ABA Measurement Overview

All right, good evening everybody and welcome to the Understanding Behavior live stream. How we feeling tonight? We've got another banger for you. We're doing measurement tonight. Uh measurement tends to be one of those sections that trips a lot of people up. Uh on our beat the beast mock exams, we tend to go pretty hard on measurement. Um, just like my observations on the score reports that I see around, uh, it tends to be one of the lower sections, especially on our beat the beast mocks. But we're going to give you everything that you need to just nail this topic. Um, so when you see a measurement question, you'll know exactly how to approach it and exactly how to nail it. All right. Um, well, how's everybody doing tonight? Looks like we've got a lot of new faces. We've got some returning faces. Good to see everybody here. Um it's going to be another banger. Um so yeah, we're doing measurement and um yeah, if you're not familiar with our stuff, go check us us out on understandingbehavior.shop. Um we did a little a little revamp of the shop. Nothing too crazy, but change up this uh homepage a little bit. Um if you are not signed up to our email list, make sure you're signed up so you get the updates on all of our free study events. Um, you'll also get some coupon codes and you'll get some uh free mini mocks and a bunch of Nick's um best tips for studying and for mastering this exam. So, make sure um you sign up to our email list. You can do it right on our homepage right here. Uh and if you enjoy our products, drop a review. If you're not familiar with our products, check them out. I'm I can guarantee that you'll love them and that you'll uh make you feel more comfortable and prepared for this exam. Uh, but we'll talk more about those later. Um, we do like to do some giveaways during our streams here. So, if this is your first time, um, you'll quickly learn that we do our, uh, giveaways based on the number of likes that we have on the video. Um, so if you haven't yet, make sure you hit that thumbs up like button. Uh, it helps get this content out to everybody who needs it. Um, and the more that we do so, um, the faster we'll get do some giveaways and maybe we'll do some more giveaways, um, if we get a lot of likes on there. Cool beans. Alrighty. Um, yeah, just checking up on chat here real quick. All right, genius. Glad you're here. Welcome. Welcome. Nice, Veronica. Got a 380 on your first try. Yeah, measurement definitely is a killer. So, um hopefully you'll get everything that you need tonight or you will get everything you need tonight, but uh let's see if you can soak it all in. We have a question. I recommend taking the mocks in order one, two, and three. Yeah, I think it's a pretty good way way to do it. Um um beat the beast one is great. Beat the beast 2 I think is a little bit better. And then beat the beast 3 is the mo our most difficult mock by far according to our data. Um, we have a question. What range in score should I be making to feel okay for the exam if I'm taking the mini moach? Well, the thing with the mini mocks is like the mini are only 25 questions. So, they're just like not a valid indicator for them. Uh, if you want a valid indicator of like a scoring scale about how well you're going to do on the real exam, um, all of our beat the beast mocks come with that scoring indicator. So, don't worry about your mini moach scores. If you're getting 50s, don't worry about it. just uh study up and learn from your mistakes. Uh if you want to get a real evaluation about how well you're going to do, take uh one of the beat the beast mocks. Cool. Rachel took the free minis today. Got 72 in bull. That's pretty solid. I like that. Yeah, Veronica, send us an email. We'll get you hooked up. Sweet. Thanks, Rachel, for liking and subscribing. All right, sweet. We've got 93 people here. 28 likes a video. I feel like we could do a little bit better. But uh it's up to you guys. If we want to have more giveaways, then you'll hit that thumbs up like button. Uh and if you don't want them, then that's fine. We just want to do giveaways then. All right. No, it's fine with me. No, I'm just kidding. We'll we'll probably do some giveaways regardless. Um but thank you all for being here tonight. Let's get into our topic tonight. Measurement. Let's do it. All right. Uh so let's first start with like why is measurement important. So um like we're kind of spoiled in ABA and like we're we're like really um like measurement is kind of just like part of our fundamentals but if you think about like a lot of other forms of psychology they don't really use measurement. Uh which is kind of crazy like they're not actually like looking at behavior and they're not actually like measuring like whether they're making changes or not. Uh part of that I think is just kind of like the mixture between like capitalism and healthcare where it's like uh I think a lot of therapy. Um even though like a lot of the I'm not saying like uh like like therapists don't have good intentions in general, but a lot of therapists like just kind of are there to like like keep you in therapy forever. They're not necessarily here to change um the issues at that are at core. Um but as behavior analysts, we like to define what our problems are and we like to measure them. So um huge advantage of using measurement is that it adds objectivities to psychology. It actually um tells us like whether or not we're making change. Uh so it also adds a lot of clarity to what our target behaviors are. We uh define our behaviors. We know exactly what we're looking at and what is included and what's not included in a behavior. And then um again measurement allows us to analyze the progress in that behavior change as well. So, are things getting better? Are things um going in the direction that we want them to go? Cool, cool, cool. Um so, let's first talk about how do we pick our measurement procedures. There's two main factors that you base this on. Our first one and most important one is measurement validity. Measurement validity refers to whether the measurement procedure captures a relevant dimension of the behavior for change. So if you want to really like get the the key term here, we want to think about it as a relevant dimension of the behavior that we're trying to change. So um does this like represent what we actually want to change? If it does, then that's great. That's um that would make it a valid measurement. If it doesn't capture what we want to change, then it's not going to be a valid measurement and we should find a different measurement. So, this is going to be a really big focus for today and uh focus in measurement overall is uh does this measurement procedure actually capture what we want to capture. The second thing that we need to consider when we're picking our measurement procedure is the ability of our data collector. So a question you can ask yourself is can the data collector reasonably take accurate data given their other responsibilities. So there's a tons of diff there's tons of different forms of measurement procedures. Some of them are really easy to do. Um some are very time consuming to do. So um think about um what your data collector also needs to do and can they take data while doing their other things that they need to do in a feasible way. If we meet both of these marks, then we have a great measurement procedure for our behavior. So, um, it captures what we want it to capture and they're able to take the data accurately given everything else that they need to do. All right, let's go for a warm-up question so we can uh kind of see where you're at and uh we can kind of like start investigating this measurement validity uh and like the things that we need to consider for a measurement procedure. If you're not following us on Facebook and Instagram, we post questions like this every single day. Um they also have a scoring scale on them. So this is a medium question, which is kind of on like our harder scale. So, let's um check this one out and see how you guys do. We have Clark is a three-year-old with autism who has frequent episodes of screaming. During the assessment, mom reported that sometimes he only screams for a few seconds, but usually an episode will last anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes. In your own observations as the BCBA, your data match mom's report. Which of the following measurement proceed for this behavior when used alone? So remember valid means that it's capturing a relevant dimension. So this question is asking about an invalid measurement procedure. Let's go ahead and see what you guys got. And um make sure you provide a rationale for your answer as well. So three of these are valid. One of them is not valid. Let's see what you guys got and uh let's see those rationale for why you think that measurement procedure would not capture what we want to see. All right, cool. Chris Harry's got our first rationale here. So a lot of these rationals are kind of describing what the measurement procedure is, but make sure you're answering the question with your rationale as well. All right, liking to see more rationale coming through. Uh, by providing your rationale, you're going to get the most out of this session because you're not just answering the question, you're actually thinking about it. You're um giving your best reason why. Uh, and you're and this is going to help you form more confidence on the exam as well. So, um, whether you get this right or wrong, depending on your rationale, um, it's important to do because you're going to get that feedback. It invests you more in the question. It's going to get you more engaged and actually soak in the material that the the way that you need to. All right, we are about 5050 on this one. Looks like popular answers are A and D. We've got some compelling ration for both of them, but only one of those is correct. All right. So, we have the rationale about like accurate like momentary time sampling providing an accurate picture. So, we don't necessarily need an accurate measurement. We just need it it to capture it in a way that is um that gives us good data to work with. Yeah, this is a tricky question for sure. We are dead split here. I'll give you guys a few more seconds and we'll review this one. Olivia, I like where your head is at. All right, let's go ahead and check this one out. Um, the best answer here is going to be a rate. So, we're asking about an invalid measurement. So, one measurement is not going to be really great for this behavior. Let's go over the reason why here. So, um, going into our what the behavior looks like, we're working with screaming. And, um, the episodes, we have some screaming that only lasts for a few seconds. Um, but usually an episode will last anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes. So, let's think about it. If I'm going to say like, hey, there was three screams an hour for this session. Well, that doesn't really tell us a whole lot of info because one scream would be like it could be anywhere from like five seconds up anywhere up to like 30 minutes. So, if I said three screams per hour, does that mean 15 seconds of screaming or does that mean an hour and a half of screaming? And it's like an hour and a half out of an hour. Like, I mean, that's ridiculous. I mean, it's not even possible. It's so ridiculous. Uh, but the thing is Raid does not tell us that. Um the rain only tells us um how many times it occurs, but really our relevant dimension that we want to look at is how long it's occurring for. So the other three measurements are going to better capture that. We have duration is going to capture exactly like how long that um behavior occurs for. So how much screaming that we have. So if we had 20 minutes of screaming, it's going to say 20 minutes of screaming. um interval recording um and momentary time sampling these are both forms of interval recording and intervals are units of time. So um these are both appropriate to um capture this behavior. Partial interval is going to overestimate that a little bit but no worries there. Um it's still going to tell us like if the behavior is going to change or not. Uh and then a lot of people were saying momentary time sampling is not good because it only captures if it occurs at the end of an interval. So let's say we had like let's say we had like a 4minut interval here and we had the behaviors kind of like occurring at like this amount and then we have like another 4m minute interval. So technically we have two uh we have two intervals here. Um there's two ends of the interval. We would mark this first interval as a plus because it's occurring at the end of the interval. We second one as a minus. So what this essentially is saying is that for these um for this 8 minutes that we had about four minutes of um screaming occurring was that's how it's estimating this. So um when we see that it's actually like not that bad of an estimation. If these are four minute intervals reality here is probably like maybe two and a half 3 minutes if we were to like take the duration of this line here. Um but we're estimating it at 4 minutes. It's not a bad estimation at all. So momentary time sampling totally appropriate here because it still is working with units of time. Um and it is um appropriate here because sometimes the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time which we'll talk about when we get there. Um is one of the features that we want for behaviors with momentary time sampling. Cool. Um for partial interval recording somebody say asking like I thought it only measured rate or frequency that occurred during the interval. So no. Um, again, this is a unit of time. So, let's say we have like um let's say we have a threem minute interval. I don't know why I'm changing this, but we'll just do it just because. Um, but let's say we had a behavior occur like five or I don't know, it's like eight times during that interval. What we do is that we mark it as a plus. And essentially what this say is saying is that we had three minutes of the behavior occurring. So, um, it doesn't matter how many times it occurred. It could have occurred once. It could have occurred a million times. Um, but either way, we're marking this as the three minutes of of um the behavior occurring. And that's where that overestimation comes into play. Cool. Cool. Nice. Genius. I'm so glad it's starting to make sense