Flashcards for:
Organic Chemistry and D & F Blocks Topics

Diazonium salts are prepared by treating primary aromatic amines with nitrous acid. They are highly reactive intermediates used in azo coupling reactions to form azo compounds.

An elimination reaction involves the removal of a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom from adjacent carbon atoms, forming an alkene. This is particularly described as E1 (unimolecular elimination) or E2 (bimolecular elimination).

SN1 stands for unimolecular nucleophilic substitution. It involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate and occurs in two steps: (1) the leaving group departs to form a carbocation, and (2) the nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product.

Haloalkanes have higher melting and boiling points than corresponding alkanes due to the presence of polar carbon-halogen bonds, which increase intermolecular forces of attraction.

Haloalkanes can be prepared from alcohols by reacting them with hydrogen halides, phosphorus halides, or thionyl chloride.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a reaction where an alkyl group is introduced to an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide and a Lewis acid catalyst, such as AlCl3.

SN2 stands for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution. It involves a single step where the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon from the opposite side of the leaving group, resulting in inversion of configuration.

The Finkelstein reaction involves the exchange of a halide ion in an alkyl halide with a different halide ion, typically carried out in acetone with sodium iodide.

The primary difference is the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing the halogen: primary (one alkyl group), secondary (two alkyl groups), and tertiary (three alkyl groups).

The main types of nucleophilic substitution reactions in haloalkanes are SN1 and SN2.

The Swarts reaction involves the conversion of an alkyl halide to an alkyl fluoride using a metal fluoride, such as AgF or Hg2F2.

The Lucas test is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reactivity with Lucas reagent (a mixture of zinc chloride and hydrochloric acid).

Typical uses include applications as solvents, refrigerants, anesthetics, and precursors in the synthesis of various organic compounds.

Grignard reagents (RMgX) are used in organic synthesis to form carbon-carbon bonds. They react with carbonyl compounds to form alcohols, and with other electrophiles to form complex molecules.

Haloarenes do not undergo nucleophilic substitution easily because the carbon-halogen bond in haloarenes is stabilized by resonance and the aromatic ring makes the carbon less electrophilic.