okay see arthropoda there are a diverse organism you can find this even in a terrestrial environment in the marine environment even in the fresh water in everywhere you could able to get this because just imagine man two3 of these organisms are arop only on this Earth correct so crab pra all these comes under Crustaceans because they are aquatic let me right here only they are aquatic so these are terrestrial and now one more group we can make so another group is called arachnida in this group we are going to see the spider scorpion all those things okay now if You observe clearly it has been clearly said that this group is having compound eye this group is also having compound eye whereas aracha is having simple eyes that's why I said in the beginning some are having compound some are having simple eyes now when you enter into the respiratory system respiration of these organism the inecta group shows tracheal system tracheal system of respiration what is the meaning of tracheal system once again inecta group is nothing but cockroach only let me take the Cockroach body so this is the head this is the thorax this is the abdomen okay let me take like this only just like okay let it watches what you are watching we are reading don't scare us okay this this organism in their abdomen they have small small holes in the lateral side so these holes they act like a nostril how the nostrils are present in our body like that they are present in their body okay so these holes are called spiracles spiracles now through the spiracles oxygen will enter in their body just like through nostril how oxygen enter into our body like that here also okay so let's imagine the oxygen is entering oxygen is entering so now when it enter where it goes so that is what we are going to study in trach system let me take out only one part here so let's consider this is a trach system okay trach system now let's imagine oxygen is moving inside oxygen is moving inside soon after its movement soon after its movement it enter into a two black structure into a two black structure like this okay so this tube is called trachea this tube is called trachea now this tube forther branches like this further show many branches like this and every Branch every branch is going towards the Argan tissue so directly they are dumping their oxygen so imagine here is oxygen it is just moving through the trachea and these are the tracheoles tracheoles so this entire system we call as a trary system so the mov oxygen will directly dumped into the tissue part okay so here we can imagine like this here they are branching they're branching directly whatever the cells are present because why these things are happening why it is present like this because they do not have a closed circulatory system it's a open circulat system there is no particular respiratory pigment to carry this oxygen in our cases we have RBC correct so we have given that responsibility to RBC so we are just going to inhale oxygen right so that oxygen will be dumped I mean in the blood that will be carried to carried by RBC so RBC will just take this which is so having hemog globing in that and giving NE to the tissue but here no such respiratory pigment so that's why this work is done by this tral are trules that is nothing but trach system okay so that case happen in in whereas when you come to the Crustaceans which are leing in where which are living in water aquatic environment of course they need what gills gills as well as the book gills so again important which is given in ncrt only though they have not specified particularly as in crans but gills and book gills are there okay so gills you can understand in fishes we have observed the gills then what is book gills very simple have you seen the books pages of the books right in the same way the gills are looks like the pages of a book correct okay so that's why it is called book gills and even in araka we are going to see book lungs book lungs in the sense lungs which are present like a pages of a book in a shape and size therefore they are called book LS okay and the next thing is we are talking about we need to talk about excretory system that is excretion in case of insect Malian tubules are present whereas in the case of this Crustaceans green gland anary gland we'll talk about this let us talk about by taking the example of insecta once again that is cockroach huh what are MAF tues if I just draw a cockroach body a cockroach body the gut has divided into three parts one is the for gut this is the for gut and after that comes the mid gut okay and ultimately it shows the hind gut that opens into anus let me write all these parts this is the for gut mid gut and this is the hind gut see here between the midgut and hind gut there are so many thread like structure present like this like this like like this like this these threads are called what these threads are nothing but Malian tubules malan tubules I won't enlarge these tubules to show because as I said again we are going to discuss them the structural organization chapter okay so here these small fion tues they are going to absorb the uric acid that is a nitrogenous waste which are so present inside the body of this organism they're going to just absorb all those things and and finally after absorption that will dump into this hand gut that will be excreted through anus so this is the anus which opens into the Yus part so that's why the malan tubules are called what excretory structure whereas in the case of crustaceans Crustaceans these are green glands they are also called anary glands why because they are present in the antena of the organism so that's why the excretion see look through antena the excretion occurs that's why it is called anten gland or green gland and this is called coxal Gand coxa means the part of the leg I have shown in the beginning itself here huh this is a coxa here somewhere this gland opens that's why it is called coxal gland So based on their location we have given the different name that's it so respiration extration we have understood so if you learn this much about these three classes that is more than enough because particularly they won't ask whether it present in cust s because it is not given in ncrt but if you know this uh you're not going to lose anything right okay next we have understood this now let's talk about the circulator [Music] system we know that it is having a open circulat system open circulatory system means the movement of blood do not occur into a closed vessel but here I mean here what happens if it is a cockroach how many chambers heart we have four chambers but in cockroach though organism is small but it says I am having 13 chamber at Man 1 2 3 4 like this 13 Chambers are there so here the blood enters into this chamber and finally that comes out through a aorta this is called aorta so this Blood finally that will be comes out through aorta that will be spills over here throughout this body cavity throughout this body cavity so just imagine suppose if the gut system is present what happened what happened to this G system they going to bathe within this Blood right they are bathing within the blood so that's why such system of blood is called open circulatory system that's it if you know this much that is more than enough now come to the nervous system nervous system I won't explain because just now in the previous fum I have told about in the Ana they have a double the same thing here also double solid ventral ganglionated Nerf card okay see Ana in the near case they were Dias correct Ana in the nearest case I said Dias dias mean excess whereas in AR as well as in the leach they are monos both sex organ are present in the same individual but here these organism are telling so in many F we are just compromised ourself by having both the SE within us but now I can't bear it anymore so male sex organ will be in separate individual female sex organ will be in separate individual all of us will be in a dious condition only so if they are dious obviously sexual reproduction has to occur so such sexual reproduction where the gamut the male gamut will be entered into the female body and there it is going to get fused okay then it is obviously called what internal fertilization while telling about near story I told that the gamuts will be released outside correct and after releasing their gamut the organism and itself will get bust out so that they will just sacrifice their life just for mating purpose but such thing do not happen in all NES remember some NES follow such method but certain NES certain group of NES they just going to release their gamuts outside and after that the gamut will be fused outside only that is called external fertilization and then the embryo zygote will be formed and that will be develops so do not get confused in every cases the organism do not go to get die in few cases it will die but in few cases it will survive okay but but that is external fertilization whereas in AR unle internal fertilization only okay but cross fertilization they are going to deposit in other organisms their sperms here the fertilization which occurs inter inside the body of the organism if it is one cockroach and if it is another cockroach so if it is a male if it is a female the male is going to deposit it there sperms into the female body and there only the fertilization so it is called internal fertilization and mostly there are OB Paris OB Paris means what EG laying organism if they give birth to the young ones they are Viv Paris we people human being we are VI Paris we are going to give birth to the young ones we won't lay egg correct so that's why it is called o Paris these are can so that's it hope I have covered almost all part let's read NC here example part is also important this is the largest FM of Animalia which include insecta so this line is important already I told over two3 important all named spes on Earth are arthropods they have organ system level organization bilateral symmetrical triploblastic segmented and xenotopic segmentation present only outside that is externally the body of arthropods are covered by kous exoskeleton important the body consist head thorax and abdomen okay so let us forget that sometimes in very few organism this head as well as the abdomen part will be just fused just forget that because it is very very rare case let us not get confused by learning that okay so the body is divided into our body consist head thorax and abdomen they have jointed Pantages correct that's that's why arthos arthropoda respiratory organs are Gil book gills book lungs important neat question or tral system okay then circulatory system is open type sensory organs like antenna eyes or compound are simple I have covered statos are balancing organs R it is not o statos are balancing organ are present okay okay statos itself mean balancing AR that's why is given fine excretion takes place through Malian tubules mostly dases fertilization usually internal why they are telling that usually usually because in some cases external fertilization may occur that's why but that is very R case let us learn what is given in NC let us not get confused mostly V Paris development may be direct or indirect some may show larva some may directly resemble the parent that's why direct development now we need to understand the most important thing here that is example okay let's learn example look at here three group they have given given an example one is they're talking about not three group more than three group I think one is they're talking about economically important group second one they're talking about the vectors okay and after that the general uh information they are given okay so questions will be framed in such a way only for example which among the following AR reports are economically important then you should know it is Apes Apes means what an of course everybody knows through honey how many benefits we are getting right so in a market how much demand it is having because of nutritional value as well as it will be used even in a medicinal purpose also correct so that's why it is a economic importance which will be studied under economic importance that is obtained from whom Ani look at here Ani it is actually storing honey and the second example is bomix bomix means silk worm so through silk worm itself we are going to get a beautiful silk product silk s silk material correct so that is through silk wor it is also ARR and lafer it is lack insect it is quite rare but if you just look at here it looks like a gum so it acts like glue only from this we are going to extract the lack and we are using it in the paints as well as in certain Cosmetics making Bangles so many things that's why these are all comes under economically important insect and the next group is nothing but vectors Vector means I said in the beginning itself they acts like a vehicle okay they're going to drop certain organism from one side one side in the sense through their body to the human being okay so that's why they act like a vector for example if it Target to cause disease in human being that is a malaria disease what it will do this anapilis mosquito it says to the plasmodium a plasmodium you just come into my blood not Blood come into my body then that plasmodium will enter into the body of this muso there especially in the salivary gland it started multiplying then this anus it will just fly towards the human being and it will bite the human then it will take the Revenge because to that person the malaria will start happen I mean he start suffering from malaria because of plasmodium that means this is a vector which cause what malaria malaria so like that like that this fellow also come CX QX is you ferial you just sit inside my body and I will go towards the human being if I bite him he will get what elephantiasis so CX mosquito cause elephantiasis so like that there is a ad ad says I will cause D I will carry virus and I will cause D chicken so these are the vectors next next is gregarious press gregarious means the occur in a group okay so this name is locusta but look at this image so all these insects are coming they are binding in a group only that means they're attacking this plant in a group only so that group is called called as a gregarious gregarious in a group okay so one such organism which comes in a group is nothing but Locust that's why it is called gregarious pest it is going to harm the crop and another one example which is given in ncrt is limulus it is called king crab it is a best example for leaving fossil look at this image there a king craft why it is called leaving fossil because if you take this organism and if You observe the other organism we are not going that means the organism of 50 years back or 100 years back organism also ancient organism also you won't see any differences because it is not showing any changes in The evolutionary pattern that's why not just 100 200 years it it shows many character which resembles to the ancient one that's why it is called living fossil many scientists they are going to compare the new one or the old one with the living fossil like a king craft they going to compare oh how it was how the characteristic future was how it is going to evolve what are all the characteristic is going to change during Evolution so that's why it is called living fossil okay so that's it if you learn this much this is more than enough an arthop okay now let's move on to another F what is that molesa molesa look at all these examples of molesa you have seen this image right you have seen this organism snail that will be present in your garden as well as even in the W soil region of course it is present so this snail is a very soft body correct and you have seen this one also octopus octopus though it looks dangerous I mean it looks very devilish that's why it is called devil fish H okay but it is also soft body and Uno Uno it is present in a fresh water it is