here. I love that. Good. All right. How are we feeling with this one? Is this all making sense? So, um, again, this is the really tricky thing and and um, like it sounds simple. It's really just one thing. is like we need to focus on the relevant dimension of the behavior, but we can see that there's so many complexities within these examples. So, what we're going to do today is we're going to go over each of these measurement procedures, but not and not just how they do they work. We're not going to go that surface level. The more important thing is what kind of uh behaviors are they most useful for and what kind of relevant dimensions are um do we want to focus on for each different one. So, um, if you're liking this already, again, make sure you hit that like button where, uh, we've got 116 people here, 49 likes on the video. I think we can do a little bit better. Again, it's that thumbs up button. The hearts and hundreds, those are great, too. But, um, the thumbs ups are what we're really looking for. Cool beans. Um, well, hope you guys enjoyed that question. U, we're going to first talk about u the difference between continuous measurements and discontinuous measurements. So uh continuous measurements they collect all of our relevant data to the measurement procedure. Um one thing about continuous measurements is that they require constant observation. So we need to um can't really like take our eyes off of that individual for doing continuous uh measurements. Um but the perks of that is that it gives us a really complete data set. It shows us everything that's relevant to that measurement procedure. Now, discontinuous measurement is uh uh instead of collecting all of our relevant data, this is going to estimate our data through interval recording. So, we're going to split up our session into um these small intervals or little chunks of time. And then we're going to um look at like what percentage of those intervals the behavior was occurring. One big advantage of discontinuous measurement is that it eases the job for train the train data collector. So, um, if they do have to constantly observe, it's going to be a lot less. Um, and they're not going to have to like take as many marks during that time. Um, and there's some where you don't even need to constantly observe, which is really great. Uh, discontinuous measurement also creates what's called a measurement artifact. This is um, has anybody heard of this term? It's I feel like it's kind of a weird term. I know you like know about these, but you probably don't know about the terms. Let me just see quick in chat. Have you guys heard of measurement artifacts before? And if you're feeling like really cool and you feel like you really know your [ __ ] tell me what a measurement artifact is. Victor's on the right track. Okay, I've heard of these. Okay, so a measurement artifact is essentially um the the um way that data is going to be presented based on how it was recorded. So, we talked real quick about like that partial interval recording example um where we said like, hey, this is a twominut period of time. And what we do is that like if the behavior occurs at all during this period, then what we're going to do is we're going to mark this as a plus. And essentially this plus means that we had two minutes of the behavior. Um so, um this is going to overestimate how much behavior actually occurred. And this is just due to the way that we're actually measuring the behavior. So in reality, like the behavior maybe occurred for three seconds, but we're reporting it as if the behavior occurred for 2 minutes. So that over um estimation is going to be what we call the measurement artifact. Um or we could say like partial interval has a measurement artifact of overestimating the behavior. So again, it's a misrepresentation of the data due to the way that the data is collected. So that's what we mean with the measurement artifact. Cool, cool, cool. Yeah, Veronica, right on track. That's a great definition. I love that. Sweet. Okay. Um, let's go ahead and talk about our continuous measurements. We've got five main ones that were focused on. Can you guys label them? We're gonna go through these pretty fast and then we'll go one by one and get a little bit more depth to each of them. Um, but can you guys label some um you can just shout out uh one or more in chat? We've got rate here. We've got count. Oh, nice. Courtney has a great list there. Yeah, duration. Good. IRT, latency. Yeah, looks like you guys got them all. Nice. Awesome. Awesome. You guys are killing it. So, um, our first two types are event recording. So, event recording is kind of like a bigger category. Um, this includes frequency, which is just the number of times that a behavior occurs. And then rate, which is very similar, um, but it's number of times a behavior occurs over a single unit of time. U, make sure you have this single unit of time here. um is is an important detail that sometimes gets left off of this definition. So for an example like um what we're if we had like let's say we had 60 instances over uh 3 hours um this is not really what we're looking for. We want to get this down to a single unit of time. So we can do a little bit of math. Uh we can do it divided by three um divided by three and then what we get is 20 instances per hour. So, we want the single hour is what we're really looking for with that rate. Um, our time based continuous measurements, you guys, um, got these really nicely. Um, duration, this is the time from the beginning to the end of a response. Latency, this is the time from the onset of a stimulus and the start of the behavior. Note that I say stimulus here and not SD. So, um, this word stimulus is a little bit more inclusive. Um, what are some other possible stimuli that we could, um, trigger with latency? So, other stimuli other than SDS that could trigger a latency measurement. What do you guys think? A little trickier question. An instruction. Uh, yeah, maybe an instruction might be an SD. Yeah, Jany's got a prompt. Good. We got pa eo and ao. I like that. Yeah, we got prompts. We've got MOS, anticedant. What other kind What kinds of anticedants? Okay, some of the examples here. We got like fire alarm. We've got timer, school bell, your name being called at Starbucks. I think that would be an SD. But yeah, I think that totally fits. Um, some other ones could be like um a rule um like presentation of a rule. Good. Awesome. Um yeah, I think those are all great examples. Um but again, the main thing here I want you to focus on is that this is stimulus. It can be more inclusive than just SDS, not smoking. Smoking would be a behavior, not a stimulus. Okay. Um, interresponse time. Um, this is the time from the end of one behavior and the start of the next. Cool. All right. Um, next thing we're going to talk about are dimensional qualities of our measurement procedures. So, these um are a little tricky and I don't think they're I don't think they're like the most important thing to study for the exam, but I think they are a fair game and um I think it's worth going over them at least. Essentially, like a dimensional quality is a characteristic of a measurement procedure. So, um it doesn't necessarily like one to one relate to the procedure, but um it's a characteristic of that measurement procedure. So we our first one is repeatability and this refers to the countability of a behavior. So um if the measurement procedure allows um you to count how many times behavior occurs um then repeatability would be a dimensional quality. Our two other ones um we have temporal extent. This word temporal um just essentially means time and this word extent is essentially looking at like how long. So we want to look at like how long um in relation to like the behavior like how long is it the behavior occurring for. Um then we have temporal locus. Again temporal means time. Um and locus refers to like where in time. So like where in a specific point in time. The strategy that I like to remember this one that worked really well for me um is like thinking about it as like locusts. So locust like a locust swarm. They like surround you. So we kind of put those two terms together, we have like time surrounding behavior. So I don't know that tip may or may not work for you very well, but uh it worked for me. So um hopefully it's useful at least for at least one person here. Um so temporal locus we want to look at the dimensional quality where we have like time surrounding the behavior. Okay. So um let's go ahead and look at each of our measurement procedures. Um each measurement procedure may have one or more than one of these dimensional qualities. So let's go ahead one by one and label these out. First we have frequency. So which dimensional quality or qualities relate to frequency? Let's see that in chat. We have a question. How's a presentation of a rule a stimulus and not an SD? Um and so like it doesn't necessarily signal reinforcement. So if I say like, hey, if you eat ice cream, it tastes really good. That doesn't mean like you have ice cream available and can go eat it right now. So it's just a stimulus. Nice. Killing it, Amanda. Lots of great answers here. We're throwing you a softball to get warmed up here. did a nice job here. Our uh frequency has repeatability as its only dimensional quality. Very nice. Very nice. Um let's go on to rate. Which dimensional quality or qualities relate to rate? Let's see it. Is it one or is it more than one? Awesome. Looking super groovy here crew. Nice job. Um rate has two of them. First we have repeatability. Very similar to frequency where it allows countability of the behavior. Um second of all we have temporal locus. So we have time surrounding behavior here. So if we say like five instances in an hour um like those five instances are occurring within the hour and we have time surrounding those instances of behavior. Very nice. Okay. How about duration? Which dimensional quality or qualities relates to duration? Let's see it. Amanda is on fire with these rationale tonight. Courtney as well killing it. Yeah. Again, raid has temporal locus because we're looking at like five instances per hour um that the instances of behavior are occurring within that hour. So again, we had that time surrounding behavior. Okay, for duration, we've got B temporal extent. Nice job here. So on this one, we're looking at how long the behavior is occurring, how much time it's occurring for. Nice job. Uh how about latency? Uh latency. Which dimensional quality or qualities relate here? Okay, this one is going to be C temporal locus alone. So, um for latency, we're not looking at the time of the behavior. We're looking at the time surrounding the behavior. So, a lot of people had B and C here. Um, but we're not going to include temporal extent here because we're not looking at how long the behavior is occurring. We're just focused on that time around the behavior. So, temporal locus would be the only dimensional quality. Okay, how about our last one? We've got interresponse time. What you guys think for this one? Which dimensional quality or qualities relate here? This This is a tricky one. We've got some great rationale here. Looks like some some of you guys have been here before for this presentation. Yeah, in response time is looking at the time um from the end of one response to the beginning of the next. All right, let's go check this one out. So, um we do have temporal locus as one of our dimensional qualities here. So again, we're looking at the time surrounding behavior, not necessarily time of the behavior because we're looking at the time between those responses. So temporal locus als um is very applicable to inner response time. We also have uh repeatability as well. But um this is only occurs if you have the raw data for um our inner response times. Uh looks like a couple you guys pointed this out. Here we have a formula and we'll talk about it more when we get to IR but we have u sorry it's uh number of IRS number of IRTs plus one equals frequency and sorry my board's a mess right now but yeah we can kind of look at that I like to look at it with like a little finger trick so let's say I have three fingers up and pretend each finger is an instance of behavior. So I've got one, two, three. Um that means that there's time in between each of these and um and we can see that there's two different slots in between the um instances of behavior. So if we take that formula number of IRTs, we've got two plus one. That's going to get us back to our frequency. So we've got three instances of behavior but two. It works no matter how many times you extend it. If we have eight up here, there's going to be seven in betweens. One, two, three, four, five, five, six, seven. Sorry. Uh, it gets trickier with two hands. Um, so, yep. Uh, that's going to be um our uh repeatability as well. If we only have the average IR team, then we do lose that repeatability. We're not able to um get the frequency. But uh if we have that raw data, we can get to the accountability um of this behavior as well. Not temporal extend because we're not looking at how long the behavior actually is. We're only focus on the time between the behavior. Cool, cool, cool. Um if you're struggling with these, I wouldn't like waste a ton of time with them. It's good to know them and review them a little bit, but um not the most important thing. Um the really the most important things that we want to um nail down for measurement is this measurement validity of each of our different measurement procedures. Um we're first going to talk about frequency and rate. And these ones tend to get underestimated quite a bit. Everybody's just like, "Yeah, I know frequency and rate." And then when you get down to examples of like, "Hey, should I use frequency or rates?" People are like, "Oh [ __ ] wait. This is actually hard." So listen up here. Uh let's talk about each of these. We'll start with frequency. Um earlier we defined it as the number of times that a behavior occurs. Um here's the utility and here's what like the the important meat of um this presentation for each of these different measurement procedures. So um it's good for behaviors that last about the same duration per instance. So same duration per instance. Um um for example, like if we have like a punch, like each punch only occurs for like one second and and they're all about the same here. So um so um good good for that