what's up if biop payments so today we are going over unit five um and I again I keep losing my screen um so this one has to do with heredity um and so um you're probably wondering like why are we doing this like what is happening like why do we even need to wrong button sorry um I should have gotten the YouTube pull up in advance and I forgot to get pulled up um so why are y'all Penguins y'all are penguins because of the fact that um you have your nice little cute little tuxedo you are dressed for Success um and so like I always tell students Penguins because of the fact that they are dresser success and they are ready to to rock the AP exam and they're ready to to go um with all this so like that's why I kind of call you Penguins is because of the fact that um y'all are FR success okay um so I got this pulled up so now I should have the I don't have the chat that's weird anyways um so Daily Review that we have um so on Instagram I've got my Daily Review every single day I post um review on there for y'all um I do like content review so I call them like the insta review but um they're just kind of quick little reviews for you um there's a 374 page review guide um that I have on my Weebly um so it go through each of the ien statements um and I um have topic questions for you in each of those and then I also have like multiple choice and fee responses for each of them um to try to help you out with that um okay so then I've got uh frq Friday so every single Friday I've been recording videos for you to go through um all the frqs um and so um I will be I think in two weeks I'll be done with all of the fqs that have been released from 2013 to current um and then there's of course 120 review games on my website as well as review PowerPoints plus I do all these little reviews each every other the weekend for yall um someone says you're junior will be able to finish time for the AP exam um you want to do the exam as a tri I don't know it depends on if you've studied for the exam or not um okay so today's plan we're going to do meosis talk about meosis last weekend we talked about mitosis so we're going to talk about meosis we're talk about how mitosis meosis differs um I can't move my camera because of the fact I can't find that screen on the stream Labs thing um we're going to do genetics we'll talk about medilan genetics non medilan genetics as well as chromosomal genetics um and then we have some practice questions and then I figure I can open it up for any type of Q&A okay um y'all can write your questions into the chat um and as I I can answer them um I do find that there is a lag between when you say it and when I see it um it's about 30 second lag um so hopefully you can um get your question in there and then I'm hopefully still on the same slide I can answer whatever question is you have so first things first we have meosis right so the first step of meosis is the same steps that we saw with mitosis um so we have profase one so in prophase one um we're going to see that the chromatin is going to condense um our sister chromatid as well as our homologous pairs are going to line up this is also when we see crossing over so crossing over is going to be one of these noncy chromatids so the um cister chromatid from the uh par uh the two parel so the um from the father's chromosomes as well as the mother's chromosome maternal and paternal okay um so when we have those two uh chromatids they uh overlap and they're going to exchange neic information so these outer ones that are all blue or all pink are going to be considered parental chromosomes and the ones that are on the inside that have the um overlapping that took place the crossing over that they exchange the genetic information these are going to be considered recombinant chromosomes okay because of the fact that they are a combination of the two parents information okay um so after prophase again as I said before prophase is when we're preparing to divide okay um we then move into um metaphase metaphase is going to be um when the homologous chromosomes are going to line up on the metaphase plate now notice I put homologous chromosomes in like big letters okay so if they a couple years ago they had a frq question where they asked you the differences between um mitosis and meosis and one of those differences was um of course homologous chromosomes are in metaphase one versus sister chromos are in metaphase of um mitosis okay um so don't just say it lines on the metas plate like what is it that's lining up on metase plate so be specific so harmonous chromosomes are going to line up on the metas plate this is when we see independent assortment the maternal and paternal chromosomes will line up independent of each other so sometimes they on this side and this side some on this side okay so um that allows for a little bit of variety that we see in the um the gamet okay so after metaphase we move into of course anaphase one anaphase one is when we're going to see the homologous chromosomes are going to move apart okay so they're going to move into of course their two new nuclear envelopes um and so now at the end of um meosis 1 after cinis we're going to see that we have two cells and these cells are going to be haid cells okay so they are haid cells and they have already a duplicate so you will not have to go through D replication in between meosis 1 and meosis 2 because you already have your duplicate chromatid um and so they're going to be identical um and they're going to be of course um those two chromatids are are identical okay um technically identical not really identical because of R carbos whatever okay so they are already haid so then we move into meosis 2 okay we again have the same steps prophase one prophase 2 our sister uh chromatis are going to line up our chromatin condenses metaphase 2 the sister chromes align on the metaphase plate anaphase 2 our sister chromes are going to move apart to the opposite poles and then telophase we