having two shells it present within the two shells imagine my two hands are two shells within that Gap the organism is present but it is present in a fresh water this one is in Maran water this one is terrestrial environment see what is it I gave the example of organism which comes under the group of Mesa in all habitat that means what maybe they are also in large number correct of course you are guesses right so they are the second largest film they soft bed these are the soft bed and they are unsegmented these are certain keyword students you have to remember unsegmented so hope you are feeling this Animal Kingdom chapter easy okay if you feeling it easy if you're feeling it interesting then just give a thumbs up just hit the like button okay and do share it with your friends also right and one more thing I don't know from which uh state that is from which part of the country are watching the video some are watching from South India some are watching from North India I don't know exactly from which part you are watching uh just put in the comment box let me feel happy oh here my students are there they are watching my videos okay it feel happy right yes let us study about habitat as I said just now they are terrestrial they can be aquatic okay it can be present in a fresh water even it can be present in Maran water for example octopus they are the second largest F that means after arthropoda if you find any organism which are present in bul or in abundant obviously they are who that is nothing but mola only correct so they are soft body unsegmented organism from this line the question can be framed by examiner imagine remember basic body features we have done a lot about this okay now it is just like our typical line in every F we just keep reading that organ system level organization C blastic because almost all after an almost every characters every basic features are same in all F okay but only thing is you have to remember from where in the animal kingdom these new features begins right so here two within two means complete body plan I mean complete digestive system organ system level organization triploblastic celom bilateral symmetry that's it okay now now I will explain majority of the concept of molasa within a single diagram if you just watch clearly if you just listen the class clearly then you will understand almost all the concept of NC which comes under monasa okay yes in the case of arthropoda the body has divided into how many parts three parts what are those head thorax abdomen and here also the body is divided into three parts okay so what are those three parts the three parts of the body are one is of course head without head we cannot expect Bal symmetry that's why and the second one we call it as a viseral hum visal hump and the third one is foot head foot visal hump are the three parts so let me draw a rough diagram of these organs imagine this is the head part this is the head part and this is the foot this is the muscular foot which is made up of muscles only that's why muscular foot and after that it is having a big hum like structure this is V Should I mark it so this is the foot region this is the head region and this is the viseral hump okay something like this as if an organism is walking by having some heavy things on its back okay like that it is visible and here is the head sorry here is the ey here is the ey this is the ey of an organism look at this image in octopus we can easily see this in octopus the eye of the octopus it looks like as if it's a human eye in evolution chapter if you are a Class 12 student we can compare certain sentence which is given in Evolution chapter there they are talking about analogous AR in analogous AR they have talked about the eye of mammals as well as the octopus correct so both are doing the same function that is nothing but Vision only but if you look at their ancestor molescan ancestors are different humans ancestors are different but still they are doing the same function that is nothing but analogous Argan if you are a class 11 student who are watching this video definitely you don't know about Argan of course you might have studied a basic things in your previous classes that is in lower classes but okay fine but you will learn in detail in class 12 Evolution chapter okay this is an example for analogous now so this I is present in where in which part of course in the head part in head part if it is a case of uh what is that snail a small tentacles are present these are sensory structure here it is tentacles these are the okay and here one interesting thing is this hump this hump there is viseral hum right which is having a big G as if we are going to see in English movies or in certain movies right a person is going to wear a big gown correct to cover his body like that this organism is also going to cover his body with a very big go like this very big go so this structure is called mantle mantle now between the visum and the mantle the cavity which is so present the cavity which is so present that will be considered as mantle cavity so here this cavity okay let me write this this is called mantal cavity so the question May comes where the mantle cavity is present of course between the B hum and the mantle now the water will enter through this mantal cavity mantal cavity that will be comes out that will be comes out from this hand from one hand it will enter from other end it will come okay so now in this region there is a feather like structure present something like this something like this it looks like feather only right no so this feather like structure what you saying is called gills or feather gills it is also called by a name called [Music] idium tinium or edium so this idium it says oh water is coming here so I will capture almost all oxygen which is present in water then I will give the oxygen sorry carbon dioxide let it go out that means which type of function it is performing here that is through gills of course your guess is Right respiration and any excretory product that is the nitrogenous waste that also will be excreted through the gills only so respiration as well as the excretion are the two function performed by this idium or respir uh feather gills okay and some organism you might have seen for example the snail itself look at here the snail is having shell where it went huh the snail is having shell on its body whereas octopus do not have whereas this un is having because it is once again Bol it is called Bol because two shells are present so if the shells are present in these organism then where it is present if shell is absent then okay no problem if it is present where exactly it is present here is the structure here is a structure let me show the shell in which color okay I will show in this color it will be present above the mantle it will be attached to the mantle itself this is called shell okay and now here within the head itself the mouth will be present imagine here is the mouth and it will be continuous like this it will be continuous and it will be opens through anus so this would be the anus this would be the mouth and here in this mouth region in this mouth region that is in the Buckle cavity almost in the Buckle cavity there is a structure present there is a structure present like this this structure is called radula I will write inside itself so radula it's a rasing organ so have you seen cesa how the edges will be very sharp it will be something like this no cesa edges like that this radula edges will be there which is present in the Buckle cavity just like our tongue okay so whenever it goes near to the substratum imagine I'm M okay I will go near to the substratum for example any Rock there some Al are attested or some species plant species or anything which is present there then I will uh give out my tongue outside okay I will release my tongue outside that is nothing but radula only so this radula will be comes out from its mouth that will be scratch that Rock part where the AL anything which is so present which will be act as a food for it which will be food for this organism then it will make a sound okay uncomfortable sound ch ch sound it will make then it will take out that food will be engulf with the help of this radula so that something like CH sound which comes no that sound we call it as a rasping s so that's why it is called what rasping AR that is radula once again it is a neat question neat question okay so that's it almost everything I have covered okay now if you learn the example then over only reproduction part left in reproduction of course these aregan these organisms also shows dases and so many advaned character let us read ncrt part this is the second largest FM moluscus are terrestrial aquatic terrestrial aquatic that means Marana freshwat organ system level organization bilateral symmetry DPL blastic C an it is common body is covered by calcaria shell okay I said here is the shell present right so if the shell present from which material it would be made up of of course calcium carbonate so that's why it is called what calcarius shell okay and these are unsegmented with distinct head muscular foot and viseral hum these are the three parts a soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle so mantle over the viseral hum again it's a statement based question the space between the hump and the mantle is called mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present they have respiratory and excretory function neat question the anterior head region has a sensory tentacles the mouth contains a file like rasping organ for feeding called radula neat question okay they usually so this is about reproduction usually dases as I said Advanced character dases SE are separate OB Paris they also saying we are also going to lay egg we won't give bir to anyone so Paris dashes arop nature only with indirect development see here they're not telling that direct development indirect Lara is present that's it mka over if you learn the example finish so P apple snail just now we have seen this can you see here the two thread like structure horn like structure which is so present these are tentacles remember the example very important if possible I will make a separate video as a trick to remember these example okay but I am not getting enough time but if I get definitely I'm going to make it okay then pin peister so inside this organism we could able to see a Pearl this organism whenever if it catch any foreign particle then it will just close it shell undergo reaction within that that means within the body there is a membrane present it start undergoing reaction so that finally it will be converted into perm that's why it is called parister okay and this is called cuttlefish sepia scientific name sepia common name cuttlefish this one uh there is a cutle bone present inside because of that reason it is called cuttlefish next one can you see this is called loligo loo means squid this is the devil fish octopus only okay octopus appli here see here this one this is called Tusk shell dentalium dentalium Dental it is usually refers to teeth right Tusk it is nothing but the long teeth of elephant tusk of elephant it looks almost like that that's why it's called T shell and this is called kopa kopa Chon Chon Kiton anything you can pronounce so this is the organism okay that's it ah yes now we are in The Last FM ofad what is that ainmat can you see here this is the starfish correct let us learn this whole EO dermat with the help of this starfish only starfish name itself is telling they are telling I am a star shaped okay that's why the name starfish but okay man we do agree why you are called starfish but why your name as EO matter tell me then it says look at my body feature look at my body surface so on the surface of my body can you see it a small small spines can you see a small small spine SL structure comes that's why it says my name is aoat AO means spiny dhma means what skin Derma means Skin So spiny skinned animals are called echinodermata then you may get it out ma'am what about crocodile their skin is also spine like but that is not a skin of course even though it is a skin that is a separate category I will tell you in the ca part okay but these organisms are spin skilled organ and these organisms are telling we are maintaining our own status man we are going to live only in Maran water not in fresh water okay so all organism of this FM are Marine only so how many we have learned Tora is exclusively Marine aodm is exclusively marine and in the next F we are going to learn about hemicord that also exclusively Marine so you have to remember it's a neat question which among the following are exclusively Marine Ur EOD h okay now here when you just look at the starfish once again let me go back starfish what you're seeing what you seeing if you touch this organism on it surface imagine if you touch here if you touch here then what you touching you are touching the anus of this organism remember you're not touching the beautiful part of this organism you're touching the anus then where is the mouth which is present inside okay if my hand is the starfish on the dorsal surface the anus is present on the vental surface mouth is present okay let me show here why I'm putting dot now because to show that it is a dorsal surface and the vental surface they can't see so here what you seeing in the center this is the anus then it is a dorsal surface dorsal surface is also called a Boral surface anus is present but here excr system itself is absent that is a speciality of this filum we don't know okay why it is like that excretion is absent write down in your copy it is very important feature neat question Yus just remove the undigested waste then as if it it is crawling on the sand right or within the ocean itself in the water body which is going to move like this move like this I will show a small video at the end of this it it will move in such a way that they're not moving so fast they're not even present on the uh soil only that is attested to the soil first it will just remove its one arm okay it will just raise its one arm and rest of the arm will be attested to the sand of the substratum only that is in the earth only and after that it will just move here then it will raise another arms so like that it slowly slowly it will just by raising their arms they're going to crawl on the sand or crawl on the ground okay that is done with the help of certain special structure that we will discuss and as they're crawling in that area that is in the vental surface here they're going to Bear the mouth so mouth is present ventrally then obviously I can call vental surface as what oral surface so this is the difference between the dsal and vental surface now I got getting exhaust since doing since the long period now I said when you just look at the starfish on the surface their body looks as if they're having spines on their body correct that's why the name spiny skin how come such structure came to their body that is because of the skeleton okay so that skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate again is a bony in nature okay let's imagine let's imagine I have removed I have removed all the skin of this starfish I have removed all the muzzles of the starfish then what what left only bones right only internal bones now if I just draw the internal bones how it looks let me show that here it is okay something what you going to see know these are but bony OES bony ticles nothing but a skeleton skeleton on the surface of this Bon Ole and of course these Wes are not simply present like that they will be interconnected by a musles imagine these are the musles which are interconnected to this you can imagine I can't right for the entire thing you have to imagine students you have to imagine it will be interconnected like this so this makes the entire EO dermata become so flexible it can move so flexibly this is because of this interconnected