case, too. Let's say we have a behavior that's like always um let's say like we're like looking at like cooking mac and cheese, like how many times did you cook mac and cheese this month? Um, like cooking mac and cheese, it's always going to take about the same amount of time, like about the same amount of time for the water to boil. Pour the noodles in. They cook for the same amount of time. Like that. It's just going to be like a solid like let's say 12 to 15 minutes. Uh, or like yeah, about 12 to 15 minutes, but it's going to be about the same depending who you are. Um, every time. So frequency would be totally fine for that behavior. Even though it's a longer duration behavior, each instance lasts about the same amount of time. So that's what we mean here. Um for frequency it's uh best used for um total number of behavior as as opposed to speed. So if I just said like hey how many times have you cooked mac and cheese before then um I then I can just get that number. Um I'm not really concerned about like how quickly you're cooking mac and cheese unless it's like a unique amount where it's like man I've been cooking mac and cheese like 18 times a month for the last year. be like, "Oh man, that's a lot of mac and cheese, dude." But if I'm just like, "Hey, how many times have you like made homemade mac and cheese?" Or like, "How many times have you um like vacation to Walt Disney World?" Um like total number of times is probably good for that. Um for frequency and r or sorry, for frequency, we can also use it if our observation period is always the same duration. So um if we're always looking at let's say like a 15 minute session or if we're always looking at like a a 60 minute session then frequency is appropriate there. You could convert it to rate but um you can use frequency just fine too and our data is still valid. It still captures um our dimensions of behavior. So um these three things um look good for frequency and then we can we can fire it off. We can choose that one. Let's talk about rate real quick. Uh remember we talked about rate is looking at the number of times a behavior occurs over a single unit of time. So like a per hour, per day, per week kind of measurement. Here's the utility. Very similar to frequency. Um we want to use it for behaviors that last about the same duration per instance. So um that's going to be a similarity between frequency and rate. So we want to look at that same duration per instance. So it's always like 1 second, it's always 20 seconds, it's always 15 minutes. Um but same duration per instance. Um as opposed to frequency. Frequent uh rate is better used for capturing the speed of the behavior. So um frequency better for like total number. Rates is better for speed. So like uh how quickly is this occurring? Um and then we can use this with observation periods that differ in duration and that's a um a key differentiator between frequent uh between rate and frequency. So let's say like sometimes we observe for 1 hour, sometimes we observe for 3 and 1/2 hours, um sometimes we observe for 20 minutes. Uh rate is going to be the best measurement there because um it's going to equalize that unit out and make our data actually validly comparable to each other. So again, frequency and rate tends to be really tricky. So I've got a little quiz for us here. Um all of these are either frequency or rate examples. So let's go ahead and um go through these. Make sure you're firing off a rationale with your answer as well. And let's see how you do. First one, Johnny asks how many hot dogs you ate at the Fourth of July party. Should we use frequency or rate for this example? Oh my gosh, we got such a big crowd here, but the rationale are looking really great. Yeah, nice job Danielle, Hie, Akona, good job Alina. Good. Good. Yeah, these are looking great, crew. Nice job, Laura. Yeah, perfect. I really like that, Laura. Awesome. This looks great. So, um, for this one, we're going to use frequency. So, we're looking at just how many hot dogs you ate. So, um, this and it's only looking at the one Fourth of July party. So, we essentially only have like one observation period. When that's the case, um, frequency is totally preferred over raid when we only have this one observation period. Um, so how many total hot dogs did you eat? Cool. I ate 15 hot dogs. It would be like a heinous Fourth of July, but I ate 15 hot dogs. Um, it would be better than saying like getting like an hourly rate where it's like I ate 4.6 six hot dogs per hour. Like, that'd be really awkward to report. No, we're just gonna say 15 hot dogs. Sweet. We did it. All right. How about this next one? Joey Chestnut compares how quickly he eats hot dogs across different competition durations. Should we use frequency or rate for this one, and why? Yeah, Jameson, that's absolutely correct. And we have some great interaction going on tonight. I'm loving all of the answers and rationale coming through. The like counter is looking great, too. We've got 78 likes, 123 people here. I wonder what happens if that like counter gets to 100 tonight. What do you guys think would happen? Courtney Oprah style giveaways maybe. Seven giveaways. I don't know if we'll do that many. I take like the whole stream. All right. Uh this is looking really nice here though crew. Um we are going to use rate for this one. Um since we have different um observations and um these observation periods have different durations as well. Rate is going to equalize that unit out and make all of them comparable to each other. So I would be like, okay, there was like um 3.5 hot dogs per minute in this competition where this competition had uh 4.2 hot dogs per minute, for example. And um those make them um that rate makes it directly comparable to each other. Good, good, good, good, good. All right, how about this next one? We've got Heather wants to track instances of aggression across ABA sessions. Should we use frequency or rate here? You get a mock and you get a mock. All right. So, our like is looking pretty fire. We'll do our first giveaway after this frequency rate uh exercise. Oh, we we're pretty split on this one, but I'm seeing the rationale are kind of nailing it. I don't know. Genjon, what do you think? What do you think would be most natural or most likely? Sorry guys, I'm a little like stuffy and nasly today. Gross. answers are looking pretty good overall though. Sorry guys, there's so we have so many students here tonight that I I feel like I I can't provide as much feedback, but I will do my best. So, you might have to you might have to selfch checkck your rationale to the feedback that I describe after, but I'm loving all seeing all the rationale. Yeah, Vagia, that looks great. Yeah, there you go. Gun, you know this. Good, Courtney. Yay, we've got Sienna in chat. Just passed my BCBA exam last Friday. I wanted to say thank you. Did all three of your mocks and they were so helpful. I love that, Siana. Congratulations. We got another new BCBA in the house. Hell yeah. Congratulations, Sienna. All right, let's go check this one out. Um, we've got rate for this one. So, um, ABA sessions, they're going to have some natural variability. even if you schedule them like it's always a 90 minute session or always a two-hour session, like there's just gonna be some things naturally occurring that are gonna [ __ ] that up and you may as well get ahead of it and just choose rate. So, um like your kid could get sick and they need to leave early. Um they uh might get dropped off late. It happens all the time. You've worked with these parents before. Um they um might need to like extend a session. they might need to cut off a session short. Um, things are going to happen that are going to mess with those durations of the sessions. So, let's just get ahead of it. Choose rate from the start and uh we really don't lose anything from it. So, rate totally cool here. All right, let's check this next one out. Um, Bethany wants to track how many flash cards she can answer accurately in two minutes. What do we think? Should we use frequency or array for this one? Keep those rationale up. I just love seeing those huge blocks of text. Uh, and the mock exams she's talking about are the Beatthebeast mock exams on understanding behavior.shop, your favorite best place to get BCBA study prep materials. the best mocks that will get you to beat the beast. Absolutely. And you know, it's not just me that says this either. I mean, if you click on these mocks and go down to the reviews, uh, somebody gave us a one-star review yesterday because they like couldn't ask for help. But, uh, all of our mocks have like 4.9 plus um star reviews. So, we we might need some more five star reviews to like get this person's uh review up. Like we we we sent her a mon like 10 minutes after she she bought it and then like said she didn't get it, but she totally did. So, um, there's some public shaving. Uh anyway, we love five star reviews. So if you could leave more of those uh uh we love that. But all remarks, they got they got great reviews. So check them out. I don't know if I can delete it or not. I don't think I don't think the review platform likes me to delete it. I know. We're like really fast. I have Jenny helping me out now and we're like really fast now. Can we respond to reviews and spam them? Um, you know, I'm not I'm not gonna I'm not gonna influence you any which way, but um that I'm not going to influence you. Yeah, we on it, Paige. This is what we do. Thanks, guys. Yours is the best. All right. Oh, this this is a tricky one. We um This seems like a lot. We got a lot of good answers here, though. Let's see. Let's see if we summed anybody. This one's actually going to be frequency. So frequency is our best answer even though we're we're tracking these like how many can occur in these twominut sessions. Um the twominut sessions are always the same. So our observation period is always the same duration. So we can be like today I score 25. Next day I score 27. And our data are directly comparable to each other because it's always a twominute observation. So, we don't necessarily need to take rate. Frequency would be a better option. Um, we could use a rate. It's not necessarily wrong, but uh frequency is definitely a better option. Alrighty. Uh, our last one here, we've got Charlie wants to track spontaneous vocalizations across sessions for Billy. What do you guys think for equality or right here? Thanks, Gabriella. Every review helps. We really appreciate it. And yeah, it's like like I feel like like it's just like common courtesy to like send an email like asking where your mock exam is before you drop a one-star review. Like like like ask for help. Like come on. Jameson said, "Being an adult is very hard, Nick." Yeah, it it is hard. I mean, we'll give them a grace. You know, determinism is a thing. It's not their fault. They had to engage in that behavior. They didn't learn any better, but um you know, we can do better. All right, really liking the answers coming through. Nice job here, crew. Good job, Francesca, Donna, Shante, Alina. Good job, Kayla. Yeah, perfect. Hey, maybe they're here. I don't know. Maybe they are. If they're here, they say something, I'll give him a free mock exam if they change their one star review. Only if they change their one star review, though. Don't leave more on one star reviews to get that offer. This is only for this one. Like, what am I doing? I'm setting a terrible example there. I take it back. It's a lie. All right. Looks great here, crew. Um, nice job. We have rate for this one. So, again, we're looking at across like our ABA sessions. Um, so rate's going to be better because we have our um varied durations within our session. So, we want to equalize that unit out and make our data comparable with each other. Yi is asking if they're here in our commentary makes them erase the review. Can we all get a mock? I don't know. Uh, that sounds like too many giveaways here. There's 120 people here. That'd be like $6,000 in mock exams. I can't just lose $6,000. Come on. That is that crazy. All right. Well, anyway, uh, thanks guys for for all your amazing participation tonight. Our like counter is already looking fire. Uh, we have 92 likes on the video. Um, how about we how about we do this like a pretty let's do a pretty lit giveaway here. So, um, for this giveaway, you we're going to do two winners. Two winners. Um, and you can choose any of these five products. So, any of our beat the beast mocks, our fluency questions, which are like easier questions that you can take a bunch of quizzes on, or we'll we'll even throw in the option for the mini mocks here. So, our mini mocks are um come with 13 different mini mocks. These are our toughest questions. Um they're by section and they're pretty lit. So, uh we'll do two winners for this one and you can choose any of those five products if you are a winner. Um we're we're going to make this we're going to make this a hard one though. We've got 120 people here. Uh we're going to make this one to a thousand guests here. So, uh you can put your guesses in now. One guess per person. Our two closest winners are going to uh to uh get their choice of product here. Get any of these four products or the beat the beast 3. And let's see who's going to win it. One to 1,000. One number. We're at 93 likes. Like I wonder like if we get as many likes as viewers that we have here. Um like what kind of giveaway would happen? I mean this first giveaway is already pretty lit. It's pretty lit. Uh, if you haven't checked out our minimax yet, um, I'll actually drop a link to that right now as well. Uh, understanding behavior.learnworlds.com/corminox. You can actually try two of these for free. So, if you go to this link and scroll down, um, all you need to do is click on one of these and, uh, if you have an account or you can make an account real quick, you can start our mini mocks. Um, they're beautifully presented right here. And um they come with really thorough but easy and simple to understand feedback for you to really nail these down. Uh if you go to the full course um there are 13 mini mocks in total. These are 25 questions each. These will really get you to think um and see the intricacies of these concepts and questions. Um and even if you don't score very well, you will learn a lot. I promise. But only if you like read the feedback. All right, let's see what we got here. We're gonna make Libby our last participant on this one. Our number is 73. Oh man, Jameson, did you go 69 again? Let's see who we got. 73. It's like kind of a low number. All right, I'm I'm checking through chat here. What we got? 73. 