have our nuclear envelope between our um haid nuclei and then we would go through of course zinesis which would then give us our four different um cells okay now knowing the difference between spero Genesis and uug Genesis is not actually in the curriculum so you don't really need to know the difference between what kind of gametes we just need to make sure that we understand that this is how gametes are made um also keep in mind that meosis one is going to deal with homologous chromosomes versus meosis 2 is dealing with our sister chromatins okay and so we need to make sure we can understand the differences between mitosis and meosis okay so mitosis is going to have a difference in the parent PL right so let's see they both have the same Diplo so they're both going to start out being two n cells um the difference then we each go through again one round of replication and after the that we go through one or two rounds of nuclear division okay so here we start out with 2N okay we go through replication so now we have again two sets of chromosomes but there's going to be a duplicate and then we go through one round of division leading to of course two cells um versus here I have four cells those uh doter cells are going to be diploid versus the daughter cells being hloy okay um how does it compare to the parent cell the cells are going to be identical on mitosis because the fact that I went through this replication um and I equally divided those cells because of the way that I went through prop metaphase and anaphase and telophase okay versus meosis they're going to be just genetically distinct because of crossing over that occurred during prophase 1 and the independent assortment that occurred during uh metaphase one we're going to end up with genetically distinct gamines okay these cells are going to be different okay crossing over does not occur in mitosis but it does occur in prophase one of meosis Independent Assortment does not occur in mitosis but it does occur in metaphase um one which I my little penguin's on top of it I don't think you can see the metaphase one but um it's does same that if has one and so we need to make sure that if they ask us to compare and contrast that we mentioned mitosis and we mentioned meosis so we talk about what you found in both of those okay so inheritance patterns okay so we can have complete dominance with complete dominance the dominant trait is going to completely mask the recessive okay and the way that it mask it is because of the fact that that DNA is going to make a functional protein while the recessive trait might not make a functional protein or it might not make a protein at all so we're able to see that dominant trait or that dominant um characteristic okay um so our homozygous dominant and our heterozygous will look the exact same because the dominant trait will mask the recessive okay complete dominance I'm sorry co-dominance is going to have to do with that you're going to see both of those independently of each other okay um so with this I can see both the blue and the yellow because you see both of those independent of one another okay um and so with that you're going to see that your heterozygous is going to have of course both traits and of course each of the um homozygous will have their own characteristics okay um and so this is also like AB blood type so you have a blood type you have B blood type and if you have an individual with a blood type that means they have both the a glyco protein glyco and then the B glycolipid on there okay and then incomplete dominance is going to be where you blend the two Okay so we've got our two different traits um and then the uh heterozygous of it is going to have both the um the two Blended together so if I blend blue and yellow I get green okay um and so those are the differences we might see in terms of how things are inherited okay um so now students always ask questions about monohybrid versus dihybrid monohybrid means that it's heterozygous for one trait okay um having these ratios memorized does help you but you are able to do a punted Square on the exam and be able to work through those pretty quickly okay um so with complete dominance we see a 3 to1 ratio where we have three of them with that dominant trate and one of them with a recessive trait incomplete or co-dominance we're going to see a 1 to two: one ratio where we have one that's going to be this dominant trait um two that are going to either be showing both traits with co-dominance or will be the blend with incomplete dominance and then we have one that's going to show the other dominant trait okay um now it's important for us to understand that dominance does not mean um prevalent okay so just because something's dominant doesn't mean that it's found in a large number of the population okay so for example having five fingers poly L this is a recessive trait okay so because of the fact that I have five fingers I am homozygous recessive okay um there is a family in Brazil that I saw a BBC video about um in which the entire family or most of the family has an additional I think it's somewhere like it's like right here this is their other uh finger and they actually have six fingers and six toes on each appendage um and so that's actually a dominant trade and so if one of them individual with uh mated with somebody who only had five fingers there would be potentially 50% or 100% chance of the child having additional um digits okay so dihybrid is heterozygous and so this means that is heterozygous for of course two traits that's where the die um and so we'll see with complete dominance a 9 to 3 to 3 to one ratio and versus incomplete or codominance is a 9 to sorry 6 to 3 to 3 to 2 to 1: 1 okay um so you kind of see that one to 2: one ratio here and then you have a 1: 2: one ratio there so you can kind of see the the ratio again you can do the pis square and calculate this if I was to do a pis Square I would do two mono hyper crosses and