muscles okay now on the surface of this bone on the surface of this bone they have a raised structure like this both the Bony structure itself they have a raised structure here on both the side both the side now now this is also bony part only now just put skin over it just put musles skin over it then how it looks how it looks it looks like this only right it looks like this spiny skin only so that's why we are going to see the spiny skin okay the skin shows as if the spines are arising that is not a spines that is because of this bony skeleton called Cal calus Ole that is a endoskeleton okay now this is having a beautiful mechanism this starfal overall this eata that beautiful system is nothing but water vascular system we have learned water canal system don't get confused with water canal and water vascular totally they are different water canal system was present in primitive F what is that porifera here we are talking about water water vascular system what is water vascular system let's read let me draw porer sorry what is that starfish first imagine it's a starfish trying to draw 3D version but I don't know how it is looking in the camera but okay let me consider myself as I have drawn some 3D diagram for my satisfaction okay now here on the surface of this there is a SE like structure present a SE SE means a small small pores are present these CS are called MRI orite Mite now the water enter through these sees imagine the water is entering here water is entering now the water which is leading to one more Canon this is the Stony Canon water is entering here water interor water interor okay this is called Stone [Music] Canon Stone Canon and from this there's a ring like structure comes it is called ring Canon that means the water will start moving in this ring [Music] Canon you can see it now you can see it like this okay so this is ring canal ring Canal finally from this canal from this ring Canal so many structures that is arm like structure it is passing which is passing here which is passing here okay which is passing here here you can imagine is passing here that means the water which is so enter through the rink canol that will be enter even into this radiating arm also they're entering into is radiating up okay are you getting so these are radiating up and finally the water will comes out the water will comes out it will be releases through a tube like structure outside outside it will be releases through a tube like structure they act like a section this Tu like structure will be present throughout the body below their arm it will be present and finally the water will be releases out so such a system we call it as a water vascular system now we are getting shock now we are getting confused why it has to do all such drama white has to take the water inside and white has to leave water outside are they playing like cesa of course they are playing but during this play they actually doing their work also that means when water enter the oxygen which is so present inside the water that will be captured by this organism that means this water vascular system of course it is helping this organism for which function in the respiration correct so then echodata says I'm not that much full man while coming the water what I taking now inside my body while doing this process itself I can capture my food also whatever the food I require to satisfy my angle I will capture those that means it will even helps in capturing the food capturing the food that is a second function and these 2T so these structur what you seeing they are called 2T with the help of these structure they could able to get support on the ground they act like a section section Force section Force they're going to attach to the ground then with the help of this slowly it will raise other arms imagine these two are the arms of this starfish I'm a starfish these are my two arms so now with the help of this arm I'm going to uh get a support on the ground okay because the two feet are there it acts like a section it will be just make this uh my body to attest on the ground now slowly I'm going to rise my another arm then I will just move here crawl slowly then I'm going to hold this arm onto the ground and then I'm going to remove this one again I'm going to hold this so like that I could in the sense the star FL could able to move with the help of this two fit so the two FIT obviously how it is working with the help of this whole system water vascular system which is entering through Mite Stone can ring Canal radiating G finally that is coming through two feet right so that's mean even this will help in Locomotion also so this is very very important students very very important what is the function of water vascular system that question may come in your exam okay that's it almost everything we have covered okay now we are left with only the reproduction only the reproduction reproduction it is Advanced why Advanced okay okay these things basic features again organ system level organization complete digestive system because mou and anus we have seen triploblastic and here the adult body what we have seen now this one this is the adult body if you make a central axis if you just cut it into a equal half we could get equal half in any uh pattern that's why it is called radial symmetry but only adult but it's larva larva is freely swimming it is not going to move slowly lethargic like this it freely swim like anything like a fish that's why it is a radial not radial symmetry B symmetry it is a very important thing in the beginning of the table Itself by explaining itself I said ncrt has put star Mark over it why because adult are showing radial whereas larva showing bilateral symmetry now you may get question ma'am suppose if such question comes in our exam what is the symmetry of echinodermata then what we have to write whether it is a radial or bilateral look at me whenever the question is asking about the symmetry means always the examiners are going to Target the adult organm that's why if the symmetry of aod derand is asked by giving option like bilateral radial asymmetry like that just stick on to radial symmetry don't get confused in that but if the question ask particularly about Lara ofata then you can go to this bilateral symmetry option okay or else just don't get confused just you to radial symmetry okay next CET organism because it's a advanced now the last part is reproduction of course the Sexes are separate Dias because from arthropoda itself we have started seeing this picture therefore they show sexual reproduction fertilization is external remember I said those organisms which are exclusively Maran we have to remove remember one more point along with that they are all showing external fertilization gamuts are going to be released outside and those gamuts are to fuse outside only correct so it is external fertilization as if we are talking about larva obviously it is a indirect development and it is a free swimming lava correct that's it now example part I know you are not going to search the Google that's why have took the image also these two examples which given in ncrt along with the image you have to remember because some diagram based question comes you should know how to recall it and how to identify it so this one is astrias that is nothing but starfish and the second one it's looks like Star only opora brittle star it is also called brittle star okay look at here this is Asteria starfish this one this one see Arin it is also called ainus it said anyhow you have given a title eoat a spine skin why should I simply show a drama like showing the spines are mod let me bear the spine like structure only therefore almost all uh the body is going to Bear the spine you can see this image here this is called antedon cily on the surface of this organism so many antenas are present you can remember like this therefore it name anted on this one next this is C cucumber it's like a cucumber only correct cucumaria cucumaria cucumber this is brittle star this image is given in our ncrt book also it may come for identification remember it okay Britain star oh that's it let us solve few questions regarding these three F what we have discuss just now okay what functions do the gills feather like do in MOA respiratory circulatory wrong exory respiratory circulatory wrong circulatory excitatory wrong exory and respiratory correct so if you have listen the class carefully you can answer it without my help also okay next sensory tentacles are present in dash in mola where it is present in the head foot are in Vis mean mental cavity wrong muscular foot wrong it is present in the anterior head region correct viseral H that is also wrong next question the second largest FM of invertebrate animals is which one Ana ascal menus mola platal menus it is mola if it is first largest f it is aropa next one the radula is found in radula is rasping argan found in mola radula is found in Mola correct helps in feeding correct it helps in feeding habitat it is not for respiration it is absent in EOD I'm going fast because all these things just not I have explain how many of the following organism belong to second largest FM that means they're talking about MC here few examples are given we need to identify what is there in that come let's identify it apple snail this is molesa only one Pearl Easter this is also mola only correct anaus wrong CX wrong ad is wrong these are our enemies because this is they are the vectors of orthopod here we need to identify the M only starfish echodata C Arin wrong this is also AATA cutle fish mka C cumber see cumber see cumber wrong seeum is squid squid and devil fish so so how many over 1 2 3 4 5 correct so let me check it cutle fish and Squid again cuttle fish and Squid are you there man H cutle fish is there squid is also there correct my guess is correct so five are comes under this category [Music] correct yes so total five total five next question identify the wrongly massed one gregarious pest Locus correct living fossil lulus correct economically important insect a economically important bom correct vectors must Vector Anis CX ad lack in is also given no no wrong how can you place this lack insect it is economical in important insect this is the impair I mean incorrect match but it is our answer here next question the excretory organ of arthropod arthropod can be what coxal gland antinal gland Malian bodies anything here coxal gland is given green gland is given that is nothing but antinal gland morphan tubes is given therefore all of the above is our answer next question body is segmented in aropa segmented Ana segmented but not in nid area correct nid area it is a cimon it is not segmented therefore option D next question find the incorrect statement from the following let us find it Kum plates are mediate Locomotion in T4 it is a correct statement malagan tubin carry out excretion of waste materials in cockroach and Aram this is wrong it can carry in cockroach but not in Aram in Aram what is the structure present it is a neia it is neum or neia therefore this is the incorrect statement and this is our answer even this is our answer even excretion in fasola fola means platal menus which helps with the help of flame C is Al right hermite in nature although Herr in nature cross fertilization because both worms are comes in Cross way I mean opposite and they going to exchange their sperms Exchange in the S one organism is going to place the matur SPM into the other body of organism other Earth body select the correct option with respect to characteristic features of given animals Ana metally segmented and she Sho animal see y Sho Within animal itself we have bifurcated so that will be comes in a level exam so no need of remember about Sho andol but if the word is given as shum remember they C animal only okay so metal is an orom so this is right we need to identify the incorrect sorry correct correct correct option okay so option A is correct then arthropoda jointed appendages with close CC system this is incorrect arthropoda do not have Clos circul system Tora shows biolumin also called C correct this is right only porifera rides are called as Coles not rides it is kides Kos sides are called color cell so this is incorrect so option statement a and statement C are correct a b c are correct a c d are correct B and D are correct only D are correct select the correct options with respect to characteristic features of given animals yeah this one is our answer B and D are incorrect see I didn't see only properly see this is very important even in exam also directly we are going to see which one is correct but here they are given that option as incorrect so these two are incorrect B and D are incorrect so this is our answer okay next one radial symmetry is found in larva of EOD most of sponges malusa radial symmetry first of all not seen in anybody larva bilateral sponges asymmetry molesa bilateral so where radial symmetry is there therefore none of the above is our answer this is our answer okay next one the excretory system is Dash in E absent man this is absent now let us match it ainus ainus ainus I said a should be C aring A should be three here this one is wrong this one is wrong because A3 is given in these two cuum area C cumber B should be four here this is wrong so now let's compare this B4 C5 c c c c this one Ed on Ed on is C only correct d opora opora is called Britt Sal correct D1 Britt Sal and E2 asteras starfish so option b is the right answer okay that's it now we are in Hemi Hemi let us learn about Hemi okay now let's talk about the film Hemi so here h in the sense semi earlier scientists thought that it is also a subm of cord itself because they thought that in an organism if you find a solid Rod like structure called not called not called then all such organism should be placed in which group that is it is in the Corda group okay so they thought that a rod like structure is present in these organism therefore it is also a member of C only but the rod structure was not in the complete body it was restricted to a particular area but later they came to know that it is not a solid Rod it was a hollow it was a hollow Rod like structure so this is nothing but a stoo card it is called by a name called stoa card I will tell you where exactly it is present so later scientists realized that oh it is not a c data because it is not having the cata features itself when we talk about cataa we will understand what are all the features present in cata group okay they should have a Gil SL they should have a post anal tail so all those things should be present in a cata organism the organism that should present in codata but all those criteria was absent in this Hemi Coda so therefore what they did you are not a member of Cordata or not even a subm of Corda you are a separate FM called Hemi cord so therefore we need to study this film as a separate film only hemicord phm now how this organism looks because we are studying all these organism since porifera itself we came to know that how this organism look correct like that when you imagine or when you look at this hemard dat they're just like warm only okay so they are worm like organism and once again they're exclusively Marine that's what I said when you just recall the philm that is a non cordat non chordates I'm talking about non cardates how many phm are exclusively Mar one is T for n number of time I have repeated because it is very important and yino dermata then this one Hemi in Quad group again we are going to see few organism that exclusively but if it comes to nonc group these are the three FM you have to remember their names okay so exclusive Mar means of course they are going to live near the ocean okay it is not found in depth of in depth of the ocean almost near the tider inter tider region just like our NES okay look at this organism this is the real one its name is Balano glasses and this one it has been covered