73. Who's Who got those low twodigit numbers? Um, I'm not seeing any twodigit numbers. Wow. Did anybody go like two digit? I mean, Jameson had to go 69, right? I'm not seeing any Jameson as always. Where Where's your Where's your number, Jameson? He said he was first. He said as always, I mean, it's got to be 69 for for Jameson. So, I think Jameson is one of our winners. He always guesses 69. So, we'll give it to Jameson. Let's see our second lowest. I don't think there's any other twodigit numbers in here. I see a 111 from Franchesca. That's kind of low. Who's our second winner? Is it Franchesca? Is anybody lower than 111? I think Francesca is our second winner here. Sly cheeseburgers. Nice try. Nice try. Uh we're going to go to Francesca and Jameson tonight. Way to go, guys. Congratulations. Uh sometimes doing those low numbers it pays off. Uh so yeah to claim your prize shoot me an email understanding behavior official atgmail.com and we'll hook you up with your prize. Let us know which one you want. Uh congrats to Francesca and Jameson once again. All right. Um you know I mean I I said something special might happen if we get like if we get over a 100. We're at 96 right now. I mean, seems pretty doable, but it's really on you guys. We're going to beat that hundred here. Uh, but uh yeah, let's uh let's keep trucking along. We'll uh we're not we probably won't or we're not going to finish measurement tonight, so we'll continue measurement next week as well. Uh, but I think we if we like get to a lit giveaway or lit uh like number then uh we could probably do another giveaway before this ends. All right. Um let's talk about duration. So um duration time from the beginning to the end of the response. Uh the utility for this one uh we use when how long the behavior um occurring is relevant. The most frequent situation that that's going to be is when uh we're working with a behavior that varies in duration. So sometimes the behavior occurs for u like a couple minutes, sometimes it occurs for like an hour, sometimes just a few seconds. um when that uh behavior uh very consistently varies in duration then we want to capture duration to capture it. So um very much like that first question that we looked at at the start of this class we saw that like um the screaming occurred anywhere from like a few seconds long to like 30 minutes long. So that was a huge variation in duration. And um when we have that we want to capture duration. So it looks great there. Um, all right. Well, you guys are like so lit and um so cool. We already have our light counter at 103. I said something cool. What happened at 100? Um, and honestly, I think it's kind of a cool way to wrap up this session. Uh, we can talk about the rest of the stuff next week. How about that? Um, so how about we end this and let's do a really lit giveaway. So, um, here's what we're going to do. You guys ready? Who's ready for this? I told you it's going to be lit. Who's Who's actually ready, though? I want to see I You guys don't I don't I don't think you're ready yet. Who is actually ready for this? I don't think we've ever done a giveaway like this before. All right. Okay. I'm see I'm seeing some readiness in chat. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. You're convincing me. I'm looking pretty ready. Looking pretty ready. Okay. Here's what we're going to do. So, we're going to do two winners. Um, our first winner is going to win the Behavior Beast Slayer course. Uh, and here's how it's going to work. Um, we have two winners. The first winner is going to win our behavior beast slayer course. I'm actually going to draw two different numbers for this one. So, we're we're going to do two different giveaways or Yeah, we're doing doing two number rolls. The winner of the first one is going to win the behavior beast slayer course. And this is like literally a lifecher for your studying world. I No, I didn't. I know. No, I didn't. We're doing it. Uh, so if you're not familiar with the behavior be slayer course, oh um, let me actually pull up it over here. Um, um, this is like our our comprehensive $325 product and honestly, it's worth every single penny and I'm sure other people in chat are going to tell you that as well. Um, but the Behavior Beast Slayer course comes with literally everything that you need to master this whole test content outline and um, and nail this exam. Uh if you don't win tonight, you there is a free trial here. You can do about 30 minutes of the videos. Um but basically like how it's split up is we have uh over 16 hours of interactive videos and the videos um like they'll pause every once in a while and they'll give you a quiz um or questions to ask to engage with. So, it's kind of just like you're at a Nick live stream for like 16 hours, but it's even better because we don't talk about like all of like these giveaways and like rambles and such. It's just like here's content. Here's what you need to know and get it. Soak it in. Um, so all these videos are really tightly edited to um get you exactly what you need. No filler, no fluff. Um, there's also quizzes that follow up. There's over 65 quizzes to get you to um understand each of these concepts and really like seal in the deal. Goes over each section. The videos are short. They get right into um into exactly what you need to know. Um it also like starts with a very thorough um introduction of like the behavioral contingency and the basics. And I feel like a lot of students miss out on this in their program. and um and um it's so fundamental and so necessary and like is going to get you to get get good at seeing behavior analysis everywhere. So um comes with everything you need. Again, over 16 hours of video um split up into a really digestible format that makes studying fun and engaging. And we're going to give this away now. So, if you already have the Beast Slayer course, please do not uh uh participate in this giveaway. I really wanted to go to somebody who does not have the course already. It should kind of just make sense. Um but uh we're going to make this for somebody who does not want to go uh who does not have the course already. But don't worry, we are going to do a second giveaway. Um so, the second drawing is going to be for the super ultimate mock bundle. This comes with three different mock exams and our mini mocks. So, if you don't have the the course uh or sorry, if you do have the course, don't participate in this first one. We're doing it for the Beast Slayer course. We're going to give it to somebody who doesn't have it yet. Um we're going to make this one um one out of 650. So, um so yeah, again, if you have the course already, don't participate. Um you can participate in the next giveaway where you can get all of our mock products. So, um let's see it. 1 to 650. Who's going to win the Behavior Beast Slayer course? Again, if you already have the course, please do not participate. But somebody is going to be a lucky winner tonight when this huge product that is literally like game changer in studying. This can literally like prevent you from paying the board and Pearson all of your money for the for the exam a million times. Uh, it's really that good. If there's a tie, we'll do a tiebreaker. All right, last call for numbers here. Again, one um guest per person. Who's going to win it tonight? The big beast slayer. Har, one guess per person. All right, we're gonna pick the number. What's it going to be? Here we go. All right, thanks Sar, for our final guess there. Appreciate that. Our number is 480. Who's close? Let's see here. Let's scroll through this together. I see Olivia Cook 467. That's not bad. Anybody closer? 480 480 [Music] Gungeon 474. Oh, we have Elizabeth 477. I'm seeing Elizabeth Simpson here at 477. Double check me though before we before we call it for real. Elizabeth is looking like the winner for me. I think it's Elizabeth 477. Ah, yay. Congratulations, Elizabeth Simpson. You just won yourself the Beast Slayer course. Congratulations. Um, it is a total game changer for your studying. You're going to love it. Um, send us an email at [email protected] and we'll hook you up with this course. Um, total game changer. You're going to love it. Um, and if you didn't win the Beast Slayer course tonight, um, and let's let's say, okay, I'm going to do something. You guys, I told you this is going to be a lit giveaway. Um, um, here's the thing. Okay, if you're thinking about the Beast Slayer course and you didn't win it tonight, send us an email and we'll give you um a 20% off discount for it. And this is only going to be valid this weekend. So, um send us an email. We'll send you a 20% off discount for it. Usually, we only do 10% off discounts. Uh we'll do a 20% off discount. Uh this is going to be until the end of the weekend. So, send us an email if you're interested in that. We'll hook you up with that. Um, so yeah, if you're really serious, you want to purchase it this weekend, we'll we'll get you 20% off the Be Slayer course. Just send us an email um and we'll hook you up with that. Um, but we're going to do one more um, sorry, our email is understanding behavior [email protected]. I'll throw it in chat once more. Um, and we're going to do one more giveaway here uh, tonight for our super ultimate mock bundle. Um, if you have uh, sorry, if um, you need any of these products, so if you need our mini mocks or any of the beat the beast mocks, you're welcome to participate in this giveaway. Um, and you'll get all four of these. So, if you don't have any of our products, um, you're going to win big tonight, win this mock bundle. Um, let's switch it up a little bit. We'll do 1 to 555 for this one. Uh, if you want, you can uh, throw your numbers in now. One guest per person. And um yeah, multiple guesses will be disqualified. And let's see what we got. Who's going to win this one? All right, numbers are coming in. This is another pretty lit giveaway. If there's a tie, we'll do a tiebreaker. So, don't worry about that. That's fine, Gungeon. We'll do a tiebreaker if we need to. John Schlong, it's way too many numbers. Dude, you're out. Sorry, it's too many. Janny, too many numbers. You're out. Sorry. Sorry. Not sorry. Alrighty, cool beans. We're going to pick our number. We're going to make Heaven Fernandez the last guess here. Here we go. We've got 501. Who's got it? 501. All right. Help me out here. Help me out here, crew. 501. Who's got it? Anybody high 400s, low 500s? Oh, I see Usley at 500. Oh, we've got Adriana at 500, too. Oh my gosh, we've got a tie at 500. Ed do 501. Oh my god, we have three people at 500. Alexandra, oh my gosh, this is crazy. We have a three-way tie here. All right, we've got three-way tie. Here we go. Uh, we've got Alexandra, we've got um who are the other two here? We've got Usley, and we've got Adriana. All right, here's what's going to Here's what we're going to do. I'm going to do uh I'm going to do this uh we're going to do a one to three here. Here's our number. So, our winner is going to We're just going to do these in order. So we had Alexandra, Adriana, and then Usli. So Alexandra is going to be one, Adriana's going to be two, is going to be three. Here we go. Our winner is two. So we've got Adriana R is our winner for this. Congratulations. because you just won yourself a super ultimate mock bundle valued at $189. Congratulations. All right, we I don't think we've ever had a three-way tie here. That is crazy. Um but uh Adriana, you're our winner. Go ahead and shoot us an email understanding behavior [email protected]. We'll hook you up with the super ultimate mock bundle. um we'll make um Alexandra and Usley, you can also send us an email and uh we'll we'll send you um a a mock exam. So, let us know if you want any of the beat the beast mock exams or um even the fluency package and we'll still hook you up with that. So, yeah, we just give away so much stuff. We just give away like7 $800 worth of stuff here. Um that's crazy. Uh, and that's going to be a really lit way to end tonight's stream. Um, again, um, Usley and Alexandra, um, you guys can both get, uh, a mock exam. Just let us know which one you want. Uh, any of the beat the beast mocks or the fluency package. We'll hook you up. All right. Well, that was lit. How fun, guys. Thanks for being here tonight for um such a fun presentation and such a fun like turn of events. Like I didn't even expect to do this many giveaways tonight. But um you guys energy um and uh amazing attendance and interaction pumped me up. So um thanks for being here. Thanks for um supporting Understanding Behavior. Make sure um you're following us. Make sure you're signed up to um our email list on our shop. You can find our stuff at understanding behavior.shop. shop. Um, my my wallet's going to hurt now that I just gave away like $800 worth of stuff. Um, no, it'll be fine. But anyway, um, sign up to our email list. We do three of these study groups every week. Um, we'll also be sending out like more um, tips and tricks and uh, and cool stuff on our email list. Um, you can get some coupons and links to our free stuff there. Um, once again, if you're interested in the Be Slayer course, uh, and you're like super serious about it and want to, um, get it this weekend, uh, then we'll, uh, send us an email and we'll shoot you a 20% off discount code, um, so you can pick that up for you. All right, Courtney, see you next Thursday. Hopefully, it be Courtney Johnson, BCBA. Good luck. Go crush it. Hell yeah, Jameson. All right. Good luck to everybody testing this week. Thanks for uh all of your miss uh participation and I uh hope you guys have a great week and go go crush it out there. Um if you want Yeah, that's a good question. Will the 20% off go to the beast um the complete beast mode package as well? We could do that. We could make a beast we can also make it for the complete beast mode bundle. So yeah, if you wanted to get that instead of the the Beast Slayer course, we we can we can do that, too. It's a great question. Uh the course comes with six months access, so plenty of time to to um learn what you need and crush it out. Anyway, measurement part two next week. Hope to see you there. Have a great weekend, everybody. And um keep crushing and stay nerdy. Bye.