then multiply them together so I'm going to show that to you real fast so if I was to see okay well yellow if I was to cross an individual that's heterozygous for the yellow trait I would find that 34 of them would be yellow these three are yellow and then 1/4 would be green okay if I was going to do the round versus wrinkled I can see that three4 of them are round and 1/4 of them is wrinkled okay so if I wanted to instead know how many of them are yellow and round I'm going to multiply 3/4s by 1/4 because the probability of yellow is 3/4s probability of round is 34s so if I multiply together 3 * 3 is 9 4 * 4 is 16 and so you could do that with each of these traits to figure out what yellow wrinkled is see what Green Round is or what green wrinkled is and you would that 9 to 3 to 3: one ratio that I just mentioned over here okay so you could calculate if you don't actually have them memorized okay um so in terms of inheritance patterns autosomal inheritance means that is on one of the non-sex chromosomes okay you have 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 of them are autosomes they just code for other things in your body okay um and then you have one set that is your um sex chromosomes I think they're also called an alome to some people um and these are the ones that um are going to determine sex okay um and so if you're XX you are female if you're XY then you a male okay and that's of course in humans okay um other animals other ways that they determine the sex um and so like for example like chickens they have a ZW system and the male is ZZ and the female is ZW so like it does vary in different um populations and there was a question a couple years ago um in which there was a certain type of fish and the fish was also a zz ZW system and depending on temperature um it would develop as a male or a female so there's a lot of differences that we might see here um in terms of like the sex okay sex length means that it's going to be located on one of those sex chromosomes so it'll be on the X chromosome it could be on the Y chromosome it could be on that Z or that W that I mentioned before um it just means that it is on that sex chromosome that alos then we have maternal inheritance this means that it's on the in the DNA that's found in your mitochondria or your chloroplast um so according to the CED it's important that you understand that the mitochondria is inherited by the mother the chloroplast is inherited by the mother um so you're going to find that the um the pollen is going to be the male um and then you of course see that inside the poll you have that OVU inside the OVU is the egg and that's the female okay in terms of a plant um and so there was a question I Believe on last year's frq um where they said that the male was I think green and the female was like yellow spotted there was a certain characteristic and they wanted you to predict what the offing will look like and everybody kept doing punet squares but it was important to understand that that was a mitochondrial trait or chloroplast trait I can't remember which one um and it was inherited in that chloroplast in the the DNA that's found within that organel um so this would be maternal inheritance so we'll see that um if the mother has the trait all the offring will have the trait or if the mother does not have the trait none of the offring will have that trait um and then we can also see uh information about link genes okay so link genes mean it's found on the same chromosome so you'll inherit that trait together okay so if we look here at this uh pedigree we can see here that I have two parents that are unaffected and I can see that there is an affected child this tells me that it must be some type of Auto it has to be some type of recessive because you have two unaffected parents with an affected child okay I also know that this is going to be um autosomal uh because of the fact that um you see an equal amount of males and females being affected by it okay so this tells me that's autosomal recessive because of that okay um also in order for this female to be affected that male would have had to be affected um and that male only has one X chromosome so I would have seen him affected here and so so since this female that has two X chromosomes and it being recessive um she would have had to have two faulty X chromosomes okay um in this one I can see that I have um two unaffected parents and then I see an affected child okay um and that tells me that it must be um sorry I'm ahead of myself um so here I see that I've got a female an affected male okay um and so that tells me that this must be again some type of recessive and it tells me that it must be sex linked um because of the fact that the male only has one X chromosome this female had two X chromosomes those faulty X's then of course pass that on and then you can also look here you can also see that there are way more males there's five males versus three fals that are affected um so that kind of helps you to see that that one would be excellent recessive um here I can see that um every single parent has the trait um and so there every single generation you see that it's a affected here I've got two unaffected parents and then The Offspring is unaffected so that tells me that must be some type of um dominant potentially because every generation has it so autosomal dominant and then here I can see that these ones you have your female that is unaffected and their children are unaffected but if you look here you got a female affected affected affected affected affected so all the offspring are affected again female all affected female all affected so that tells me that one is mitochondrial inheritance maternal chromosomal inheritance whatever you want to say I'm not chromosomal sorry chlorop plastal inheritance it has to be in inherited from either the mitochondria or that chloroplast so in terms of my chromosomal inheritance um it's important for us to understand