Otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) Surgery Lecture

Introduction

• Otorhinolaryngologic refers to ear (Otto), nose (rhino), and throat (laryngo) surgery.
• Also known as ENT surgery.
• Lecture covers anatomy and surgical procedures of the ear, nose, and throat.

Ear Anatomy and Function

Sections of the Ear

• Outer Ear: Includes the pinna (auricle) and the ear canal.
  • Captures sound and funnels it to the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
• Middle Ear: Contains the malleus, incus, and stapes bones.
  • Transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
• Inner Ear: Includes the cochlea and semicircular canals.
  • Cochlea: Processes different sound frequencies.
  • Semicircular canals: Help maintain balance, contain fluid and fine hairs.

Nerves

• Cochlear nerve: Transmits sound signals to the brain.
• Vestibular nerve: Transmits balance information to the brain.
• Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII): Combination of cochlear and vestibular nerves.

Surgical Procedures on the Ear

Myringotomy

• Procedure to create an opening in the eardrum to drain fluid.
• Involves inserting a tube to keep the incision open.

Tympanoplasty

• Repairs holes in the tympanic membrane.
• May involve grafting tissue from the temporalis fascia.

Cholesteatoma

• Growth of tissue in the middle ear that may require removal.
• Mastoidectomy: Removal of part of the mastoid bone if cholesteatoma spreads.

Stapedectomy

• Removal of the stapes bone, replacing it with a prosthesis.

Cochlear Implant

• Device for severe hearing loss.
• Converts sound into electrical signals transmitted to the cochlea.

Nose Anatomy and Surgical Procedures

Anatomy

• Sinuses: Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid.
• Turbinates (concha): Moisturize and filter air.

Surgeries

• Submucosis Resection (SMR) or Septoplasty: Corrects deviated septum.
• Turbinectomy: Removes part of the turbinates to improve airflow.
• Polypectomy: Removal of nasal polyps.
• Coanal Atresia Repair: Corrects blocked nasal passage in children.
• Caldwell-Luc Procedure: Accesses maxillary sinus through the upper jaw.
• Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS): Uses endoscope to improve sinus drainage.

Throat Anatomy and Surgical Procedures

Anatomy

• Pharynx: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
• Tubes: Trachea (air) and esophagus (food).
• Epiglottis: Controls opening to the trachea.
• Lymphatic Tissue: Includes tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual).

Surgeries

• Tonsillectomy: Removal of tonsils.
• Adenoidectomy: Removal of pharyngeal tonsils.
• Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP): Treats sleep apnea by removing tissue.
• Tracheotomy: Creates an opening in the trachea for breathing.
• Laryngectomy: Partial or total removal of the larynx.

Advanced Procedures

• Radical Neck Dissection: Removal of cancerous tissue.
• TMJ Arthroscopy: Addresses issues in the temporomandibular joint.

Conclusion

• Overview of potential ENT procedures and their relevance in treating various conditions.