by a mud okay mud in the sense sand so how exactly they are going to live near the sand I will show you imagine these are the inter tidal regions the tides are coming and here the sand everything is present you just assume okay now these organism with the help of the head actually head is not a head they have a conical shape structure this one is called probos probos it acts like a head but they do not have eyes nothing okay just like head we need to understand with the help of that they are going to make a tunnel inside the sand okay imagine this is the tunnel they have created like this like this now this organism is going to be present inside this Tunnel right so whenever the water flows here inside this tunnel along with the water small small organism will also enter okay so they are going to eat as it is along with the sand along with the mud they going to eat the organism also for example phytoplanktons like sorry z planton uh certain small small protozoa these are the food for these organism they're going to eat but they're very smart they're going to filter only the food part and rest of the water will be just exit out of their body because their body will be having so many pores we call it as a Gil p through that the water will be comes out okay so that's why these organisms are called what filter feeders filter feeders because they are going to filter the things then they going to feed it okay so exclusively Marine in the sun one thing that should print in our mind that is it shows external fertilization okay now just like different philm like arthropoda head thorax and abdomen molasa that is a foot viseral mass viseral hump as well as the head like that if you have to divide this body of this Balano glass or the hemicord into three parts then obviously we are going to see these three regions okay what are those the first one the first one what you seeing here [Music] this is the first part called prosis and the second one is called collar and the third part is called trunk so the body can divide it into three parts prosis collar and the trunk okay so these organisms ISS I will show complete digestive system complete digestive system in the sense it should have both mouth as well as the correct then where is the mouth here look at if you consider this organism internal structure if you just remove this part internally here the mouth part will be present so this mouth will be continuously extend up to here up to Here There is the elementary canol is present up to here so if it is having complete digestive system mouth to anus then such body plan is what two within two to within two body plan okay and this organism says of course I'm going to excrete nitrogenous waste whereas ayod didn't excrete at all but I'm going to show excretion okay so where that excretory structure is present then it says don't find anywhere here on the top here itself you could find your I mean the excretory structure so this excretory structure is called probos gland prosis gland this is for what excretion again a neat question it's a neat question okay and scientists got confused this with the ca right because of having a sto card I said where it is present stoa means mouth so above the mouth near the collar region here they could able to find a rod like not Rod like Rod like is a wrong word a hollow structure Hollow structure they could able to find in this region okay so this H structure is called stoc card stoc card so that's why we have placed it under the separate FM has hemard okay it's not an autoc card suppose suppose if I say it is not suppose it is a non quate then if it if it has to consider as a qu then which criteria it must possess listen to me if it is an organism if it's an organism if I say this organism belongs to C group then it must show m both that should be complete and should ends with the anus and after the anus certain part should be left so this is called post anal part post anal part such post anal part is not present okay if it is a human being postal part is there if it is a cow imagine there is a cow I don't know what I'm going to draw but just think it's a cow only so whichever be it is whichever be it is but here the anus will be there this is the anus and after anus only the tail will be present correct the tail part will be present so this is post anal tail that should be a characteristic feature of all Cates all Cates either it is a human or any other animals if they do not have tail but the part should be there post anal part should be present but such thing is absent here such thing is absent the anus is the terminal end of this organism after the anus there is no any other part so therefore we cannot consider it as a what carda right and here in the trunk region in the trunk region okay let me rub this part in the trunk region itself these area shows many po like structure these pores are called Gil pores Gil POS through this itself the excess of water will be comes out after consuming the I mean after taking the oxygen which is present in the water so therefore I can say the Gil pores are responsible for respiration rest of the things do not need do not need because it will not be asked in your exam and here on either side the folded region what you are seeing suppose imagine this part let me take only the trunk region this is the anus correct here is the colar or something like this so this is the folded part right this is the folded part and here the sex organs are going to be present Sexes are separate sex organs are present if it is a male male sex Argan if it is a female female sex Argan okay and here inside present the Gil POS understood now so this is what about hemard data and of course the basic features we can understand it shows complete digestive system it is a Cate okay and it's not a c data therefore it is having open circulatory system open circulatory system because only two FM remember Ana as well as the cata they shows closed circulatory system okay and even in molesa also very few molans they show this close circulat system but apart from that rest of all the film shows open circulatory system that's it because first of all circulatory system begins from un group itself as soon as it started showing circulat system they adopt close circulator system okay now let's read the ncrt part Hemi was earlier considered as a subm under the FM codata okay but now it is placed as a separate film under non codata it is not a cadate I means it's a non cadate Hemi quates have rudimentary structure in the collar region called stoc cord okay it's not a perent it's a rudimentary structure which is similar to not cord it is looks like not cord but it is not if it is a not cord it should be solid it should be solid like this but here it is a hallo this is hallo understood the difference this FM consists a small group of worm like marine animals they're exclusively Marine with see here they said marine animals but they are not giving the line exclusively Marine but it is understood okay so they show Argan system level of organization bilateral symmetry triploblastic Cate animal so these are General so that's why I didn't mention hope you can understand the body is cylindrical and composed of prosis collar and a long trunk okay circulatory system is open type respiration takes place through gills exory organ present that is kosis gland sexis obviously separate that is a dasas if it is exclusively Manan obviously which type of fertilizer ization external fertilization the gamuts are going to be released outside in the water body there only they going to fuse okay so development is indirect understood only two examples we need to remember here one is Balano glasses the diagram I mean the image what have shown that is a Balano glasses image only and another one is Sao glasses over hemicord part is over now the next FM a big phm okay actually big phm is nothing but aropa but now we are many things we need to learn under codata that is a phm cata only right now let me draw a diagram I don't know which animal it is a simple rough diagram I'm going to draw but you have to assume that it is a member of codata okay so if it is a member of cod data what are all the main features that should consist so to study that I need to draw the diagram okay yes imagine this organism is a cata I don't know which organism it is but it is a cata group right and if I have to mention their parts let me consider this as a dorsal side and this should be the vental side this is the vental then this organisms is you are showing the vental part of mine correct then in the vental part I'm going to Bear the elementary canol elementary canol begins from the mouth and that will be continues and ends in the anus so this is the anus okay so this is elementary canol and after anus certain part left as it is so this part is called what post anal part so this post anal part was absent in hemicord therefore we didn't consider and near the elementary canol that is in the vental side itself there are certain Gil slits are present which are present near the fings if you know the parts of our elementary canol we have a fings here correct so near to this fings near to this fings all cits must possess Gil SS Gil SLS ma'am then we are also C do we have Gil slits we were having Gil slits though we are not having Gil slids right now that is in the after birth but we were having Gil slits when we were embryo when we were in our other will know by that time we have all these features we have all these features let me draw structure of a human embryo if it's a human embryo this is the Gil slets these are the gilets it is present and here we do not have not called right now we do not have a solid Rod like structure in our back but when we were embryo we had a rod like structure here this is the not Cod this not cord itself replaced by vertebral column therefore if you just touch your back there is a backbone uh backside we could able to see the vertebral bones okay that has been replaced by this notor understood so once in your lifetime either in the embryonic condition itself or some animals they are going to show The larva stage even in the larva stage itself or throughout your life man either from your birth to death throughout your life you may have this feature but CA or these organisms they put condition if you have to enter into my you have to possess all these character you must have an auto card then we human beings says we do not have an autard but we had an embon condition okay just get into our phm group because you had not called right fine Gil do you have no we don't have but we had in our embryonic stage okay then get in at least you had an embryonic condition but all this FM what we have studied that is from porifera to hemicord they didn't have anything even in the embryonic conditions even in the larva conditions or even in the adult stage so so they didn't mention anything therefore you guys don't enter into my group just stay away from here that means you are all non cardates understood the difference now where this not card present it is in the dorsal surface if you consider this as a dorsal surface here the rod like structure is going to be seen a solid Rod like structure this is not a c all those organisms which bear this not a cord then they are all what C and above this not a card there is a hello Hall long single single nerve card is present nerve card is present we heard this from Nerf card even in non- cardates that is in plat helas but in plat helas it is there but V has not mentioned but okay they have taken it from ANA group itself but we see that Nerf card was present in the ventral side correct if it is a earthw if you consider this is our earthworm just recall they have a double double solid while solid because there are so many gangon are moving and they have this ganglionated these are ganglionated which are present in the vental side so there is a huge difference between that between the Corda as well as the nonc these are non quate they are double ganglionated okay ventral solid Nerf card Nerf card whereas in C whereas in C Nerf card is single dorsal non ganglionated they're not solid right this is hello hell Nerf cut so there is a difference there is a difference correct and the Gils are there postal tail is there so if an organism possess all these structure then easily we can say they all belongs to which group phm CAD okay so hope you can understand and even the heart is present the heart in the case of non cordate for example if I take earthor example itself imagine this earthor here in the earthor the heart is present in the dorson side whereas in C Group C we are all C heart is present vental side correct so these are certain basic difference from which we can differentiate cataa as well as the non- Cod data ncrt itself mentioning a diagram I mean a table and even a diagram also they are showing everything so hope you have understood this one next look at here let's read the ncrt text part animals belonging to the philm ca are fundamentally characteristic by the presence of Noto Cod it is very important and dorsal Hall Nerf card that is also important and pair Fingal Gill slets see Gill slets okay then these are this is a general line so since all these organism Advanced organism they are possessing bilateral symmetry stomate character obviously we are also possessing that correct of course we are also bilateral symmetrical and we are triploblastic Cate animals with organ system level of organization they posess post anal tail and closed circulatory system see we got a unique feature here apart from anela rest of the organism do not have except this one C okay because it is having a close C system here the diagram what I have drawn the same diagram is given image is given in our ncrt if the diagram based question comes if they just mention this as part X or this as part y you should know which part it is you should know the labeling okay see here is the table here is the table they are showing the difference between quad data and non quad data so yes Coda not a cod is present here not card is absent we know the difference this one central nervous system is dorsal Hall single in C just now we have studied Central system is ventral solid and double okay and fings perforated by Gils whereas Gil slits was absent here heart is vental heart is dorsal if present because in all of these nonc we didn't see heart correct even in kakro arop was there but heart was 133 chamber it was on the dorsal side not in the vental side so therefore if heart present it is present on the dorsal side they are telling the postal tail or a part is present the post chal tail is itself is absent so these are the five basic difference if you know this that is more than enough now within C data we have to study three subm okay what are those within CA group we are telling one is Euro C data second one is cord the third one is Verte listen to me carefully see in the beginning while reading every FM we feel oh this is very easy if you remember that much oh that is enough our mind started feeling like that but when we summarize all together listen to me carefully when you summarize all together that is from porifera to ca everything is now starting getting confused definitely our mind is going to get confused so for that what you have to do after watching the video you have to read ncrt so that's why in every paragraph I have putting ncrt part also in most of the things I have put ncrt part but there are certain filum where I didn't put ncrt text because everything I have covered here also everything I have covered but at least you should know ma'am is covering everything of ncrt and she's telling certain things which is not given in ncrt also so I'm just teaching it like a story okay so that you can easily remember you can easily uh recall call at the time of exam suppose if these stories will come to your mind if it get printed into your mind so that's why after watching video