about the crossing over and independent assortment um so crossing over has to do with again the nons chromes are going to exchange your geneic information um which allows us to have recombinant chromosomes so all of our gametes are going to be genetically distinct because just the chromosomes themselves are going to allow them to be different okay um IND independent assortment has to do with that we see that they're going to independently lineal pH plate so our homologous chromosomes are going to line up on that metaphase plate so the maternal and the paternal can be this way versus this way and that happens for all 23 pairs of chromosomes um so it's independently how they align law of segregation states that we're going to see that we're going to have um those homologous chromosomes will segregate and move to opposite poles so if this chromosome was for I don't know um the polya Gene and this one was for um non-act or the normal oal um then those would separate opposite from each other so we see these alals segregate or moving to opposite sides and then random fertilization any sperm can fused with any egg which then leads to a variety in our Offspring um someone says how closely linked genes are on a chromosome um so you could find this by recombinant chromos like recombinant calculations so you can calculate the number that are Rec combinant over the total and that tells you the percent Rec combination which tells you the distance so if there's like 177% recombination that means that there's 17 map units apart if there's 45 5% recombination that tells you that there're 45 map units you'll never have a number that's larger than 50 because 50% um treats it like independent assortment and that they're treated like they're on different chromosomes because so much crossing over takes place that they end up being on different chromosomes um so here we can kind of see that law of segregation so law of segregation we can see that those alals are going to segregate from one another and they'll end up in different um gamits um versus here we see the law independent assortment they can independently align on metapas Plat so here I have all the Reds on one side and all the Blues on the other here's one blue one red and then one red one blue so that can allow us to see a difference in our Offspring okay um and so the chromosomal base of inheritance is taking about um that we're actually going to see um that the uh traits are on these chromosomes and the chromosomes then are passing down um the trait to The Offspring okay now there's a lot of different genetic disorders there's none of them that are in the official CED um but these are different ones I just want to make sure that you are aware of um so for example CLE cell disease this is um usually brought up with malaria um and so if you're homo zyus recessive um you're going to have CLE cell disease if you're a um heterozygous you will have CLE cell trait which means that you're not going to show all the symptoms of sickle cell um and then if your homozygous dominant you do not have the CLE cell disease at all now in terms of malaria malaria cannot affect CLE celled uh red blood cells and so if you have CLE cell disease so your homo recessive then the malaria cannot affect your red blood cells and then if you're heterozygous you have a resistance like you're not as likely to be affected by malaria um and so we're going to see that they could shoot show a little Crossover with that tax is a um autosomal dominant trait um that is brought in I'm sorry I said that wrong txis homo is autosomal recessive um this is going to affect the proteins of the brain um they have a non functional lome so they can't break down fats which builds up to something in their brain so what the um CB can do is that can connect TX to the lome so it's important that we understand that um we also have hunting disease which is our osal dominant trait um and so you don't know that you have the neurogen degenerative disease until like later on in life after you've passed on those traits um but it is it is a autosomal re dominant so if you have one dominant Le you have that uh disease in terms of chromosomal changes we could see Down syndrome um and so on March 21st 3:21 we celebrate Down syndrome awareness um and so that has to do with that you have resets of the 21st chromosome there's of course other diseases that occur with other ones like I believe if you are tricomia 18 that's Edwards syndrome I believe um and so there's a lot of different ones what they could give you is this kot type right here the kot type is showing you the different chromosomes that we have um and then it's having you determine what could potentially be wrong um well since I have three of these chromosomes that is what the issue is that they have three sets um this results from um non-disjunction where we don't see uh the two are not going to segregate during um anaphase and so we could end up with an extra set of chromosomes I'm sorry one extra chromosome 21 which leades to Down syndrome um clim felter is again non disjunction it's xxy so they have two X chromosomes and the Y chromosome and then Tera syndrome is where they only have one X chromosome and they don't have a second um sex chromosome um would you ask you to calculate uh I can't see what it says because of the fact that the little heart is on top of it so hopefully someone else will comment in the chat and it'll move up and I can see what question you have um so this is also where we see um the we can see where we have phenotypic plasticity okay so phenotypic plasticity has to do with that um your phenotype your your genetic material says you should have a certain phenotype um but but based on the environment you have a slightly different phenotype um and so this has to do with that the environment is um affecting the gene expression so individuals that have the exact same genotype could show slightly different phenotypes in these different