AP Human Geography Review Summary

Overview

• The lecture summarizes all 7 units of AP Human Geography.
• It's a quick review to understand main concepts before AP tests or finals.
• Additional resources: Ultimate Review Packet, YouTube memberships, Mr. Sin Discord server.

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

• Maps

  • Thematic and reference maps.
  • Map projections: Importance of understanding distortions (shape, area, distance, direction).
  • Mercator map: Accurate direction, distorted shape and size.

• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

  • Layers data on maps to show spatial relationships.
  • Important in qualitative (attitudes, beliefs) and quantitative (census, numbers) research.

• Spatial Concepts

  • Technology reduces distance decay and increases connectivity.
  • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism: Environment limits vs. society can modify the environment.

• Scale and Regions

  • Scale of analysis: National vs. local.
  • Types of regions: Functional (nodal), perceptual (vernacular), formal (uniform).

Unit 2: Population and Migration

• Population Distribution and Density

  • Urban vs. rural: More opportunities in urban areas.
  • Different densities: Arithmetic, physiological, agricultural.

• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

  • 5 stages: Low growth, high growth, moderate growth, low growth, declining.
  • Importance of understanding population pyramids.

• Migration

  • Push and pull factors: Political, economic, social, environmental.
  • Types: Forced vs. voluntary, Ravenstein's Laws of Migration.
  • Malthusian theory and neo-Malthusians: Population growth vs. resource availability.

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

• Culture

  • Cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
  • Cultural landscape: Shared practices, beliefs, technologies.

• Diffusion

  • Types: Relocation, expansion (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus).
  • Impact on language and religion: Spread through colonialism, globalization.

• Religion and Language

  • Universalizing vs. ethnic religions.
  • Language families, dialects, and cultural impact.

Unit 4: Political Organization of Space

• Nations and States

  • Nation vs. state, nation-state, multinational state, stateless nation.
  • Self-determination: Right to govern without external influence.

• Boundaries

  • Types: Relic, antecedent, subsequent, consequent, superimposed, geometric.
  • Maritime boundaries: Territorial waters, contiguous zone, EEZ.

• Political Power

  • Unitary vs. federal states.
  • Supranational organizations: EU, NATO, UN.
  • Devolution and state sovereignty challenges.

Unit 5: Agricultural and Rural Land Use

• Agricultural Practices

  • Intensive (near population centers) vs. extensive (remote).
  • Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture.

• Agricultural Revolutions

  • First, second (industrial revolution), Green Revolution.
  • Technology's impact on agricultural efficiency.

• Sustainability and Ethical Concerns

  • Organic farming, local food movements, fair trade.
  • Women's role in agriculture.

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

• Urban Models

  • Burgess concentric zone, Hoyt sector, Multiple nuclei, Galactic model.
  • Models for LDCs: Latin American, Sub-Saharan African, Southeast Asian.

• Urban Issues

  • Gentrification, infrastructure, sustainable cities.
  • Government layers and challenges in urban planning.

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development

• Globalization and Economy

  • Formal vs. informal economy.
  • Economic sectors: Primary, secondary, tertiary (quaternary, quinary).

• Trade and Development

  • Rostow's stages of economic growth.
  • Wallerstein's World Systems Theory: Core, semi-periphery, periphery.

• Indicators and Inequality

  • GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI, GII.
  • Women in the economy and microloans.

• Resources and Support
  • Ultimate Review Packet and Discord community for further study.
  • Live streams and additional resources for exam preparation.

Conclusion: Ensure understanding of key themes and models across units to be well-prepared for exams.