All right, good evening everybody and welcome to the Understanding Behavior live stream. How we feeling tonight? We've got another banger for you. We're doing measurement tonight. Uh measurement tends to be one of those sections that trips a lot of people up. Uh on our beat the beast mock exams, we tend to go pretty hard on measurement. Um, just like my observations on the score reports that I see around, uh, it tends to be one of the lower sections, especially on our beat the beast mocks. But we're going to give you everything that you need to just nail this topic. Um, so when you see a measurement question, you'll know exactly how to approach it and exactly how to nail it. All right. Um, well, how's everybody doing tonight? Looks like we've got a lot of new faces. We've got some returning faces. Good to see everybody here. Um it's going to be another banger. Um so yeah, we're doing measurement and um yeah, if you're not familiar with our stuff, go check us us out on understandingbehavior.shop. Um we did a little a little revamp of the shop. Nothing too crazy, but change up this uh homepage a little bit. Um if you are not signed up to our email list, make sure you're signed up so you get the updates on all of our free study events. Um, you'll also get some coupon codes and you'll get some uh free mini mocks and a bunch of Nick's um best tips for studying and for mastering this exam. So, make sure um you sign up to our email list. You can do it right on our homepage right here. Uh and if you enjoy our products, drop a review. If you're not familiar with our products, check them out. I'm I can guarantee that you'll love them and that you'll uh make you feel more comfortable and prepared for this exam. Uh, but we'll talk more about those later. Um, we do like to do some giveaways during our streams here. So, if this is your first time, um, you'll quickly learn that we do our, uh, giveaways based on the number of likes that we have on the video. Um, so if you haven't yet, make sure you hit that thumbs up like button. Uh, it helps get this content out to everybody who needs it. Um, and the more that we do so, um, the faster we'll get do some giveaways and maybe we'll do some more giveaways, um, if we get a lot of likes on there. Cool beans. Alrighty. Um, yeah, just checking up on chat here real quick. All right, genius. Glad you're here. Welcome. Welcome. Nice, Veronica. Got a 380 on your first try. Yeah, measurement definitely is a killer. So, um hopefully you'll get everything that you need tonight or you will get everything you need tonight, but uh let's see if you can soak it all in. We have a question. I recommend taking the mocks in order one, two, and three. Yeah, I think it's a pretty good way way to do it. Um um beat the beast one is great. Beat the beast 2 I think is a little bit better. And then beat the beast 3 is the mo our most difficult mock by far according to our data. Um, we have a question. What range in score should I be making to feel okay for the exam if I'm taking the mini moach? Well, the thing with the mini mocks is like the mini are only 25 questions. So, they're just like not a valid indicator for them. Uh, if you want a valid indicator of like a scoring scale about how well you're going to do on the real exam, um, all of our beat the beast mocks come with that scoring indicator. So, don't worry about your mini moach scores. If you're getting 50s, don't worry about it. just uh study up and learn from your mistakes. Uh if you want to get a real evaluation about how well you're going to do, take uh one of the beat the beast mocks. Cool. Rachel took the free minis today. Got 72 in bull. That's pretty solid. I like that. Yeah, Veronica, send us an email. We'll get you hooked up. Sweet. Thanks, Rachel, for liking and subscribing. All right, sweet. We've got 93 people here. 28 likes a video. I feel like we could do a little bit better. But uh it's up to you guys. If we want to have more giveaways, then you'll hit that thumbs up like button. Uh and if you don't want them, then that's fine. We just want to do giveaways then. All right. No, it's fine with me. No, I'm just kidding. We'll we'll probably do some giveaways regardless. Um but thank you all for being here tonight. Let's get into our topic tonight. Measurement. Let's do it. All right. Uh so let's first start with like why is measurement important. So um like we're kind of spoiled in ABA and like we're we're like really um like measurement is kind of just like part of our fundamentals but if you think about like a lot of other forms of psychology they don't really use measurement. Uh which is kind of crazy like they're not actually like looking at behavior and they're not actually like measuring like whether they're making changes or not. Uh part of that I think is just kind of like the mixture between like capitalism and healthcare where it's like uh I think a lot of therapy. Um even though like a lot of the I'm not saying like uh like like therapists don't have good intentions in general, but a lot of therapists like just kind of are there to like like keep you in therapy forever. They're not necessarily here to change um the issues at that are at core. Um but as behavior analysts, we like to define what our problems are and we like to measure them. So um huge advantage of using measurement is that it adds objectivities to psychology. It actually um tells us like whether or not we're making change. Uh so it also adds a lot of clarity to what our target behaviors are. We uh define our behaviors. We know exactly what we're looking at and what is included and what's not included in a behavior. And then um again measurement allows us to analyze the progress in that behavior change as well. So, are things getting better? Are things um going in the direction that we want them to go? Cool, cool, cool. Um so, let's first talk about how do we pick our measurement procedures. There's two main factors that you base this on. Our first one and most important one is measurement validity. Measurement validity refers to whether the measurement procedure captures a relevant dimension of the behavior for change. So if you want to really like get the the key term here, we want to think about it as a relevant dimension of the behavior that we're trying to change. So um does this like represent what we actually want to change? If it does, then that's great. That's um that would make it a valid measurement. If it doesn't capture what we want to change, then it's not going to be a valid measurement and we should find a different measurement. So, this is going to be a really big focus for today and uh focus in measurement overall is uh does this measurement procedure actually capture what we want to capture. The second thing that we need to consider when we're picking our measurement procedure is the ability of our data collector. So a question you can ask yourself is can the data collector reasonably take accurate data given their other responsibilities. So there's a tons of diff there's tons of different forms of measurement procedures. Some of them are really easy to do. Um some are very time consuming to do. So um think about um what your data collector also needs to do and can they take data while doing their other things that they need to do in a feasible way. If we meet both of these marks, then we have a great measurement procedure for our behavior. So, um, it captures what we want it to capture and they're able to take the data accurately given everything else that they need to do. All right, let's go for a warm-up question so we can uh kind of see where you're at and uh we can kind of like start investigating this measurement validity uh and like the things that we need to consider for a measurement procedure. If you're not following us on Facebook and Instagram, we post questions like this every single day. Um they also have a scoring scale on them. So this is a medium question, which is kind of on like our harder scale. So, let's um check this one out and see how you guys do. We have Clark is a three-year-old with autism who has frequent episodes of screaming. During the assessment, mom reported that sometimes he only screams for a few seconds, but usually an episode will last anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes. In your own observations as the BCBA, your data match mom's report. Which of the following measurement proceed for this behavior when used alone? So remember valid means that it's capturing a relevant dimension. So this question is asking about an invalid measurement procedure. Let's go ahead and see what you guys got. And um make sure you provide a rationale for your answer as well. So three of these are valid. One of them is not valid. Let's see what you guys got and uh let's see those rationale for why you think that measurement procedure would not capture what we want to see. All right, cool. Chris Harry's got our first rationale here. So a lot of these rationals are kind of describing what the measurement procedure is, but make sure you're answering the question with your rationale as well. All right, liking to see more rationale coming through. Uh, by providing your rationale, you're going to get the most out of this session because you're not just answering the question, you're actually thinking about it. You're um giving your best reason why. Uh, and you're and this is going to help you form more confidence on the exam as well. So, um, whether you get this right or wrong, depending on your rationale, um, it's important to do because you're going to get that feedback. It invests you more in the question. It's going to get you more engaged and actually soak in the material that the the way that you need to. All right, we are about 5050 on this one. Looks like popular answers are A and D. We've got some compelling ration for both of them, but only one of those is correct. All right. So, we have the rationale about like accurate like momentary time sampling providing an accurate picture. So, we don't necessarily need an accurate measurement. We just need it it to capture it in a way that is um that gives us good data to work with. Yeah, this is a tricky question for sure. We are dead split here. I'll give you guys a few more seconds and we'll review this one. Olivia, I like where your head is at. All right, let's go ahead and check this one out. Um, the best answer here is going to be a rate. So, we're asking about an invalid measurement. So, one measurement is not going to be really great for this behavior. Let's go over the reason why here. So, um, going into our what the behavior looks like, we're working with screaming. And, um, the episodes, we have some screaming that only lasts for a few seconds. Um, but usually an episode will last anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes. So, let's think about it. If I'm going to say like, hey, there was three screams an hour for this session. Well, that doesn't really tell us a whole lot of info because one scream would be like it could be anywhere from like five seconds up anywhere up to like 30 minutes. So, if I said three screams per hour, does that mean 15 seconds of screaming or does that mean an hour and a half of screaming? And it's like an hour and a half out of an hour. Like, I mean, that's ridiculous. I mean, it's not even possible. It's so ridiculous. Uh, but the thing is Raid does not tell us that. Um the rain only tells us um how many times it occurs, but really our relevant dimension that we want to look at is how long it's occurring for. So the other three measurements are going to better capture that. We have duration is going to capture exactly like how long that um behavior occurs for. So how much screaming that we have. So if we had 20 minutes of screaming, it's going to say 20 minutes of screaming. um interval recording um and momentary time sampling these are both forms of interval recording and intervals are units of time. So um these are both appropriate to um capture this behavior. Partial interval is going to overestimate that a little bit but no worries there. Um it's still going to tell us like if the behavior is going to change or not. Uh and then a lot of people were saying momentary time sampling is not good because it only captures if it occurs at the end of an interval. So let's say we had like let's say we had like a 4minut interval here and we had the behaviors kind of like occurring at like this amount and then we have like another 4m minute interval. So technically we have two uh we have two intervals here. Um there's two ends of the interval. We would mark this first interval as a plus because it's occurring at the end of the interval. We second one as a minus. So what this essentially is saying is that for these um for this 8 minutes that we had about four minutes of um screaming occurring was that's how it's estimating this. So um when we see that it's actually like not that bad of an estimation. If these are four minute intervals reality here is probably like maybe two and a half 3 minutes if we were to like take the duration of this line here. Um but we're estimating it at 4 minutes. It's not a bad estimation at all. So momentary time sampling totally appropriate here because it still is working with units of time. Um and it is um appropriate here because sometimes the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time which we'll talk about when we get there. Um is one of the features that we want for behaviors with momentary time sampling. Cool. Um for partial interval recording somebody say asking like I thought it only measured rate or frequency that occurred during the interval. So no. Um, again, this is a unit of time. So, let's say we have like um let's say we have a threem minute interval. I don't know why I'm changing this, but we'll just do it just because. Um, but let's say we had a behavior occur like five or I don't know, it's like eight times during that interval. What we do is that we mark it as a plus. And essentially what this say is saying is that we had three minutes of the behavior occurring. So, um, it doesn't matter how many times it occurred. It could have occurred once. It could have occurred a million times. Um, but either way, we're marking this as the three minutes of of um the behavior occurring. And that's where that overestimation comes into play. Cool. Cool. Nice. Genius. I'm so glad it's starting to make sense here. I love that. Good. All right. How are we