environments okay um and so here you can see that they like cut off the the skin right here or not the skin but the fur on the rabbit um and so usually the rabbit's feet hair ears and nose are black um but if they go and they put um the ice pack on there and make it cold similar to how like the ears and the nose and all the the little extremities would be um the new f actually grows back black So based on the environment of this cold that causes those genes to um be activated um and it then makes of course black fur and you can't see that because my face is on top of it but if you could see the picture you would see a rabbit that has their back black okay um so we can also see that the diet can affect it so here we have two different birds um and based on the amount of carotenoids in their um their food allows you to have slightly different es in their phenotypes so this one's more yellow while this one is more red because the fact that they're eating slightly different food and then our hydrangeas are big example um the environment if the uh ground is more acidic they're more blue and if the ground is more alkaline more basic um then they're going to be pink okay so you can kind of see slight differences in the phenotype of the uh flower okay um so let's talk some mulle choice and F response examples okay um so human have the diploid number of 2N or 46 which of the following statements best predicts the consequence if meosis did not occur during aminogenesis okay so again this is just talking about how we make gametes this is just asking about meosis and so in meosis we start up being 2N and then we go through a round a division and I now have of course 4N right um and so what would happen if we didn't actually go through meosis so if I started out with my cell being 2N and then I have those two n cells combining so 2 N plus 2 N gives me 4N and so that's going to show me that my chromosome number is actually going to double with every generation because the fact that I have um these four ends now this 4N and this 4 end mate and they now make an 8 end individual and so like you you're going to keep seeing the doubling and so we have to make sure we go through meosis to ensure that I don't have double the amount of chromosomes okay um here there's a student biology class that cross this jop mastar having a gray body long wings with a female having black body and aarius swings okay so the following distribution of traits was observed in The Offspring you can see in this data which of the following is supported by the data and so here I have gray and long which is one of my parental traits here I have black and perius which is another one of my parent traits right so we have gray long um black perus okay and so these would be my parental traits and then these are considered recombinant traits and so um I would expect that I would have a 1: one: one: one ratio with this because of the fact that um due to independent assortment um and theoretically if they're on different chromosomes um I would see equal numbers of all four characteristics but I don't I see there's these ones right here which tells me there must been been some type of crossing over that led me to have some Rec combinant traits and so which of the following is is um supported gray and long is dominant that doesn't tell me anything gray and long are recessive again doesn't tell me anything um genes for the two trades are on two different chromosomes and independent assortment occurred if independent assortment occurred I would have SE a one to one to one to one ratio and so it must be D genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome and crossing over a curd and that's how you got these recombinant traits is due to that crossing over um so there's that here I have a free response question it's from 2016 it's number seven and so they have this certain trait um there's it's two and so it has four chromosomes um the flower color is controlled by a single gene on the chromosome which uh is green is dominant to purple and the height is dwarf is dominant to tall okay keeping in mind that they have told you the traits and they've given you the letters so you must use the traits they give you and you must use the letters they give you because they've given them to you in the prompt okay individuals of parent are capital g capital g capital D capital D and all homozygous recessive and those were crossed to produce an F1 proing so if I have homozygous dominant Crossing with homozygous recessive I know my Offspring is going to be heterozygous and so since that happened for both traits my F1 is going to be heterozygous actually be a DI hybrid they have a heterozygous for both traits so part A wants us to construct a diagram to pick the four different um products of meosis so I'm looking for with gamit now they should only have half as much as gentic material so I would expect there to only be two chromosomes in each of my circles okay and so we need to then show those chromosomes and the little they carry and then assume that they're on different chromosomes and the gene for flower color is on chromosome one so since I know there's going to be two in both of them I'm just going to go ahead and just draw those on my circle okay I've just made made a long one which is my chromosome one and a short one which is my chromosome 2 how you draw does not matter they just need to make sure that you have two of them in each of them one long one short okay so due to meosis right I'm going to duplicate so there will be two Capital G's and two lowercase G's okay and so due to the fact that we went through independent assortment there's going to end up being two of them in two of the cells and the other two are in the other two cells okay so independent assortment they separated all that good stuff so I have two that have capital G and two that have lowercase G okay now the second Al again I'm going to have two Capital D's and two lower case D's okay