please go through ncrt once again if you get any doubt please put in the comment section I will answer okay and while solving McQ also if you find any doubt just put in the comment box I will try to answer as soon as it possible okay just try to make a notes just try to make a notes I will make a quick revision notes and I will provide you so that it will help you at a quick glance also okay now listen here Cod data we have understood Coda we have understood within cataa the cataa is telling okay I'm a very Superior I'm very standard film that is C data because I have an aut cord now there are so many people you do not have not throughout your life and even if you have only in a little part it is there okay you just come in one FM and now another another subm you have not Cod but throughout your life is present but you don't show any advanced feature okay man you also be in a separate subm and one more subm is there not Cod was there in embryonic condition but later it was replaced by more advanced structure called vertebral column okay you be in separate film that is in a separate sub so like that the cata made the organism which comes under its own group into three subm okay that is Euro Calo and vertebr out out of these three out of these three these two these two Euro and Calo what you are saying they're considered as protoc Cates protoc cord why Proto means primitive Proto means primitive remember one thing it's a common sense as Evolution or origin of life started or begins from the in the water itself no therefore all the new features are unique featur feat which is exhibited by the organism will be started or survived in the water itself in the beginning later they started uh showing diversification that is through Evolution then they start accumulating different habitat and here also the Nord is a new feature correct in these organism so that's why the organism which possess Nord them also we are going to find where in water bodies only so that means these euroa and sealo data they are also exclusively Mar so their life also begin in the water body itself okay now let's study one by one first Euro Verte it is totally different ver Verte says you both have not cord you both guys you have an a card okay and even I do have an a card this C didn't allow me to say to stay here in this group okay I am also having not called but not in the present in the embrionic condition but that not cord replaced by vertebral column vertebral column so that's why I am called by a special name called what vertebr so rest of the things out of vertebr all are what then invertebrates okay so let me write here let me write here it takes only 2 minutes you will understand if I made animals are Kingdom of Animalia into two category as non cordate as well as the cord based on presence and absence of the not cord then obviously I could see up to hemicord they are all and after that the rest of the organisms were C it correct so here if I just mention the names porifera nidaria Tora then platy helas Asal Minas Ana arop M AATA and hem Hemi correct and here the Corda itself is having three subfile what are those one is euroa second one is caloa the third one is vertebr now now now I will tell you if the question comes in your exam does euroa belongs to the group of nonca then you can say no it is a cad see CA belongs to the group of non CA you says no man it is also CAD of course Verte is a quad now one more important thing suppose if the question comes if the questions comes do euroa and caloa belongs to the group of inverte then you have to say yes because that is from porer to porifera celant Tora I'm not writing all these name PL everything up to Calo up to Cal all these are considered as what inverte listen to me my dear students these are all inverte except Verte that's why there is a line in ncrt what is that all all Cates all cordate means they're telling Euro and cordate all Cates cannot be vertebrate okay but all vertebrates all vertebrates so all organisms which are comes under the group of vertebrate can be C they can be ca because they have an aut cord but all CA cannot be a vertebr why they do not have vertebral column at all okay so this is very important line many students get confused in this line but listen to me carefully just mark down in your NC also all invertebrates cannot be Cates but all vertebrates can be Cates all invertebrates cannot be vertebrates not Cates all invertebrates cannot be vertebrate but all vertebrate can be a cordate over okay yes now let us go to the sub first sub fum of Corda that is Euro Corda look at here this is Euro Corda it is attached to the substratum so these organisms is let me draw a structure here separately imagine this is the soil or something uh which is present in depth of the ocean at the deep ocean these organisms are going to be present okay and now imagine here your beautiful organism is present so this one is present so as if they're attached to the substratum therefore these organisms are called what you guys are Sile Sile means no movement at all okay and these organism orda they're also called tunic again it is a statement based question why tuna because these organism says I have a long gown like structure look at here I wear a long gown like this like these I'm going to wear so this structure is called tunic tunic so therefore these organisms are called tunic tunic now these organism says I am the group of Corda I'm very proud that I am a group of CA then Corda start asking you don't have not cord only how can you consider that you are a cord you are adult you are adult right so this is adult organism when it keep checking the adult organism it didn't found not only then how come it accept this into the group of not I mean CA then these organism says its name is aidia okay here it is there it name is AIA then aidia felt very bad you are insulting me like anything I do have an auto but not in adult stage in my larva stage when you just look at the larva this is the larva in the tail of the larva there is a solid Rod like structure that is nothing but not cord is there you only told no in any stage of your life either in embryonic stage larva stage or adult stage in anywhere if you have a not cord in any part of your body then you should be a group of CA look at here I have this not cord then C accept yes okay fine I do accept so that's why I will give you a title as neuro Corda that means Euro means tail carda means they have a not cord this is the tail portion so in the tail region you have this not right that's why your name is uro okay but instead of having all this beneficial structure these organisms still felt very bad very sad because they do not have Clos circulatory system because Clos circulatory system is a characteristic feature of all Cates but these organisms saying I do not show the closed circulatory system I will show open circulatory system you have to remember it is very important it shows open circulatory system that's why everybody is underestimating it no that's why these organism feel very sad they are feeling very very sad it is crying because I have a closed circul resst so why I wrote this sad because to remember the example sad Yes means a Sala Sala is a member of euroa a means AIA the organism what you are seeing here this image then d stands for dool okay sad remember through sad the examples okay orda that's it over now the next subm is sealoc Corda very simple see is just looking like a rod okay so it says I'm very happy man throughout my life if I have an auto card that is from head to tail see if you consider this is the tail part if you consider this is the head part I will show the presence of this not cord not cord throughout my body throughout my life also okay from head to tail it is there no that's why my name is the pH Corda so that's why I'm a very beautiful organism very precious one everybody will take me to the lab for the study purpose okay so I'm using the term lab actually it is not taking to the lab simply I'm telling as a trick to remember the example so here L stands for lanet so this organism is lelet okay y means landlet so landlet is also called by amphis aois suppose in your exam instead of giving lanet if they just mentioned as aois then you should know it is a sephar and b means branchio that's why I said lab okay over that's it and after that the next is vertebrata vertebrata means we people also comes under here group in this group all your fishes comes under the vertebr all your amphibians comes under here all our reptiles mammals birds everybody comes under the group of vertebrata okay so now here let's study few points regarding vertebrata because I won't write anything here all these things are general terms only the members of subf vertebr posess not cord okay during embryonic period That's why I said if you take a human embryo let us stock this Verte by taking human embryo itself in the embryonic conditions we have this solid Rod there is a not called voses okay but this nard is replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column that's why what is our name vertebr okay so this vertebral column is present in the adult th look at this is very important line very important line that's why all vertebrates are quates just know I said in the previous slide all vertebrates are quadrates but all quadrates are not vertebrates very very important line this is this is a statement based question okay besides the basic quad features what are basic AED features that is nothing but body plan is nothing but within tube we are once again the segmented organism and we are going to show what excretion sorry what are those the basic body plan coelomate bilateral symmetry triploblastic these are the basic features but along with that there are certain special features what are those vertebrates have ventral muscular heart we have a heart in the vental okay with two or three or four chambers okay in fishes two chamber heart in other organisms like a reptiles three chambered heart in bird and mammals four chambered heart okay but it is present in vental sign and the excretion and asmo regulation is done by kidneys here it is kidneys for excretion and as regulation and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs so if it is a fish the fish will show Locomotion with the help of fins if it is a other group of vertebrates like a birds mammals amphibians they have a lmbs for their movement okay so now within vertebrate we are going to see once again the classification what are those let's see this table is very important very very important from this table itself plenty of questions can be framed I will tell you how okay now look at here vertebrate vertebr can be made into two divisions see I'm using the term division if in the place of division if x is given then what you going to write you have to write here the division okay division is separate FM is separate class is separate super class is separate so we should know all this from then only we can answer it properly so based on the presence and absence of J we can classify this organism of vertebr into two group one is Agata Agata means lack of job so the best example are the CL CL it is having only one class so those organisms which comes under this class are cycl stata all these class organisms are called what cyll stomata CYO means round cyclo means round or spherical stoa means mouth sto means M so here these organism says we do not have jaw at all if you have a jaw your eating capacity will be high your biting capacity will be high when you start having more and more food your energy level will be increased so according to evolutionary pattern evolutionary theory the organism which have more energy they can change in a faster rate of course we are going to show the changes in the evolution period right so how it is possible because we have more energy so when you don't have much energy then Evolution process also become slow okay so here these organism they cannot take much food like us because we have a jar we can able to take the food inside holozoic nutrition but these organisms their mouth is something like this like a round mouth in inside the teeth are present the teeth are present inside here this is the I okay it looks so strange but it is an organism so such group are called what Agata Gata means J Gata means J Agata a means absent of J that's why the name Agata then another group if you have a j if you bear J then you guys belongs to which group that is Gata Gata means J that is in the stoam mouth in the mouth if you have a jar then you become a goms okay now within goms we have two super class we have two super class what are those one super class is picis another Super class is tetraol okay so on which basis we have classified into pises and tetrapoda this is based on the Locomo structure what are those locomoter structure we asked you guys if you have fin if you have fins for your Locomotion then you guys belongs to which group isos if you don't have fins but instead you have a limbs then you belongs to which group tetrapoda Tetra means four four limbs do you have then come this group you don't have limbs you have only fins for your moment then come in this group so all true fishes what you seeing in the water all belongs to pises category okay so within PES we have two classes see here these two are super classes pises is the super class tetrapoda is the super class within pises we have two class class contes class as within tetrapoda we have four classes class amphibia class reptilia class as class mamia okay see look at the term what I'm using I'm using this class here I'm using super class but here there is no super class at all again it could be a neat question statement based questions they may give the statement like this Agata have one super class called Cy stata then immediately when a student look at the question he he just thought that oh this is right because in Agata we have only Cy stomata just he will write yes this statement is true but look at the term what they are using they are using super class that is wrong instead of super class if they have mentioned as a class then it is right okay there is no super class remember and here I said while explaining these are the true fishes why true fishes because in earlier FM also we studied starfish do you consider starfish is a true fish just based on its shap we have given as a starfish and we said jellyfish it was in neria it is not a fish we have seen devil fish it was in mola it was not a fish so the common name we have given just based on its character or features or certain body structure but all these things are not a true fish the true fish means it should be a Pisces either it should be the in contries or in ostes contries their body inside the skeleton which is so present inside their body that is made up of cartilage cartilage in as endoskeleton therefore they are called contrac and otic their body skeleton is made up of Bones bony therefore is called OST Osteo side OST Osteo it refers to Bone that's why by the name OES but usually what we think know the cartilage is very weak because our P this is made up of cartilage only our tip of the nose made up of cartilage so whenever we just touch all this part we feel that of course it is a very soft part okay but our bone is very hard so like that we think that even the fish which is made up of cartilage as endoskeleton they are very weak bony skeleton might be very strong but it is reverse of it bony skeleton there is the fish which are having bony skeleton they are we they are very very weak we are going to eat them but the fish which are having cartilaginous endoskeleton they are going to eat us because they are very cruel they are predators for example shark the best example do you think they are so inocent no okay now after that when it comes to tetrapoda amphibians they have four limbs from amphibians reptilia came from reptilia ases came from ases mammals came so