Wireless Transmission Media in Communication Systems

Methods of Wireless Transmission

1. **Microwave
2. Satellite
3. Radio
4. Infrared

Microwave

• High-frequency signals sent from large towers (transponders)
• Transponders placed 40-50 km apart
• Signal sent directly via line-of-sight from one tower to another
• Uses: Telephone networks, ISPs, remote monitoring and management

Satellite

• Eliminates line-of-sight barriers (e.g., buildings)
• Transponders are spaced out, and data is sent to a satellite
• Satellite rotates with the Earth, maintaining its geographical position
• Uplink: Data sent to satellite
• Downlink: Data returned to Earth
• Allows for the greatest distance communication

Radio Waves

• Used for wireless technologies (home Wi-Fi, RFID, NFC, Bluetooth)
• Example: Router sends signals to PC, printer, TV, etc.
• Used in public hotspots (e.g., cafes)
• No cabling required, enables local wireless networks

Infrared

• Simplest form of communication via low-frequency light
• Direct line-of-sight required (e.g., TV remotes)
• Short-range communication, signal easily blocked
• Uses: Home entertainment, intrusion detectors, fire detectors, medical diagnostics

Conclusion

• Overview of wireless communication mediums: microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared
• Each method has specific applications and limitations in communication systems