but as I said independent assortment they can either line up together or they could line up opposite and so because of that I know that I need to have the two capital letters together and then the lowercase letter will be with the capital letter and the same thing with my lowercase D okay so I should have the four different options where this one is all dominant all recessive and then one dominant one recessive for each of your genes and so that is how you would make your gamet okay so then Part B says to predict possible phenotypes and the ratio in a test cross which I have a I have a certain font and it doesn't let me use numbers um so I must have forgot to do that one let's just say it's F1 individual I'm sorry for that typo um and so if I did a test cross test cross means that it's being uh mated with a homo recessive for both traits and so if I cross this with the homozygous recessive okay I would expect there to be half green and half purple and then I expect to be half dwarf and half tall okay now I'm not done because I need to figure out what the overall traits are and so as we saw earlier you can multiply so if there's half green and half dwarf that means that 1/2 * 1/2 is 1/4 so 1/4 is going to be green dwarf and so you could do this where you say okay well 1/2 is going to be I'm sorry 1/4 is purple dwarf 1/4 is purple tall 1/4 is green dwarf and one4 is green tall and you could get that one: one: one: one ratio okay now keeping in mind you want to write this a complete sentence okay the um phenotypic ratio would be one purple dwarf to one purple tall to one green dwarf to one green TL right write it out full out okay so here you see the one: one to one: one ratio on the scoring guideline so then part C says if the two genes were genetically linked so if they're on the same chromosome how would the proportions of those phenotypes most likely be different in a test cross okay um so if they're actually on different chromosomes right so we already did if they were on different right one to one to one to one but what if they're together if they're together I should see that the green and the uh what was it the green and tall should be inherited together and then I should see that the purple and uh I'm sorry I said that wrong um that the green dwarf should be together and the purple tall should be together okay those were my parents um and so I should expect there to be mostly the parental traits I should expect most of them to be parentals there might be some due to crossing over but they should mostly be those parental traits okay and so the majority are greater than 50% is going to have the parental phenotypes greater than 25% is green dwarf greater than 25% would be purple tall or the recombinant which would be less than 25% would be green tall and less than 25% would be purple dwarf okay because those would be your recombinations and so I would expect there to be less of that one:1 ratio there okay so in the 2020 CED we also have some practice questions and this is symbolic of uh number five so you there's going to it's a short FR frq and we're going to be annotating a diagram in some way so in humans the gene that determines a particular condition has only two alals one of which is capital B is completely dominant over the other lowercase being the phenotypes of three generations of a family with respect to the condition are shown in the pedigree in figure one and the individuals are numbered okay so they've numbered them one through 22 another way you might see this numbering is they might just say this like 1 one one two and then they would have out here um these same numbering of one through eight and it would be like 2 1 2 two 2 three and it would be like the row and then the individual number okay um so part A always ask us a Content question it's always asking us about the biology so describe the process in UK carots that ensures that the number of chromosomes will not double from parent to offspring when gametes Fus during fertilization okay and so what they're W to do is describe meosis right we're going to talk about how those homologous pairs are going to segregate or separate drosis one and that causes your game to be haid and then each is only going to get one member of each of those chromosome pairs so they're wanting you to talk about meosis here okay so then Part B asks us to explain how chromosome from Individual 16 contains DNA that came from individuals one and two so how would this individual that's so far down here actually get TR well this is the granddaughter of these two individuals these are the grandparents and this is the granddaughter right so you can see that their father like the 16's father is number five and then that's the son of the one and two cross okay and so during meosis right um number one first we see uh the sperm and the egg right that's how we got five okay sperm and egg came together um so we should have a homologous pair in number five okay one came from Individual one and one came from Individual two okay so due to crossing over they may have occurred during this there could be one of the traits one of the recombinant chromosomes that came from the sperm is going to have both the genes of individual one and individual two on it okay so you talk here individual five inherited one member of each homologous pair from individuals one and two during game formation individual two crossing over occurred between nons chromos in each homologous pair thus each chromosome for formed and passed onto individual 16 contains DNA for both one and two so that way you've completely understood how that connection happens okay so then part C is always going to ask you to annotate a diagram like um last year you were doing a cogram um the year before that you were saying where the invasive species was and So you you're going to have to modify a diagram some way so the um CED questions having us modify a pedigree okay so we need to figure out what is the