let us study one by one easily without taking much time let us finish this talk okay now let's talk about cycl very simple easy class okay look at here how it is I can't say it is so beautiful how horrible it is looking so what you seeing inside these are nothing but the teeth teeth so it is circular no that's why we are going to say it is a circular mouth Cy stata it name is lamb it name is Lampe it says I have a circular mouth I don't have job how can I eat food that's why I'm going to attest onto the surface of any organism so that's why it is going to found a marine fish can you see it a person is holding a fish on that fish a black thread like structure is hanging here can you see this these are cyos tomata these are lamp the same diagram what do you seeing here the same image that you can see as they are attaching to the surface of the fish okay if this pan is a cyll stomata or a lamp if my hand is a fish they're going to attest like this with the help of the circular mouth they are going to suck the foot from these organism that's why they are called what they are the Ecto parasite you know the difference between Ecto and endoparasite okay these are ectoparasite on some fishes all these lines are neat lines statement based question can be framed okay without J of course we all know that okay and the next point if you look at this organism they have small small pores these are nothing but the gilets they are going to take water through their mouth through their mouth the water will be go inside and after taking the oxygen dissolved oxygen which is so present after absorbing the dissolved oxygen the rest of the water will be comes out through this Gil SLS okay so how many pairs they have look at here 6 to 15 pairs of Gil leads are there for respiration their body is elongated that we can see here by looking at this image only elongated very long body okay then the devoid of scales and paired FS devoid means what do not have they do not have scales and pair FS if you consider this as a true fish they must have scale but here they do not have scale at all this is the real fish if you look at this real fish they have a scale on their body and they have fins see this fin what you seeing this fin is called pectoral this pectoral fin is a paired fin it's a paired Fin and this one what you seeing know the two fins are there this side and that side and pectoral fin is also if it is a fish this is one side pectoral fin we could able to see and back side also another pectoral fin is there everybody has seen the fish right and this is the pelvic fin pelvic fin so this is also paired paired whereas this one this is a dorsal this is anal this one is called cordal so these fins are unpaired these are unpaired but if you consider a fish as a true fish then it must possess the paired fins as well as the as well as the scales but they do not have this character then there is no logic that as calling it as a fish only okay now it is shows closed type of circulation because it is number of card of course it must show Cranium and vertebral column is cartilagenous look at here Cranium is there and there is a vertebral column also present vertebral column also present though it is not a uh of course it is a vertebrate only no so vertebral column is there but it is not made up of bone it is a cartilagenous of course it is Marine look at here this is a unique characteristic feature but migrate for spanning to fresh water it means what d after spawning larva after metaphor morphosis return to the ocean I will tell you the meaning of this line imagine this is the ocean this is the ocean ocean water should be blue but it's okay and imagine this is the river this is the river and let's consider this is the Lampe this is the Lampe so these Lampe they are dious sexcess are separate okay so this is male let's imagine this is the male and let me take another one as a female so this is the female now they decide now this is our time to undergo meeting this is a breeding season so let us not spend this time here in the ocean water let us migrate towards the river so that's why they just migrate towards the fresh water so during this journey first the male partner will come here male partner come first later the female enters into the fresh water so both are going to release the yeg as well as the SPs okay imagine the SPM will be released by this male partner and egg will be released from the female partner so both are going to fertilize and they form many zygote many zygote so this zygote will develop into so many stages so many stages and finally they develop into adult okay but soon after mating soon after releasing the egg as well as uh their contents that is nothing but gamut only they will get die that means after spanning spanning is nothing but the external fertilization what they are showing after that process they are going to get die literally they are going to die in ner case also this thing was happening but neris body was getting bust out correct but not in all neres I said not in all mes but here in all lamp pre all Cy stata they are going to die after spanning so just look at their fate they are traveling here from Ocean to River just for dying only okay but okay anyhow The larva has developed that means the zygote is developed into larva this larva undergo many changes in its body form as well as the ship and now it become an adult let me call it as a adult like this which color okay let us call this as a adult okay this is adult lamp it will spend here for around 2 to 3 years and later when it become start growing then it start realizing that no it is not my habitat I have to move towards ocean then it will go towards the ocean there it starts surviving again the same process again for the mating purpose for breeding purpose again it will also come towards the river again it will spend time for breeding then it will get time so like that it will show its life cycle okay so that is what the sentence given here though they are Marine but migrate for spanning to the fresh water and die after spanning larva after metamorphosis that means it will undergo certain changes and return to the ocean when it become grown up adult then it become reached to Ocean okay the best example is pizon that is nothing but Lampe what the image that you have seen the same lamp only another one is Mixon it is also called hagfish okay it is not once again a true fish because it won't comes under pises group right so this is about lamp hope I'm very clear now before entering into the Super class of pises as well as the vertebrata amphibians Tetra Tetra superclass let us Sol few McQ here which of the following is incorrect which of the following is incorrect statement for hemicord they are bilaterally symmetrical trip blastic and Cate correct circulation is open type hemic dat circulation is open type Sexes are separate fertilization is external because it is a exclusively Mar and development is indirect correct so everything is correct which one is incorrect none of it so none of these is the answer okay next question the body of Balano glasses Balano glasses is divisible into Balano glasses means what worm like structure recall that's why I said while listening the class about every FM it seems to be very simple but when it comes to the performance while solving question then our mind start getting confused correct so very simple if you just revise two or three times so balog glass is like a worm its body is divided into probis trunk I mean probis colar and trunk okay so probis callar and trunk this is the answer here collar trunk and tunic is given tunic is present in tunic here probos is Tunic once again tunic is wrong word ST stoo card is given it's a wrong word next question and important characteristics that Hemi cordat share with Cates is Hemi cordate and Cates which character they are going to share absence of not cord hemicord data C data they do not share this not cord or El why we are going to place it under a separate film okay ventral tubular Nerf card no they have a dorsal Nerf card f with yes this is the important feature in hemicord also they have a Gil that's why the water was coming out through Gil slits it is a filter feeder and even in cord also gilets was there in the embryonic condition or even in other stage also that is in fishes and all so this is the right here F without gilet is given wrong next question which of the following is not found in phm cordate not found dsal H Nerf cord it is found lateral paired Gils during development found and not cord at some stages of development yes yes example human being we have uh not card at some stage that is an embryonic stage we have correct if you take just now Euro data what we have studied in larva stage it was have it it doesn't mean that it should have throughout their life there is no such restriction held on these quata okay so everything is right and external skeleton so this is not a character form we have internal skeleton either a fish bird an anything you can take internal skeleton is present not ternal skeleton okay so this is our answer even which one not form this one not form next one consider the following statement okay landlet are jawless primitive fish like vertebrates wrong wrong L you have seen no they belongs to sealo like this they have a vertebral column through not not throughout their body but it was a invertebrate it was not a vertebrate correct when it comes to vertebrate it is only begin from the Pisces so therefore the sentence itself is wrong next in lanet Noto cord tubular Nerf card and Fingal Gil slates are present throughout their life yes we do agree this because being a member of cordate all this characteristic feature must be there it is there even but it is not a vertebrate it is a invertebrate therefore first is true wrong first is false but second one is true this this is our answer here both one and true both one and two are false given therefore it is wrong Ah that's it now let's enter into the contract this class okay we are now entering into the Super class called pises we are in the Super class pises in that we have to study about contri let's study about this so in this super class pises we are going to see two classes one is contries here why it is called contries because the endoskeleton of these organism nothing but pises means fishes only all organism that you going to see in the super class pises are nothing but they are fishes these are true fishes in fact so that's what I gave you example like starfish jellyfish all those things though they have a name tag called fish but they are not a true fish okay if it should be considered as a true fish me they should have certain basic qualities what are those qualities that we are going to talk about these spices okay so in this fishes that is in the pises class super class pises class contries their endoskeleton made up of cartilage as well as another class called tic th where the endoskeleton of these fishes made up of what B okay let's study about all those things first one class Contra first I will give example so that you can imagine and you can compare looking at this image this is nothing but shark okay everybody we are know about this animal correct so if you just look at this shark obviously the body is a streamline there are so many organism which comes under this contries that means their body endoskeleton made up of cartilage nothing but contries but sometimes their shape May varies but majority majority are streamlined body streamlined in the sense somewhat like a board shaped okay so that is what it is given it is purely Marine here these organism cannot be expected in fresh water because majority are nothing but predacious very dangerous they are going to kill their prey or they are going to attack the prey organism so that's why they are always found in the Maran environment and they streamlined okay the cartilagenous endoskeleton I said just now and mouth is vental look at here look at here if the mouth of the fishes are present like this imagine this is the fish Mount then we call it as a terminal Mount this is terminal but here it is not like that so fish is something like this its mouth is present almost on back side here here it is okay so such mouth is called what vental mouth look at here this is the mouth so mouth is located ventrally the Gil slits without operculum look at here can you see the openings can you see here these are nothing but the gill slits so mainly it helps in respiration they will take water in that oxygen which is so present that will be utilized that dissolve oxygen and rest of the water will be exit through this Gil slits but this Gil slate is not covered by an covering usually in the normal fish what we are going to eat or what we are going to see in a normal water that is in a fresh water in such cases in such fishes there's a covering like this this is called operculum but such covering is absent let me rub it because it's a cont is know so this is once again important characteristic feature gines without operculum then nard is present throughout the life though it is a but nard is also present throughout the lifetime okay next the same shark only I mean qu only look at its teeth can you see here so the teeth are nothing but made up of a cartilaginous only but it is a ploid in nature ploid in the sense you might have seen uh while painting the wall the people are going to use the Sandpaper so that sandpaper will be having a very rough texture okay if you just touch the Sandpaper you can feel how rough it is right so like that their entire body consist very hard pleco it a sandpaper texture like that it is somehow like this it it looks so this is what the scales of these fishes if I say it is a fish obviously its body should be covered by scales only right so the scales will be very rough texture so such a texture we call it as a ploid scale so it is a modified ploid scale that is nothing but a teeth okay it is made up of cartilage only and these teeth are very very sharp they are present backward they're facing backward not Straight Like That backward they present something like this okay so teeth is modified ploid scale skin is having ploid scale that's what I said and majority are predacious I will give few more example you can understand why it is called predacious in the example part and there are there is no air bladder at all see if the air bladder is present it's a bag like structure if it is present in its body then even though it cannot swim for a while it could able to manage it could able to manage suppose if there is no a bladder then what happens automatically because of its body weight it is going to sink at the bottom let's take our example if you just enter inside the water you have to swim constantly if you feel that I can't swim I'm getting so much frustrated or I'm getting saturated then what happen directly are going to be sink at the bottom correct because we do not have air bladder like that these organism also do not have air bladder so that's why if they want to swim or if they want to come up they have to swim constantly or else they will sink at the bottom that is what it given swim constantly to avoid sinking look at here these are General things General things in the sense they body function related for example heart heart spelling h should not come heart is two chamber okay so one is oricle another one is ventricle then these animals are called po kmic so examply spelling is wrong po kilo thermic po kmic po kilic means they are called cold blooded animals see our blooded our blood is homeothermic we are homeothermic we are warm-blooded animals it means if surrounding environment temperature if it's fall down say around 20° then also our body temperature remain 37° only if you go to Arctic region then also your body temperature remain 37° only if you go to Rajasthan or if you go to very high temperature area then also your body temperature will return 37° only so