feeling with this one? Is this all making sense? So, um, again, this is the really tricky thing and and um, like it sounds simple. It's really just one thing. is like we need to focus on the relevant dimension of the behavior, but we can see that there's so many complexities within these examples. So, what we're going to do today is we're going to go over each of these measurement procedures, but not and not just how they do they work. We're not going to go that surface level. The more important thing is what kind of uh behaviors are they most useful for and what kind of relevant dimensions are um do we want to focus on for each different one. So, um, if you're liking this already, again, make sure you hit that like button where, uh, we've got 116 people here, 49 likes on the video. I think we can do a little bit better. Again, it's that thumbs up button. The hearts and hundreds, those are great, too. But, um, the thumbs ups are what we're really looking for. Cool beans. Um, well, hope you guys enjoyed that question. U, we're going to first talk about u the difference between continuous measurements and discontinuous measurements. So uh continuous measurements they collect all of our relevant data to the measurement procedure. Um one thing about continuous measurements is that they require constant observation. So we need to um can't really like take our eyes off of that individual for doing continuous uh measurements. Um but the perks of that is that it gives us a really complete data set. It shows us everything that's relevant to that measurement procedure. Now, discontinuous measurement is uh uh instead of collecting all of our relevant data, this is going to estimate our data through interval recording. So, we're going to split up our session into um these small intervals or little chunks of time. And then we're going to um look at like what percentage of those intervals the behavior was occurring. One big advantage of discontinuous measurement is that it eases the job for train the train data collector. So, um, if they do have to constantly observe, it's going to be a lot less. Um, and they're not going to have to like take as many marks during that time. Um, and there's some where you don't even need to constantly observe, which is really great. Uh, discontinuous measurement also creates what's called a measurement artifact. This is um, has anybody heard of this term? It's I feel like it's kind of a weird term. I know you like know about these, but you probably don't know about the terms. Let me just see quick in chat. Have you guys heard of measurement artifacts before? And if you're feeling like really cool and you feel like you really know your [ __ ] tell me what a measurement artifact is. Victor's on the right track. Okay, I've heard of these. Okay, so a measurement artifact is essentially um the the um way that data is going to be presented based on how it was recorded. So, we talked real quick about like that partial interval recording example um where we said like, hey, this is a twominut period of time. And what we do is that like if the behavior occurs at all during this period, then what we're going to do is we're going to mark this as a plus. And essentially this plus means that we had two minutes of the behavior. Um so, um this is going to overestimate how much behavior actually occurred. And this is just due to the way that we're actually measuring the behavior. So in reality, like the behavior maybe occurred for three seconds, but we're reporting it as if the behavior occurred for 2 minutes. So that over um estimation is going to be what we call the measurement artifact. Um or we could say like partial interval has a measurement artifact of overestimating the behavior. So again, it's a misrepresentation of the data due to the way that the data is collected. So that's what we mean with the measurement artifact. Cool, cool, cool. Yeah, Veronica, right on track. That's a great definition. I love that. Sweet. Okay. Um, let's go ahead and talk about our continuous measurements. We've got five main ones that were focused on. Can you guys label them? We're gonna go through these pretty fast and then we'll go one by one and get a little bit more depth to each of them. Um, but can you guys label some um you can just shout out uh one or more in chat? We've got rate here. We've got count. Oh, nice. Courtney has a great list there. Yeah, duration. Good. IRT, latency. Yeah, looks like you guys got them all. Nice. Awesome. Awesome. You guys are killing it. So, um, our first two types are event recording. So, event recording is kind of like a bigger category. Um, this includes frequency, which is just the number of times that a behavior occurs. And then rate, which is very similar, um, but it's number of times a behavior occurs over a single unit of time. U, make sure you have this single unit of time here. um is is an important detail that sometimes gets left off of this definition. So for an example like um what we're if we had like let's say we had 60 instances over uh 3 hours um this is not really what we're looking for. We want to get this down to a single unit of time. So we can do a little bit of math. Uh we can do it divided by three um divided by three and then what we get is 20 instances per hour. So, we want the single hour is what we're really looking for with that rate. Um, our time based continuous measurements, you guys, um, got these really nicely. Um, duration, this is the time from the beginning to the end of a response. Latency, this is the time from the onset of a stimulus and the start of the behavior. Note that I say stimulus here and not SD. So, um, this word stimulus is a little bit more inclusive. Um, what are some other possible stimuli that we could, um, trigger with latency? So, other stimuli other than SDS that could trigger a latency measurement. What do you guys think? A little trickier question. An instruction. Uh, yeah, maybe an instruction might be an SD. Yeah, Jany's got a prompt. Good. We got pa eo and ao. I like that. Yeah, we got prompts. We've got MOS, anticedant. What other kind What kinds of anticedants? Okay, some of the examples here. We got like fire alarm. We've got timer, school bell, your name being called at Starbucks. I think that would be an SD. But yeah, I think that totally fits. Um, some other ones could be like um a rule um like presentation of a rule. Good. Awesome. Um yeah, I think those are all great examples. Um but again, the main thing here I want you to focus on is that this is stimulus. It can be more inclusive than just SDS, not smoking. Smoking would be a behavior, not a stimulus. Okay. Um, interresponse time. Um, this is the time from the end of one behavior and the start of the next. Cool. All right. Um, next thing we're going to talk about are dimensional qualities of our measurement procedures. So, these um are a little tricky and I don't think they're I don't think they're like the most important thing to study for the exam, but I think they are a fair game and um I think it's worth going over them at least. Essentially, like a dimensional quality is a characteristic of a measurement procedure. So, um it doesn't necessarily like one to one relate to the procedure, but um it's a characteristic of that measurement procedure. So we our first one is repeatability and this refers to the countability of a behavior. So um if the measurement procedure allows um you to count how many times behavior occurs um then repeatability would be a dimensional quality. Our two other ones um we have temporal extent. This word temporal um just essentially means time and this word extent is essentially looking at like how long. So we want to look at like how long um in relation to like the behavior like how long is it the behavior occurring for. Um then we have temporal locus. Again temporal means time. Um and locus refers to like where in time. So like where in a specific point in time. The strategy that I like to remember this one that worked really well for me um is like thinking about it as like locusts. So locust like a locust swarm. They like surround you. So we kind of put those two terms together, we have like time surrounding behavior. So I don't know that tip may or may not work for you very well, but uh it worked for me. So um hopefully it's useful at least for at least one person here. Um so temporal locus we want to look at the dimensional quality where we have like time surrounding the behavior. Okay. So um let's go ahead and look at each of our measurement procedures. Um each measurement procedure may have one or more than one of these dimensional qualities. So let's go ahead one by one and label these out. First we have frequency. So which dimensional quality or qualities relate to frequency? Let's see that in chat. We have a question. How's a presentation of a rule a stimulus and not an SD? Um and so like it doesn't necessarily signal reinforcement. So if I say like, hey, if you eat ice cream, it tastes really good. That doesn't mean like you have ice cream available and can go eat it right now. So it's just a stimulus. Nice. Killing it, Amanda. Lots of great answers here. We're throwing you a softball to get warmed up here. did a nice job here. Our uh frequency has repeatability as its only dimensional quality. Very nice. Very nice. Um let's go on to rate. Which dimensional quality or qualities relate to rate? Let's see it. Is it one or is it more than one? Awesome. Looking super groovy here crew. Nice job. Um rate has two of them. First we have repeatability. Very similar to frequency where it allows countability of the behavior. Um second of all we have temporal locus. So we have time surrounding behavior here. So if we say like five instances in an hour um like those five instances are occurring within the hour and we have time surrounding those instances of behavior. Very nice. Okay. How about duration? Which dimensional quality or qualities relates to duration? Let's see it. Amanda is on fire with these rationale tonight. Courtney as well killing it. Yeah. Again, raid has temporal locus because we're looking at like five instances per hour um that the instances of behavior are occurring within that hour. So again, we had that time surrounding behavior. Okay, for duration, we've got B temporal extent. Nice job here. So on this one, we're looking at how long the behavior is occurring, how much time it's occurring for. Nice job. Uh how about latency? Uh latency. Which dimensional quality or qualities relate here? Okay, this one is going to be C temporal locus alone. So, um for latency, we're not looking at the time of the behavior. We're looking at the time surrounding the behavior. So, a lot of people had B and C here. Um, but we're not going to include temporal extent here because we're not looking at how long the behavior is occurring. We're just focused on that time around the behavior. So, temporal locus would be the only dimensional quality. Okay, how about our last one? We've got interresponse time. What you guys think for this one? Which dimensional quality or qualities relate here? This This is a tricky one. We've got some great rationale here. Looks like some some of you guys have been here before for this presentation. Yeah, in response time is looking at the time um from the end of one response to the beginning of the next. All right, let's go check this one out. So, um we do have temporal locus as one of our dimensional qualities here. So again, we're looking at the time surrounding behavior, not necessarily time of the behavior because we're looking at the time between those responses. So temporal locus als um is very applicable to inner response time. We also have uh repeatability as well. But um this is only occurs if you have the raw data for um our inner response times. Uh looks like a couple you guys pointed this out. Here we have a formula and we'll talk about it more when we get to IR but we have u sorry it's uh number of IRS number of IRTs plus one equals frequency and sorry my board's a mess right now but yeah we can kind of look at that I like to look at it with like a little finger trick so let's say I have three fingers up and pretend each finger is an instance of behavior. So I've got one, two, three. Um that means that there's time in between each of these and um and we can see that there's two different slots in between the um instances of behavior. So if we take that formula number of IRTs, we've got two plus one. That's going to get us back to our frequency. So we've got three instances of behavior but two. It works no matter how many times you extend it. If we have eight up here, there's going to be seven in betweens. One, two, three, four, five, five, six, seven. Sorry. Uh, it gets trickier with two hands. Um, so, yep. Uh, that's going to be um our uh repeatability as well. If we only have the average IR team, then we do lose that repeatability. We're not able to um get the frequency. But uh if we have that raw data, we can get to the accountability um of this behavior as well. Not temporal extend because we're not looking at how long the behavior actually is. We're only focus on the time between the behavior. Cool, cool, cool. Um if you're struggling with these, I wouldn't like waste a ton of time with them. It's good to know them and review them a little bit, but um not the most important thing. Um the really the most important things that we want to um nail down for measurement is this measurement validity of each of our different measurement procedures. Um we're first going to talk about frequency and rate. And these ones tend to get underestimated quite a bit. Everybody's just like, "Yeah, I know frequency and rate." And then when you get down to examples of like, "Hey, should I use frequency or rates?" People are like, "Oh [ __ ] wait. This is actually hard." So listen up here. Uh let's talk about each of these. We'll start with frequency. Um earlier we defined it as the number of times that a behavior occurs. Um here's the utility and here's what like the the important meat of um this presentation for each of these different measurement procedures. So um it's good for behaviors that last about the same duration per instance. So same duration per instance. Um um for example, like if we have like a punch, like each punch only occurs for like one second and and they're all about the same here. So um so um good good for that case, too. Let's say we have a behavior that's like always um let's