genotype of each of these different traits well before you can do that you need to figure out what is the mode of inheritance to be able to determine what do the each have okay so if I look here I can see that I have um where is it so nine and 10 are unaffected and their children are unaffected okay versus here I see that three and four are unaffected and their child number 14 is affected so that tells me it must be some type of um recessive trait okay um I also see that I have um if this was sex linked there's no way that one could pass it on to individual five um as well as I see that isn't a um affected female here okay um and so I'm able to know that this must be autosomal recessive um and so since individual two is able to have offspring that are affected and individuals that are unaffected I know that individual two must be heterozygous okay because they passed on the dominant trait to individuals four seven and 10 and they pass on the recessive trait to individual five so that's how we saw individual five being affected because individual one passed on one recessive trait and indiv two pass on the other recessive trait so five is going to be homozygous recessive showing that okay so again we see that number four is also heterozygous because it has an individual that is affected so both of these must be heterozygous and so we're seeing that that recessive trait was being passed on from both three and four which gave us 14 being affected okay um and then here with number eight since I've already established that the trait must be recessive um I know that this must be little B little B Because homoy recessive would allow me to have um that recessive um trait showing out and then here um I have one parent that is homo recessive and I have another parent that we don't know what they are um we can assume that they're hetus um and so actually we do know sorry number seven we do know is heterozygous because of the parent being um homoz recessive um and so this individual 18 must be homo must be heterozygous because of the fact that they got the recessive trait from the mom and then they got the dominant trait from the father um that allowed them to be of course the dominant phenotype um and then Part D says based on pedigree explain whether the inheritance pattern of uh is Sex Link or autosomal and dominant or recessive which we've already established that this is going to be recessive because individuals three and four um have a trait I'm sorry they pass on that trait and then here with seven and8 I can see that it is sex linked um I'm sorry it's autosomal because the fact that this father would have had that faulty X chromosome um and the mother would have passed on definitely passed on that X chromosome and this female is affected so there's no way that you could have had a affected female um if the parents weren't both affected um and so the disease phenotype is recessive it's autosomal not sex link it cannot be dominant because individual three and four do not have it but their offspring 14 does it's not sex link because if it was y l all male offspring of the phenotype would have the trait and they do not so there was that um and then on my live last week um y'all asked me to do a Ki Square um and so Ki Square kind of fits in well with um her um so I figured I would pull the 2003 question number 1 B um so we can talk about a Kai Square so we're only doing Part B and we're only analyzing the kai Square we're not doing the other parts of this um part A I believe asks you to come up with was it dominant was it recessive um and then also is it Autos or is it Sex Link we're going to find that this is sex link as you see we do have um only wild type females and only wild type males I'm sorry whitee males which tells us this is Sex Link is on the X chromosome and it's going to be excessive because the male only has one X chromosome versus the female that has two okay um so we are going to apply that information so using a Kai Square test on F2 Generation Um analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes which we already said was um so show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer so step one we're going to come up with what's our null hypothesis and now this is the kai five that's by J Daly um I mentioned it before for y'all I don't remember where I mentioned I that's been an F frq video I did it before um so in the null hypothesis you're going to tell me that the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable but here I'm looking at does like the question asked me to analyze my prediction using Ki Square so my prediction is what the parents are going to be so I'm going to come up with my n hypothesis saying the parent genotypes are um heterozygous for e and then it's homozygous recessive for X um and so here we see capital e lower case e and here we have lowercase e so this would be my white-eyed male and this would be my wild type female that I would have expected to find in this okay so part two ask me to do my calculation with my Kai Square value okay so I'm going to cross these two to figure out what my expected is okay so if I cross them I get this individual that is going to be a wild type female I get this individual that's a wild type male get this individual that is a white-eyed female and this is a white-eyed male okay so I expect there to be a one to one: one: one ratio of my um wild type female white-eyed female wild type male and white eyed female I mean male so I have that is definitely a typo sorry y' um whiteed male and so if I set this up I have a 100 individuals and I expect of course a fourth to be each of them so there'll be 25% of each of those the way we do this calculation is we take the total multipli by the ratio so 100 * 1/4 gives me 25 now am my observed I'm getting from the data so my F2 we saw there were 25 that were wild type males I see there's 31 that are wild type females I have 22 that are white-eyed males and I have 24 that are