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What are the key functions of the glomerulus in the kidney?
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The glomerulus functions as a tuft of capillaries that filter blood in the kidney.
Describe the role of immune complexes in membranous nephropathy.
In membranous nephropathy, sub-epithelial immune complex deposition leads to diffuse glomerular wall thickening and nephrotic syndrome symptoms.
How does pulmonary involvement manifest in Goodpasture Syndrome?
Goodpasture Syndrome can lead to pulmonary symptoms such as hemoptysis, due to the presence of autoantibodies affecting the lungs.
What structural components distinguish the renal tubules?
Renal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing substances such as electrolytes.
Explain the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (Berger's Disease).
IgA nephropathy is caused by IgA deposits in mesangial regions, leading to mesangial proliferation and glomerular hypercellularity.
What are the characteristic features of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) under a microscope?
MPGN is characterized by hypercellularity, mesangial proliferation, and a double contour or tram track appearance of the basement membrane.
What is the significance of podocytes in kidney function?
Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells with foot processes that play a crucial role in the filtration barrier of the glomerulus.
What are the microscopic features of an acute kidney infarct?
Acute kidney infarcts show coagulative necrosis, preserved architecture, hypodemic areas, absence of nuclei, and increased eosinophilia.
Describe the pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, due to damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.
What is Goodpasture Syndrome and its renal pathology presentation?
Goodpasture Syndrome is an autoimmune disease with linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the basement membrane, and it may involve crescent formation in Bowman's space.
What characterizes the light microscopy findings in chronic renal failure?
Light microscopy might show renal scarring, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal failure.
Differentiate between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes based on symptoms.
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by significant proteinuria, edema, and hyperlipidemia, while nephritic syndrome includes hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria.
What histological changes are observed in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Histological changes include diffuse endocapillary proliferation and electron dense sub-epithelial deposits, which appear as 'humps' on electron microscopy.
How does hydropic change manifest in renal tissue?
Hydropic change is a reversible renal cell injury featuring swollen renal tubules and water accumulation inside the cells, with nuclei present and no signs of necrosis.
How is acute glomerulonephritis identified microscopically?
It is identified by hypercellularity of the glomeruli due to inflammatory cell infiltration and mesangial proliferation, along with granular IgG and C3 deposits on immunofluorescence.
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