say like we're like looking at like cooking mac and cheese, like how many times did you cook mac and cheese this month? Um, like cooking mac and cheese, it's always going to take about the same amount of time, like about the same amount of time for the water to boil. Pour the noodles in. They cook for the same amount of time. Like that. It's just going to be like a solid like let's say 12 to 15 minutes. Uh, or like yeah, about 12 to 15 minutes, but it's going to be about the same depending who you are. Um, every time. So frequency would be totally fine for that behavior. Even though it's a longer duration behavior, each instance lasts about the same amount of time. So that's what we mean here. Um for frequency it's uh best used for um total number of behavior as as opposed to speed. So if I just said like hey how many times have you cooked mac and cheese before then um I then I can just get that number. Um I'm not really concerned about like how quickly you're cooking mac and cheese unless it's like a unique amount where it's like man I've been cooking mac and cheese like 18 times a month for the last year. be like, "Oh man, that's a lot of mac and cheese, dude." But if I'm just like, "Hey, how many times have you like made homemade mac and cheese?" Or like, "How many times have you um like vacation to Walt Disney World?" Um like total number of times is probably good for that. Um for frequency and r or sorry, for frequency, we can also use it if our observation period is always the same duration. So um if we're always looking at let's say like a 15 minute session or if we're always looking at like a a 60 minute session then frequency is appropriate there. You could convert it to rate but um you can use frequency just fine too and our data is still valid. It still captures um our dimensions of behavior. So um these three things um look good for frequency and then we can we can fire it off. We can choose that one. Let's talk about rate real quick. Uh remember we talked about rate is looking at the number of times a behavior occurs over a single unit of time. So like a per hour, per day, per week kind of measurement. Here's the utility. Very similar to frequency. Um we want to use it for behaviors that last about the same duration per instance. So um that's going to be a similarity between frequency and rate. So we want to look at that same duration per instance. So it's always like 1 second, it's always 20 seconds, it's always 15 minutes. Um but same duration per instance. Um as opposed to frequency. Frequent uh rate is better used for capturing the speed of the behavior. So um frequency better for like total number. Rates is better for speed. So like uh how quickly is this occurring? Um and then we can use this with observation periods that differ in duration and that's a um a key differentiator between frequent uh between rate and frequency. So let's say like sometimes we observe for 1 hour, sometimes we observe for 3 and 1/2 hours, um sometimes we observe for 20 minutes. Uh rate is going to be the best measurement there because um it's going to equalize that unit out and make our data actually validly comparable to each other. So again, frequency and rate tends to be really tricky. So I've got a little quiz for us here. Um all of these are either frequency or rate examples. So let's go ahead and um go through these. Make sure you're firing off a rationale with your answer as well. And let's see how you do. First one, Johnny asks how many hot dogs you ate at the Fourth of July party. Should we use frequency or rate for this example? Oh my gosh, we got such a big crowd here, but the rationale are looking really great. Yeah, nice job Danielle, Hie, Akona, good job Alina. Good. Good. Yeah, these are looking great, crew. Nice job, Laura. Yeah, perfect. I really like that, Laura. Awesome. This looks great. So, um, for this one, we're going to use frequency. So, we're looking at just how many hot dogs you ate. So, um, this and it's only looking at the one Fourth of July party. So, we essentially only have like one observation period. When that's the case, um, frequency is totally preferred over raid when we only have this one observation period. Um, so how many total hot dogs did you eat? Cool. I ate 15 hot dogs. It would be like a heinous Fourth of July, but I ate 15 hot dogs. Um, it would be better than saying like getting like an hourly rate where it's like I ate 4.6 six hot dogs per hour. Like, that'd be really awkward to report. No, we're just gonna say 15 hot dogs. Sweet. We did it. All right. How about this next one? Joey Chestnut compares how quickly he eats hot dogs across different competition durations. Should we use frequency or rate for this one, and why? Yeah, Jameson, that's absolutely correct. And we have some great interaction going on tonight. I'm loving all of the answers and rationale coming through. The like counter is looking great, too. We've got 78 likes, 123 people here. I wonder what happens if that like counter gets to 100 tonight. What do you guys think would happen? Courtney Oprah style giveaways maybe. Seven giveaways. I don't know if we'll do that many. I take like the whole stream. All right. Uh this is looking really nice here though crew. Um we are going to use rate for this one. Um since we have different um observations and um these observation periods have different durations as well. Rate is going to equalize that unit out and make all of them comparable to each other. So I would be like, okay, there was like um 3.5 hot dogs per minute in this competition where this competition had uh 4.2 hot dogs per minute, for example. And um those make them um that rate makes it directly comparable to each other. Good, good, good, good, good. All right, how about this next one? We've got Heather wants to track instances of aggression across ABA sessions. Should we use frequency or rate here? You get a mock and you get a mock. All right. So, our like is looking pretty fire. We'll do our first giveaway after this frequency rate uh exercise. Oh, we we're pretty split on this one, but I'm seeing the rationale are kind of nailing it. I don't know. Genjon, what do you think? What do you think would be most natural or most likely? Sorry guys, I'm a little like stuffy and nasly today. Gross. answers are looking pretty good overall though. Sorry guys, there's so we have so many students here tonight that I I feel like I I can't provide as much feedback, but I will do my best. So, you might have to you might have to selfch checkck your rationale to the feedback that I describe after, but I'm loving all seeing all the rationale. Yeah, Vagia, that looks great. Yeah, there you go. Gun, you know this. Good, Courtney. Yay, we've got Sienna in chat. Just passed my BCBA exam last Friday. I wanted to say thank you. Did all three of your mocks and they were so helpful. I love that, Siana. Congratulations. We got another new BCBA in the house. Hell yeah. Congratulations, Sienna. All right, let's go check this one out. Um, we've got rate for this one. So, um, ABA sessions, they're going to have some natural variability. even if you schedule them like it's always a 90 minute session or always a two-hour session, like there's just gonna be some things naturally occurring that are gonna [ __ ] that up and you may as well get ahead of it and just choose rate. So, um like your kid could get sick and they need to leave early. Um they uh might get dropped off late. It happens all the time. You've worked with these parents before. Um they um might need to like extend a session. they might need to cut off a session short. Um, things are going to happen that are going to mess with those durations of the sessions. So, let's just get ahead of it. Choose rate from the start and uh we really don't lose anything from it. So, rate totally cool here. All right, let's check this next one out. Um, Bethany wants to track how many flash cards she can answer accurately in two minutes. What do we think? Should we use frequency or array for this one? Keep those rationale up. I just love seeing those huge blocks of text. Uh, and the mock exams she's talking about are the Beatthebeast mock exams on understanding behavior.shop, your favorite best place to get BCBA study prep materials. the best mocks that will get you to beat the beast. Absolutely. And you know, it's not just me that says this either. I mean, if you click on these mocks and go down to the reviews, uh, somebody gave us a one-star review yesterday because they like couldn't ask for help. But, uh, all of our mocks have like 4.9 plus um star reviews. So, we we might need some more five star reviews to like get this person's uh review up. Like we we we sent her a mon like 10 minutes after she she bought it and then like said she didn't get it, but she totally did. So, um, there's some public shaving. Uh anyway, we love five star reviews. So if you could leave more of those uh uh we love that. But all remarks, they got they got great reviews. So check them out. I don't know if I can delete it or not. I don't think I don't think the review platform likes me to delete it. I know. We're like really fast. I have Jenny helping me out now and we're like really fast now. Can we respond to reviews and spam them? Um, you know, I'm not I'm not gonna I'm not gonna influence you any which way, but um that I'm not going to influence you. Yeah, we on it, Paige. This is what we do. Thanks, guys. Yours is the best. All right. Oh, this this is a tricky one. We um This seems like a lot. We got a lot of good answers here, though. Let's see. Let's see if we summed anybody. This one's actually going to be frequency. So frequency is our best answer even though we're we're tracking these like how many can occur in these twominut sessions. Um the twominut sessions are always the same. So our observation period is always the same duration. So we can be like today I score 25. Next day I score 27. And our data are directly comparable to each other because it's always a twominute observation. So, we don't necessarily need to take rate. Frequency would be a better option. Um, we could use a rate. It's not necessarily wrong, but uh frequency is definitely a better option. Alrighty. Uh, our last one here, we've got Charlie wants to track spontaneous vocalizations across sessions for Billy. What do you guys think for equality or right here? Thanks, Gabriella. Every review helps. We really appreciate it. And yeah, it's like like I feel like like it's just like common courtesy to like send an email like asking where your mock exam is before you drop a one-star review. Like like like ask for help. Like come on. Jameson said, "Being an adult is very hard, Nick." Yeah, it it is hard. I mean, we'll give them a grace. You know, determinism is a thing. It's not their fault. They had to engage in that behavior. They didn't learn any better, but um you know, we can do better. All right, really liking the answers coming through. Nice job here, crew. Good job, Francesca, Donna, Shante, Alina. Good job, Kayla. Yeah, perfect. Hey, maybe they're here. I don't know. Maybe they are. If they're here, they say something, I'll give him a free mock exam if they change their one star review. Only if they change their one star review, though. Don't leave more on one star reviews to get that offer. This is only for this one. Like, what am I doing? I'm setting a terrible example there. I take it back. It's a lie. All right. Looks great here, crew. Um, nice job. We have rate for this one. So, again, we're looking at across like our ABA sessions. Um, so rate's going to be better because we have our um varied durations within our session. So, we want to equalize that unit out and make our data comparable with each other. Yi is asking if they're here in our commentary makes them erase the review. Can we all get a mock? I don't know. Uh, that sounds like too many giveaways here. There's 120 people here. That'd be like $6,000 in mock exams. I can't just lose $6,000. Come on. That is that crazy. All right. Well, anyway, uh, thanks guys for for all your amazing participation tonight. Our like counter is already looking fire. Uh, we have 92 likes on the video. Um, how about we how about we do this like a pretty let's do a pretty lit giveaway here. So, um, for this giveaway, you we're going to do two winners. Two winners. Um, and you can choose any of these five products. So, any of our beat the beast mocks, our fluency questions, which are like easier questions that you can take a bunch of quizzes on, or we'll we'll even throw in the option for the mini mocks here. So, our mini mocks are um come with 13 different mini mocks. These are our toughest questions. Um they're by section and they're pretty lit. So, uh we'll do two winners for this one and you can choose any of those five products if you are a winner. Um we're we're going to make this we're going to make this a hard one though. We've got 120 people here. Uh we're going to make this one to a thousand guests here. So, uh you can put your guesses in now. One guess per person. Our two closest winners are going to uh to uh get their choice of product here. Get any of these four products or the beat the beast 3. And let's see who's going to win it. One to 1,000. One number. We're at 93 likes. Like I wonder like if we get as many likes as viewers that we have here. Um like what kind of giveaway would happen? I mean this first giveaway is already pretty lit. It's pretty lit. Uh, if you haven't checked out our minimax yet, um, I'll actually drop a link to that right now as well. Uh, understanding behavior.learnworlds.com/corminox. You can actually try two of these for free. So, if you go to this link and scroll down, um, all you need to do is click on one of these and, uh, if you have an account or you can make an account real quick, you can start our mini mocks. Um, they're beautifully presented right here. And um they come with really thorough but easy and simple to understand feedback for you to really nail these down. Uh if you go to the full course um there are 13 mini mocks in total. These are 25 questions each. These will really get you to think um and see the intricacies of these concepts and questions. Um and even if you don't score very well, you will learn a lot. I promise. But only if you like read the feedback. All right, let's see what we got here. We're gonna make Libby our last participant on this one. Our number is 73. Oh man, Jameson, did you go 69 again? Let's see who we got. 73. It's like kind of a low number. All right, I'm I'm checking through chat here. What we got? 73. 