in the outside environment the temperature may get fluctuate but your blood is going to maintain the normal temperature your body is going to maintain the normal temperature so such animals are called what homeothermic but these animals are not like that they are unable to manage their body temperature so that's why what happen if the surrounding temperature is 10° their body temperature also become 10° if surrounding is 20° their body temperature 20° surrounding 30 their body also 30 surrounding 40 their body also 40 surrounding 50 they become omelet that means in a very high temperature they cannot survive so that's why these organisms are what they prefer to be present in the Aquatic environment because it's quite temperature will be low no so they could able to manage in the temperature so that's why they are called what coldblooded animals then obviously as we move to Advanced Animal all animals are dious that means excess are separate male and female are separate here in males the pelvic fins are present they bear the clasb so pelvic fins in the sense imagine this is a fish it should look predacious now that's why I'm writing sharp teeth okay so let's imagine this is a Shar so here it will be having a fin like this this is a pelvic fin so here somewhere pectoral fin is present somewhere here the pelvic fin is present okay so this pelvic fin they're going to Bear a two penis like structure these are called claspers so with the help of this it is going to open the female gon for imagine this is the female shark so it will be having a opening that is gonor so it will open the gonur with the help of this claser and the sperms which are so present in its body they're going to deposit in the female body then obviously what happened in the female body both male and female Gams are going to fuse the zygote will be formed so here let's assume this is the zygote which are so formed by the fusion of this male and female it is going to develop inside only okay so such fertilization is called what thermal fertilization they're not going to release their gamut outside the body that is in the uh water medium that's why it is not external fertilization it shows internal fertilization and many of them are VV Paras that means they won't lay egg the zot will develop into individual I mean the young one they will give birth to n one okay so that's it very simple all are simple simple terms easily we can understand so example part need to remember so one is torpedo torpedo is also called electric ray fish why because it is having a electric I mean it is going to release electricity just to attack the prey or for the defense so it depends on the spes within the electric Rish there are so many species are there though it is a contri case some may release W around electric W around 8 Vols some may release 100 Vol some may release the electric current around 200 Vols so like that from 8 to 200 olds of electricity can be released by these organism that's why I said these are predacious very dangerous okay and another example is Trigon it is also called Stingray why Stingray because it will be having a very sharp sting like structure there is a need like structure so that consist poison that stin consist poison in it suppose if it is an organism imagine this is the string in it sting a poisonous substance is present so if any pre organism comes it will just uh not bad it will just insert the string so that because of the poison it will become numb it will going to engulf it okay so like that it is going to attack their pre then scol odan it is also called dog fish why the name dog fish it looks like normal fish only not like a dog but because of a sensory organ a sensory organ which is very well developed for taking the smell it can easily sense the smell like a dog because we know how dogs are going to sense the smell correct so such a strong sensation for smell is present in this organism that's why it is called do fish and another one is prce because in its body imagine once again let me show like this this is a prce in this fish it is going to Bear a s like structure like this this is the S right so like such structure is present that's why it is called saish then another one is carodan it is nothing but a great white Shar okay so these are the example comes under cont now let's move on to another class within the super class siis that is tic that's what I said Astic the though they made up of bone we are going to eat it but contri though they made up of cartilage the cartilage are very sharp it is going to eat us correct so this tic name itself is telling Austria body is made up of what bony endoskeleton and obviously we could able to see in the Marine as well as in the fresh water many fishes which are present in the fresh water they are edible that we are going to eat correct so this is the normal body you can see it is a streamlined only correct it's a Bo shaped Okay so will be having pelvic fins look at here these are the pelvic Fin and here this is the pectoral fin pectoral Fin and can you see this structure can you see the structure it is somewhat covering this area so this is nothing but the operum so when you just open the operculum there you are going to see what the Gill slets whereas the Gill slets are not covered by operculum in contract whereas here it is covering and these organism they have a air bladder okay so that's why even though for a while they won't swim then also they could able to balance their body within the water because air bladder is there it could able to make their body to float that is buan right and rest of the thing almost all same just like cont only let's study the mouth is terminal look at here the mouth is present near this only terminal it is not ventral four pairs of gills once again it is a very important four pairs of gills are there but they are covered by what operculum then the skin is cycloid orid see if I say you might have seen the normal fish correct so normally the Skins will be covered like such scales these are called cycloid cycloid means something like this something like this it is called cycloid ID means ID is also something like this only they're not so sharp as we have seen in the case of contract p in the case of contract P they're very sharp they are CID so these are theid or cycloid so like this they are present okay a bladder is present to regulate the Bony just now I said and heart is two chambered same to same one arle another one is ventricle poic again they cannot manage their body temperature therefore they will change their body temperature into the surrounding environment Sexes are separate male and female are separate fertilization is usually external remember if in your exam if the question comes to differentiate between the ostes and contes you should know in the Fertilization in Contra it was internal whereas it is external see don't get confused usually till now that is in non-cites what we have learned the organisms which are having Mar habitat like T for almost the fertilization is external correct so if you use the same tricks to this contract is definitely you going to make mistake because here it is a c data correct so in this group though it is a Maran contct is though it is a Maran but it is showing what internal fertilization so we should be careful while reading while analyzing the question also then mostly Paris that one is V Paris it could able to give birth to the end ones but it will lay EG so that's why thousands thousands of egg will be laid by these fishes out of that very few are going to survive because many predat are going to eat it so that's why they won't take care of those egg that much so those who have the Fate they will survive those who do not they will die so they don't have emotions at all because they do not have well developed brain they do not have brain only okay that means nervous system is there central nervous system but it's not like us and direct development no larva nothing and here few examples are that Marine are so seus it is called Flying Fish because it will be having the fins which are so there now that fins will be having like a feathers it will be very long fin for example imagine this one only this one only the pectoral fin what you are seeing these pectoral fins are very very long just like a wings of a bird so it could able to uh fly for a distance within the water environment so that's why it is called what flying fish okay so the question Here Comes which of the following is flying fish or it can be asked in the form of Master following be careful then hippo campus this image is given in our ncrt I forgot to put that image here but if you open your ncrt textbook you can see it man that's why I said open your textbook and sit in the class it will definitely helpful you helpful at the time of exam and even uh while underlining any important thing okay so hippo campus it looks exactly like horse so that's why it is called what seahorse then obviously fresh water fishes again the question May comes from this part labio it is commonly called Ru katla then clarus that is Mur okay in aquarium we are going to see beta beta is called fighting fish because if two such fishes if you introduced into that aquarium they're going to fight because for the territory they thinks that oh it is my place it is my territory another beta comes another fighting fish come it is my territory how how much dare you to attack here I mean acquire here so they start fighting that's why it is called fighting fish okay another one is tum it is called angel fish the colorful fish that usually we are going to see in aquarium because of its beauty it is called a fish so Pisces over next one amphibia so here amphibia it comes in which Super class super class called tetrapoda So within tetrapoda we are going to see four classes one is amphibia reptilia yaves and mammals so all these organisms they are formed according to the evolutionary pattern only it means amphibia are evolved from the pises from amphibia reptiles are evolved from reptiles AES evoled and mammals evoled then you are going to study in Evolution chapter how these things happen Okay but it has been classified it has been placed according to their evolutionary pattern okay now let's study amphibia means what AI means two AI means two that is duel bios means life so till now till now what the cata group that we have studied either it is a cycl stroma or the pises so all of these organisms they are going to survive in the the water itself but now as the evolution is taking place contract is form first after that bony fishes came now these organisms are telling we require water but only for what sexual reproduction that is for fertilization but rest of the thing we can survive on the land okay so that means they're depending on both the habitat they're depending in water I mean water for fertilization and they could able to survive even in the land so that's why they are called what amphibians okay amphibian of Animal Kingdom so can you see here this is an example of a frog it's an amphibian this is salamanda it is having a big tail right so if you look at this organism if you just touch the skin of the Frog I know nobody has ever tried to touch the skin of the Frog even if you have tried to touch you can feel it is very soft okay it is very moist and it is very soft right and here you can able to see the eyes okay beautiful eyes is having and they even have eyelid but Pisces do not have eyelid they just having eyes their eyes were covering by a liting membrane a kind of transparent layer but these organism they have eyelid right so the Aquatic or it can be terrestrial the body is divided into head and trunk see this is the head part and rest of the portion is nothing but the trunk region but if tail is present it is only in some organism like in salamander then skin is having moist without scale no scales at all eyes have eyelids and Tim fom is ear there is no separate external ear like us so there is a small opening present here itself that will be considered as timan that means here only okay and these organism they have limbs correct that's why the name Tetra Tetra means four p means limbs so four limbs are present in these organism easily you can able to see here this is one LM this is one pair this is another pair this is another pair so total four limbs are there in this organism hence the name Tetra and here there's a common opening called cloa it means what I will tell you imagine here is a frog okay let's assume it's our frog here this frog says I have a common opening here so this common opening is known as clo clo this is the common opening why it is called common opening because through this opening itself through this cloa itself undigested food that is nothing but the waste material are going to be excrete okay itself it act as anus for example imagine imagine here is the this is mouth right and mouth that leads to Elementary canal and this has anus that opens here only all undigested food comes here and that will be released out through cloa so here it is a Elementary can Elementary Canal openings also present here then here in this organism itself the sperm or the Egg which are so going to be produced that reproductive opening is also opens here only okay if it has to release certain sperms or egg it has to release through this cloa itself okay it's a reproductive tract so reproductive tract Elementary canol and even the nitrogenous waste which is so going to release in the form of urine that is nothing but excretory product that also present here only say for example here so this will also open here in this opening that means all the three Tract elementary canol reproductive tract and urinary tract they are going to open here in the common opening called cloa okay it's important it may be asked in your exam right and the next thing is respiration it is through gills lungs are moist skin because we know that already in the beginning itself while differentiating internal and external fertilization I said how the frogs are going to release their gamut into the water correct so male frog is going to release the male gamut female frog is going to release the female gamut both gamuts are fused within the water that means if it is a water body if it is a water body of course the zygote is formed here only zygote so imagine there are so many zygotes are there these zyo immediately they do not looks like a um what is that frog a frog they will show a shape like a fish I have shown I have brought an image here life cycle yes look at here these are the zot okay if You observe these images these are nothing but the metamorphosis metamorphosis in the sense directly it is not looking like a adult frog this is adult frog in the adult frog we could able to see the limbs okay the body has been well developed it is not looking like a fish whereas in the initial stages you could able to see there is no limbs at all they will be having a tail it's almost looking like a small fish only in directly in the environment you might have seen such cases I mean such organism these are nothing but the Tad poles these are called Tad poles gradually a limbs are going to form and later four limbs are going to form and after that the tail is shortening I mean it is getting shortening it is getting condensed and in the adult stage there is no tail at all okay so like such development what you are saying by showing the larva it is nothing but indirect development so during this period they have to survive in water only they not they cannot come out of the water all these stages cannot happen outside the water so that's why I said there amphibians water as well as the land both are required so in such cases how they have to respire of course with the help of gills only correct so gills are once again the respiratory structure now when they land themselves that is in the terrestrial habitat of course they have to depends on the lungs itself that is