white-eyed females okay so that I just fill it into the chart and I'm going to continue going now I use a chart to do kai Square that's just like the way my brain works um and so I have my observed Min expected so 23 - 25 gave me -2 and then you square it so -2 squ is four and then you're going to take this column and divide by your expected so four divide by 25 now I would do the same thing for each of them where I get of course 31 - 25 is 6 36 and 36 over 25 2 2 - 25 is-3 gives me 9 9 over 25 24 - 25 is 1 gives me 1 so 1 over 25 now this is back when they didn't get calculators um and so I also wanted it to be simple math for you um and so 4 + 36 is 40 + 9 is 49 + 1 is 50 so 50 divid 25 is 2.0 okay which is our Ki Square value so what do we do once we get our Ki Square value like what do I do with this so first I need to figure out my degrees of freedom so my degrees of freedom is going to be my total classes I've got wild type male I've got wild type female I've got white-eyed male and I've got white-eyed female okay so I have four different classes so four toal classes minus one gives me three so my degree of freedom is going to be three okay I then have to go into my Ki Square table now the calculation the equation for KI square is given on the formula sheet um and so is the kai Square table here but you have to know how to use it okay um so the equation is Lally like think um summation o minus e^2 over e and that's all they tell you um and so if you don't know what a summation means which my students I showed them a summation earlier this year and they looked at me like I was crazy so if you've never seen a summation before you don't know what it means and you won't know how to use that formula um plus students tend to make errors when they just type things into a calculator so the chart method helps to reduce errors um also make sure that you keep your decimals whenever you're doing this method I would keep one decimal plus whatever my final answer needs to be by the way um okay so I need to find my critical value so we're going to use a P value of 0.5 and a degree of freedom of three so my critical value is 7.81 so I'm say okay well how does the calculate value my two compare to my critical value which is seven so my table my critical value the value I solved or calcul value I'm sorry I shouldn't said that wrong my calculated value is two and my critical value is 7.81 my table value and so I'm going to say that it is less than and so that tells me fail to reject the null okay um which means that my null hypothesis is right now I'm saying that my null is right in in quotes because you can't ever prove something's right you just can prove that it's not wrong like but there's never a way in statistics to prove something's right you just prove okay well in this case it's not wrong um and so that tells me that my parents genotypes are what I said they were which was um x e x ly and then x e y okay um so that was what I had for unit 5 um there's really not a lot in unit 5 um so I did want to give you a moment to ask questions there is a big lull between when you see it um and when I've actually said it um and I keep accidentally cutting the video too early and I don't have a chance to let you ask your questions um so I'm going to kill some time um while y'all have a chance to ask your questions in there um so uh if you're not following make sure you're following my Instagram my Instagram is AP biop Penguins I think that's kind of logical at this point um I've been doing review I started depending on when you watch this video I started on February 1st and I started on February 1st every year and I post every single day on my Instagram stories questions um and I just start on topic 1.1 and I work all the way through like right now I'm on 5.6 I'll post those on um Sunday night to for Monday um and that can give you a quick little review as you're just sitting on the bus um reviewing um my Tik Tok until Tik Tok goes away um is AP biop penguins and on there I've got review videos as well as it's just kind of a way of me you know telling you about things as well as that's where frq Fridays are posted uh they're also posted on Instagram too and then my AP Bio Instagram which is where you currently are watching this video um that's where you'll find all these review videos you'll find all of my topic Tik toks from the past and you'll find all my f frq videos um when I finish with the F frqs I'm going to work through every single formula on the um formula sheet so that you have an example question for all of those so I think I have killed enough time um to answer ask your questions so oh is the kai square number is less than one on the table we accept the no um so if the table if the value you calculate is less than the one in the table um then you are going to fail to reject the null which you have put accept in parentheses and yeah like in quotes um so yeah they accepting the null um so you're saying the null is correct um but it's just more or less saying that you failed to reject that null you don't have the data to say that it's wrong and then finally I can finally get to the other person's question would they ask you to calculate map units on the exam um they might ask you to calculate map units that formula is not on the formula sheet as well as the formula for um percent change is not the formula sheet so last week I believe in the video I went through how to calculate the percent change or it may have been one of my f frq videos um because that's an important thing you need to be able to do because you did it in your lab um and so that would be your final minus your initial over your initial times 100 and that gives you your percent change um and so it's important to make sure you know how to do that so that's all the questions that I have in there um I hope that this was helpful remember if5 penguin sucess bye y'all and of course there's a lull so I'm going to wait a second before I end it