73. Who's Who got those low twodigit numbers? Um, I'm not seeing any twodigit numbers. Wow. Did anybody go like two digit? I mean, Jameson had to go 69, right? I'm not seeing any Jameson as always. Where Where's your Where's your number, Jameson? He said he was first. He said as always, I mean, it's got to be 69 for for Jameson. So, I think Jameson is one of our winners. He always guesses 69. So, we'll give it to Jameson. Let's see our second lowest. I don't think there's any other twodigit numbers in here. I see a 111 from Franchesca. That's kind of low. Who's our second winner? Is it Franchesca? Is anybody lower than 111? I think Francesca is our second winner here. Sly cheeseburgers. Nice try. Nice try. Uh we're going to go to Francesca and Jameson tonight. Way to go, guys. Congratulations. Uh sometimes doing those low numbers it pays off. Uh so yeah to claim your prize shoot me an email understanding behavior official atgmail.com and we'll hook you up with your prize. Let us know which one you want. Uh congrats to Francesca and Jameson once again. All right. Um you know I mean I I said something special might happen if we get like if we get over a 100. We're at 96 right now. I mean, seems pretty doable, but it's really on you guys. We're going to beat that hundred here. Uh, but uh yeah, let's uh let's keep trucking along. We'll uh we're not we probably won't or we're not going to finish measurement tonight, so we'll continue measurement next week as well. Uh, but I think we if we like get to a lit giveaway or lit uh like number then uh we could probably do another giveaway before this ends. All right. Um let's talk about duration. So um duration time from the beginning to the end of the response. Uh the utility for this one uh we use when how long the behavior um occurring is relevant. The most frequent situation that that's going to be is when uh we're working with a behavior that varies in duration. So sometimes the behavior occurs for u like a couple minutes, sometimes it occurs for like an hour, sometimes just a few seconds. um when that uh behavior uh very consistently varies in duration then we want to capture duration to capture it. So um very much like that first question that we looked at at the start of this class we saw that like um the screaming occurred anywhere from like a few seconds long to like 30 minutes long. So that was a huge variation in duration. And um when we have that we want to capture duration. So it looks great there. Um, all right. Well, you guys are like so lit and um so cool. We already have our light counter at 103. I said something cool. What happened at 100? Um, and honestly, I think it's kind of a cool way to wrap up this session. Uh, we can talk about the rest of the stuff next week. How about that? Um, so how about we end this and let's do a really lit giveaway. So, um, here's what we're going to do. You guys ready? Who's ready for this? I told you it's going to be lit. Who's Who's actually ready, though? I want to see I You guys don't I don't I don't think you're ready yet. Who is actually ready for this? I don't think we've ever done a giveaway like this before. All right. Okay. I'm see I'm seeing some readiness in chat. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. You're convincing me. I'm looking pretty ready. Looking pretty ready. Okay. Here's what we're going to do. So, we're going to do two winners. Um, our first winner is going to win the Behavior Beast Slayer course. Uh, and here's how it's going to work. Um, we have two winners. The first winner is going to win our behavior beast slayer course. I'm actually going to draw two different numbers for this one. So, we're we're going to do two different giveaways or Yeah, we're doing doing two number rolls. The winner of the first one is going to win the behavior beast slayer course. And this is like literally a lifecher for your studying world. I No, I didn't. I know. No, I didn't. We're doing it. Uh, so if you're not familiar with the behavior be slayer course, oh um, let me actually pull up it over here. Um, um, this is like our our comprehensive $325 product and honestly, it's worth every single penny and I'm sure other people in chat are going to tell you that as well. Um, but the Behavior Beast Slayer course comes with literally everything that you need to master this whole test content outline and um, and nail this exam. Uh if you don't win tonight, you there is a free trial here. You can do about 30 minutes of the videos. Um but basically like how it's split up is we have uh over 16 hours of interactive videos and the videos um like they'll pause every once in a while and they'll give you a quiz um or questions to ask to engage with. So, it's kind of just like you're at a Nick live stream for like 16 hours, but it's even better because we don't talk about like all of like these giveaways and like rambles and such. It's just like here's content. Here's what you need to know and get it. Soak it in. Um, so all these videos are really tightly edited to um get you exactly what you need. No filler, no fluff. Um, there's also quizzes that follow up. There's over 65 quizzes to get you to um understand each of these concepts and really like seal in the deal. Goes over each section. The videos are short. They get right into um into exactly what you need to know. Um it also like starts with a very thorough um introduction of like the behavioral contingency and the basics. And I feel like a lot of students miss out on this in their program. and um and um it's so fundamental and so necessary and like is going to get you to get get good at seeing behavior analysis everywhere. So um comes with everything you need. Again, over 16 hours of video um split up into a really digestible format that makes studying fun and engaging. And we're going to give this away now. So, if you already have the Beast Slayer course, please do not uh uh participate in this giveaway. I really wanted to go to somebody who does not have the course already. It should kind of just make sense. Um but uh we're going to make this for somebody who does not want to go uh who does not have the course already. But don't worry, we are going to do a second giveaway. Um so, the second drawing is going to be for the super ultimate mock bundle. This comes with three different mock exams and our mini mocks. So, if you don't have the the course uh or sorry, if you do have the course, don't participate in this first one. We're doing it for the Beast Slayer course. We're going to give it to somebody who doesn't have it yet. Um we're going to make this one um one out of 650. So, um so yeah, again, if you have the course already, don't participate. Um you can participate in the next giveaway where you can get all of our mock products. So, um let's see it. 1 to 650. Who's going to win the Behavior Beast Slayer course? Again, if you already have the course, please do not participate. But somebody is going to be a lucky winner tonight when this huge product that is literally like game changer in studying. This can literally like prevent you from paying the board and Pearson all of your money for the for the exam a million times. Uh, it's really that good. If there's a tie, we'll do a tiebreaker. All right, last call for numbers here. Again, one um guest per person. Who's going to win it tonight? The big beast slayer. Har, one guess per person. All right, we're gonna pick the number. What's it going to be? Here we go. All right, thanks Sar, for our final guess there. Appreciate that. Our number is 480. Who's close? Let's see here. Let's scroll through this together. I see Olivia Cook 467. That's not bad. Anybody closer? 480 480 [Music] Gungeon 474. Oh, we have Elizabeth 477. I'm seeing Elizabeth Simpson here at 477. Double check me though before we before we call it for real. Elizabeth is looking like the winner for me. I think it's Elizabeth 477. Ah, yay. Congratulations, Elizabeth Simpson. You just won yourself the Beast Slayer course. Congratulations. Um, it is a total game changer for your studying. You're going to love it. Um, send us an email at understandingbehaviorofficial@gmail.com and we'll hook you up with this course. Um, total game changer. You're going to love it. Um, and if you didn't win the Beast Slayer course tonight, um, and let's let's say, okay, I'm going to do something. You guys, I told you this is going to be a lit giveaway. Um, um, here's the thing. Okay, if you're thinking about the Beast Slayer course and you didn't win it tonight, send us an email and we'll give you um a 20% off discount for it. And this is only going to be valid this weekend. So, um send us an email. We'll send you a 20% off discount for it. Usually, we only do 10% off discounts. Uh we'll do a 20% off discount. Uh this is going to be until the end of the weekend. So, send us an email if you're interested in that. We'll hook you up with that. Um, so yeah, if you're really serious, you want to purchase it this weekend, we'll we'll get you 20% off the Be Slayer course. Just send us an email um and we'll hook you up with that. Um, but we're going to do one more um, sorry, our email is understanding behavior official@gmail.com. I'll throw it in chat once more. Um, and we're going to do one more giveaway here uh, tonight for our super ultimate mock bundle. Um, if you have uh, sorry, if um, you need any of these products, so if you need our mini mocks or any of the beat the beast mocks, you're welcome to participate in this giveaway. Um, and you'll get all four of these. So, if you don't have any of our products, um, you're going to win big tonight, win this mock bundle. Um, let's switch it up a little bit. We'll do 1 to 555 for this one. Uh, if you want, you can uh, throw your numbers in now. One guest per person. And um yeah, multiple guesses will be disqualified. And let's see what we got. Who's going to win this one? All right, numbers are coming in. This is another pretty lit giveaway. If there's a tie, we'll do a tiebreaker. So, don't worry about that. That's fine, Gungeon. We'll do a tiebreaker if we need to. John Schlong, it's way too many numbers. Dude, you're out. Sorry, it's too many. Janny, too many numbers. You're out. Sorry. Sorry. Not sorry. Alrighty, cool beans. We're going to pick our number. We're going to make Heaven Fernandez the last guess here. Here we go. We've got 501. Who's got it? 501. All right. Help me out here. Help me out here, crew. 501. Who's got it? Anybody high 400s, low 500s? Oh, I see Usley at 500. Oh, we've got Adriana at 500, too. Oh my gosh, we've got a tie at 500. Ed do 501. Oh my god, we have three people at 500. Alexandra, oh my gosh, this is crazy. We have a three-way tie here. All right, we've got three-way tie. Here we go. Uh, we've got Alexandra, we've got um who are the other two here? We've got Usley, and we've got Adriana. All right, here's what's going to Here's what we're going to do. I'm going to do uh I'm going to do this uh we're going to do a one to three here. Here's our number. So, our winner is going to We're just going to do these in order. So we had Alexandra, Adriana, and then Usli. So Alexandra is going to be one, Adriana's going to be two, is going to be three. Here we go. Our winner is two. So we've got Adriana R is our winner for this. Congratulations. because you just won yourself a super ultimate mock bundle valued at $189. Congratulations. All right, we I don't think we've ever had a three-way tie here. That is crazy. Um but uh Adriana, you're our winner. Go ahead and shoot us an email understanding behavior official@gmail.com. We'll hook you up with the super ultimate mock bundle. um we'll make um Alexandra and Usley, you can also send us an email and uh we'll we'll send you um a a mock exam. So, let us know if you want any of the beat the beast mock exams or um even the fluency package and we'll still hook you up with that. So, yeah, we just give away so much stuff. We just give away like7 $800 worth of stuff here. Um that's crazy. Uh, and that's going to be a really lit way to end tonight's stream. Um, again, um, Usley and Alexandra, um, you guys can both get, uh, a mock exam. Just let us know which one you want. Uh, any of the beat the beast mocks or the fluency package. We'll hook you up. All right. Well, that was lit. How fun, guys. Thanks for being here tonight for um such a fun presentation and such a fun like turn of events. Like I didn't even expect to do this many giveaways tonight. But um you guys energy um and uh amazing attendance and interaction pumped me up. So um thanks for being here. Thanks for um supporting Understanding Behavior. Make sure um you're following us. Make sure you're signed up to um our email list on our shop. You can find our stuff at understanding behavior.shop. shop. Um, my my wallet's going to hurt now that I just gave away like $800 worth of stuff. Um, no, it'll be fine. But anyway, um, sign up to our email list. We do three of these study groups every week. Um, we'll also be sending out like more um, tips and tricks and uh, and cool stuff on our email list. Um, you can get some coupons and links to our free stuff there. Um, once again, if you're interested in the Be Slayer course, uh, and you're like super serious about it and want to, um, get it this weekend, uh, then we'll, uh, send us an email and we'll shoot you a 20% off discount code, um, so you can pick that up for you. All right, Courtney, see you next Thursday. Hopefully, it be Courtney Johnson, BCBA. Good luck. Go crush it. Hell yeah, Jameson. All right. Good luck to everybody testing this week. Thanks for uh all of your miss uh participation and I uh hope you guys have a great week and go go crush it out there. Um if you want Yeah, that's a good question. Will the 20% off go to the beast um the complete beast mode package as well? We could do that. We could make a beast we can also make it for the complete beast mode bundle. So yeah, if you wanted to get that instead of the the Beast Slayer course, we we can we can do that, too. It's a great question. Uh the course comes with six months access, so plenty of time to to um learn what you need and crush it out. Anyway, measurement part two next week. Hope to see you there. Have a great weekend, everybody. And um keep crushing and stay nerdy. Bye.

Transcript for:ABA Measurement Overview

Transcript for:
ABA Measurement Overview