for the respiration so lungs are present and you might have studied in your lower classes about eation and hibernation so what happened the Frog all these amphibians they going to make a barose when the temperature is very high then they will just undergo in a shadow by making barose they have to respire there only so they may feel suffocate they cannot get sufficient oxygen so that's why they are going to respire through their moist skin there itself the blood vessel is present on the surface only here only the blood vessel will be there so they are going to exchange the gases oxygen as well as the carbon dioxide so that's why we are going to say that they can desire through gills lungs and moist skin and the heart is three chamber okay so as we keep moving in a higher level of course up to four chambered heart we are going to see then these are also pmic they cannot balance their body temperature that's why I said they go for hibernation and isation and external fertilization indirect development just now I said and examples you have to remember buo that is nothing but a toad Rana frog hila tree frog salamanda it is having tail and limbless amphibia that is EOP okay so you may get a question from this part so the next class within what tetrapoda is nothing but reptilia look at reptilia crocodile snake lizard all are comes under reptilia why they are called reptilia rep rep okay it is nothing but the reptum is is nothing but a crawl repeat reum it means crawling okay so these animals are going to crawl you might have seen the movement of these organism right so some organism they have lyms here and some organism do not have lymphs for example snake no lymphs these crocodile lizard they have lymphs correct that's why they have kept under tetraol look at the skin surface If You observe carefully these crocodile as well as even the lizard also the surface of the skin okay okay it is not looking like crocodile not even like a lizard it's okay I will show here only here the surface is having very sharp teeth like structure very hard structures they're called scoots it is skin only but it is very hard and cornified okay somewhat like a bony you can assume it's like a bone whereas in the case of snake it is not like that their skin shows epidermal scales okay it is quite soft comp compared to this scoot terrestrial dry and cornified skin the skin is very dry epidermal scale are scoots are present in the case of snake it is a scale in the case of crocodile and other organism scoots are present Tim they do not have external ear like us just like frog they have a small opening ear that is nothing but K limbs when present if they are two pairs if absent no limbs at all and heart is a three chamber just like frog heart is three chamber two oricle one ventricle whereas the crocodile is the only exception this is a favorite line not for me it is for your examiner which among the following organism or which among the following reptilia are four chambered heart then your answer should be propile okay again they are pmic snakes and lizard see this is once again important question snake and lizard can shed their scale as a skin cast you might observe this process you might have are this process skin Casting means what imagine imagine this is a box imagine this is a Bo box an organism is growing let's assume organism is growing let's take an example of a snake so when it start growing as it start growing its length increasing its body size increasing then what happen it will just push this box and it will come out of it correct because its length has been increased now gradually we are going to keep it this snake in another box again it is going to be grow more bigger then again it is going to push this box again it will come out of that right again one more uh box we are going to keep that means here it's not a box box means I'm referring to the external epidermal SK that is outer layer outer layer so as these organisms keep growing okay they are going to shed their skin that is called casting skin casting so that will be released out whenever it shows this process called Skin casting this organism will brightly illuminate why because it's nothing but a dead layer so once it comes out of the Dead layer it remove that dead layer obviously the newly formed skin which will be brightly illuminated it's not a bioluminesence it looks so bright just like how a person is going to apply cream and how is going to looks brightly in the adverti at we are going to see know like that it is going to be brightly looks okay that is called Skin cast and here also the Sexes are separate fertilization is internal and O Paris o Paris they're going to lay the egg they are going to deposit the sperm in the female body there only the zyo develop and they release the egg and direct development okay so examples here K turtle Testo tortoise yes chameleon Tree Lizard Catos Garden lizard crocodiles crocodile alligator hemid duyas that is W lizard H this is important poison snakes Naja there is Cobra bangara Viper so this is not a new one all these belongs to the same group poison snakes means these are the examp example for poisonous snake one is Naja bangas and Viper that will be asked in your exam which Among The Following comes under the poisonous Sak grp okay remember the example now the next thing is class AES ases is nothing but the birds very simple how beautiful bird it is of course why we have kept under Tetra they are also having four limbs but the four limb they have four limbs one is four limb two are four Limbs and the remaining two are hand limbs hand lims in every cases we are seeing the same in the amphibia in the crocodile that is in repti every cases we have seen this four limbs only but here in the birds these four limbs that will be modified into what Wings because of this only they could able to fly correct but all birds do not fly there are certain exception for example ostrich it is a flightless bird again it's an important flightless bird strch but most of them are fly they possess beak look at here they have a beak so these are very general things no need of explanation even if you read NC also you can understand but there are certain line definitely for that you need a help of a leer okay look at here I will tell you what are those lines and four limbs are modified into wings and hind limbs hind limbs have a scales if you look at the hand lips that is in their leg they have a scales and they are modified for walking swimming and clasping clasping means if you just look at the pole or a wire they are going to hold the wire uh with the help of their class correct so that that is nothing but class pink are even the tree branches that are going to hold see look at this bird it is holding a tree branch so that process that thing what it is going to do it know that is nothing but a class and obviously walking swimming everything they are using this hand Li only the skin is dry except ey glass at the base of the tail it is present what is the meaning of this if You observe a bird carefully carefully look at a bird then you can realize why this oil gland is present it is going to do a kind of action with the help of his big it is going to just touch its back okay that is below the tail it is going to something do action like a smearing throughout its body what it is doing actually let me draw a bir okay let's imagine this is a I don't know how it is looking but at the base of the tail it is having a gland so this gland is called oil gland so with the help of this B it is going to keep touching keep pressing this oil gland so that from this oil gland the oil is going to release that oil will be taken by its beak and that is going to be spread to its body because it has to protect its body with the help of this oil gland only as it keep flying the atmospheric moisture that may get absorbed by this feather so that the bird body become weak I mean become heavy if it's being heavy then how come it is able to get fly in the sky I mean in the atmosphere so that's why it has to make its body to be resistant to the moisture content and even it has to protect its body from the extra dryness that's why it is going to smear all over its body with the help of this gland called oil gland okay there is a name for this oil gland called PR gland no need to remember just know it's oil gland okay so oil gland is present this is the only gland there is no any other gland pneumatic bones pneumatic bones means if you take our bone that is a human bone this is human bone here the bone marrow I mean the bone will be filled it is deposited by calcium and all whereas if you take the bone of the birds it is hell like this it is hell why it is hell because it has to make the bird to get Fly because of lightweight okay so such bones are called pneumatic bones which shows Hess then digestive tract of the bird has a crop and gizard it means so this is the beak right and here is a stor structure called crop this is crop and later it shows one more structure this is called gizar so rest of the things canol anus everything is present so why this crop and desert present if you just give lot of grains to the bird it keep eating it keep eating even though it won't chew like us chew like us but it keep eating with the help of its B it keep engulfing it so where it is going to deposit in this crop okay so suppose for time being it may get lot of food grains but after that it may not then slowly it will digest the food grains which are so present in this crop in the gizard part so that's why it is having these extra structures crop and gizard and heart is four chamber because it is advanc compared to reptiles two Arles and two ventricles and they are homeothermic they are like us they know how to balance their body temperature they know how to maintain their body temperature to the external environment right and respiration is by lungs and a sacks connected to the lungs supplement to the respiration what is the meaning of it that's what I said for few lines you need leral help it means they do have lungs normally like other organism imagine I'm writing a very big bu it's looking like a fish because I have to show the lungs no that's why so let's assume this is the lungs this is one lung behind that one more lung is there one more lung is okay so these are the lungs now what happened these birds are very smart as it keep moving in the atmosphere there the shortage of oxygen may occur so that's why whenever it get the sufficient oxygen they're going to store into the supplement sack like structure there is a helping saite structure present so these are called air sacks so they will deposit all these area all these a and whenever it require it will use it back right so that's that's what it is sing saying air sacks connected to the lungs they are connecting to the lungs they supplement to the respiration so when they get shorted just like how we go to carry oxygen cylinder right so like that they are going to carry these they have naturally they have these air sacks these are air sack and obviously Sexes are separate fertilization is internal male bird is going to deposit the sperm in the female bir and there only develop and form a zygote the zygote will deposit certain material called yoke Yol and it will become a egg okay it will yes it secrate a shell and finally it become a egg so in that embryo is present so to has this embryo it has to give a heat okay so that's why these are called OB Paras they are going to lay the egg so that egg will be developed outside the body understood so they are called o Paras and direct development when he get hatch into a bird it obviously looks like that of the parent for example many example we can take here few examples given in ncrt but the scientific name as well as common is common name is important okay especially the images what it is given in ncrt based on that example the asking questions chances of asking questions will be more so that's why please go through those images okay so Columba that is p par is given sit situla Sho that is ostrich poo peacock then penguin is given vure is given so many examples are given you need to learn example that's what I said if I get a definitely I'm going to make a trick okay the last one is class Mia I have directly put ncrt part here because all are General things the body parts the internal organs which are so present in our cases because we belongs to mammals the same information is given okay what are those why we called as mamalia because female animals they have mamory glands to feel their young ones so such animals they all grouped into where in mamalia class okay so they are founding wide variety of habitats where do you want everywhere we are going to see this in polariz caps Desert Mountain Forest grassland dark caves everywhere obviously we are going to see these organism some of them have adapted to fly even or leave in water even okay the most unique Maman characteristic see this is important the most unique Maman characteristic is milk producing gland that is a mamory gland important that's why it is called mamalia by which the young ones are nourished okay they have two pairs of Limbs that means two hands we have two legs we have you take any animals they have four limbs as well as the hand lims cow dog chimpanzee everybody is m i mean mamia only ad Ed for walking running climbing burrowing swimming flying for many purpose they use these organs the skin of these mammals are a unique possessing hair right so obviously on the surface of the skin the small small hairs are there if it is the case of chimpan gorilla the hairs are very big I mean they are broader as well as the growth of air will be more compared to human being right then external ear are P are present okay so we have external year different types of teeth are present in the J different types of teeth means let just take the example of human being only we have inors there is a front two teeth so four inors we have then canines we have premolar then molar M correct so we have four different types of in cissors canines premolar and mol correct like that in other animals also these things are present heart is four chamber obviously we know and they are homeother thmas that means they can maintain the internal body temperature compared to outside the respiration is by lungs Sexes are obviously separate and fertilization is internal they are VI Paras they are V Paras that means we won't lay we'll give birth to the ones which the few exception again it could be a neat question okay what are such I mean what are the example comes under such category where they give birth to I mean they do not give birth to young ones that means they OB Paris and obviously the development is direct here in the example part we can learn what are those OB Paris that means what the lay egg platypus platypus Aro Rus Aro rinkus very important for need point of view and rest of all the animals are VI Paras okay kru we can see flying fox camel monkey I'm not reading the scientific name because already I know you are getting shocked ma'am this much we need to read my dear students remember we are preparing for meat so don't look at the timings of the video just look at the uh informations which I'm going to providing this video because it is very important for your meat okay and rat dog cat elephant horse dolphin see it is aquatic dolphin aquatic then bluee aquatic okay then tiger lion everything many many many organism whatever the organism that you are going to see in your surrounding majority belongs to this mamal Zone okay so that's it I have not put any questions regarding this part because if any question comes direct question statement based questions are directly the questions will be picked from the example part from or from the ncrt that's it okay so hope this video will be definitely helpful for you uh in your neat exam if you like the video just hit the like button thanks for [Music] watching