all right so now we're moving on to chapter 12 this is one of two super charts chapters in the textbook 12 and 13 this one is dealing with the eye and the other will be dealing with the ear because of that there's a lot less words in the chapter so that's kind of a good thing right alright so the first thing we're going to do similar to all other chapters is just go through and figure out what are the basic structures of the eye what does it look like how does it function so that we can then get into what problems can occur so I feel like you should know this but the eyes are the organs of vision and it is located in a bony kind of cavity if you think about the skull and the openings in the skull that allow for your eyes to be located that's called an orbit and really of the entire surface of the eye only a very small portion of it is actually seen from the exterior this is what it looks like from a side view you can see zoomed in there on the bottom a little bit for the lens area and all those multiple layer rings that go over that we're going to kind of run through all those different structures but you can kind of see all of that in the beginning here and then there's this large fluid filled space all the way back to the optic nerve that's going to carry those sensory images back to the brain for interpretation okay so first up we have the sclera and in looking at this picture it's kind of hard to tell because they label it way back here but it's a protective outer layer of the eye and the picture is not really representative but you can see it kind of wrap around here and kind of come down here as well it's it's this gray thing down here at the bottom a little bit it kind of feeds into what we'll see is the cornea and when you're looking at your eye from outside it's the white part of the eye that white part is that outer protective layer called the sclera we do have a cornea you can see on the picture here the the gray section of the sclera kind of wraps around and then it transitions to this clearer part that clear part that continues all the way around back to the other portion of the sclera that is the cornea and it's transparent obviously so that you can see images coming into your eye but that's its purpose is it is considered part of the sclera but it does allow those light rays to enter into your eye and it's that outer protective layer so it is possible if you've ever scratched your cornea it hurts a lot but it's not you know necessarily damaging your eye because it's that protective outer layer there's a middle layer called the choroid here it's pictured in blue it's just another layer in this case this is the blood vessel infused layer that is going to give oxygen and nutrients to the eye we have the iris in this case it's here in kind of a darker blue located right here and right here on the bottom picture you can see it kind of feeds up from the choroid the iris is that pigmented color so it gives you basically the color portion of your eye depending on what eye color you have that's the type of pigment associated it but it is a muscle it does regulate kind of how much light goes into your eye because it expands and contracts to control the size of the pupil and the pupil is in the center it's just a hole so it in and of itself is just a hole where the light comes in and then depending on the atmosphere or environment you're in the iris will expand or contract to make that hole bigger or smaller to allow more or less light in okay next we have the lens the lens is that big what kind of looks like a contacts in the middle of your eye is this chunk right here and it sits right behind the pupil so when light comes in through the pupil it hits the lens and that lens is responsible for focusing that light and bending it so that it can go towards the back of that that's its job and when that's not shaped properly then you can get all kinds of vision problems the retina is the innermost layer of the eye and most people think that it's you know the only central centered on the very very back of the eye but it really goes around the entire inside here and that's where your vision receptors are so that light can stimulate those receptors and then trigger sensory information so to speak those receptors will then send impulses to the brain to say what you're seeing there's two liquid portions of the eye they're called humors we have the aqueous humor which is in the front here that is in the what they call the anterior cavity but it basically helps keep your eye shaped correctly up here and then the bulk of the fluid is back here behind the lens that's the vitreous humor and that's the jelly-like fluid it's job is to just basically maintain the shape of the eye I think of it as a water-filled balloon kind of if there's no water in there then you can't maintain that shape but you can also imagine just like a balloon if it's over or under inflated we can have different kinds of medical problems all right there's a couple other things mo bohmian glands I don't really think that I'm gonna actually require you to know that but they are oil glands and really they help secrete oil to the eyelids and help lubricate the eyes so if you have too much or too little you know oil secretion and you might potentially get an infection but that's what that is I don't think it's pictured in the picture lacrimal glands and ducts those are your tear ducts so in looking at this picture you can't see but if you think about the inner portion of your eye where those tears come from and then there's kind of a little tube where they might drain there's some better pictures in your book that showed that portion on page 468 if you want to take a peek the optic nerve is at the back of the eye and that kind of collects all of the visual impulses all of those receptors on the retina that have been activated then sends those impulses from the retina to the brain and then finally on here we have the conjunctiva and that is a mucous membrane again you can't really see it nicely in this picture that lines the eyelids so think of it as that membrane on the inside of your eyelid and whenever you close your eye it's gonna fold over the sclera and then go over the cornea when you close your eye and it's funny to think but when you get things like pinkeye it's really an infection of the conjunctiva that gives you those pink eyes because it's on the inside of your eyelid and covering the sclera so that is what gives you that that issue okay so here's that better picture of kind of just the tear ducts or the lacrimal glands you can see that there's one that in this picture looks like a tiny brain secreting tears from the top and then there's one over here so this is like that little bump that you might notice on the inside of your eye here and that's really where drainage occurs and what's interesting to see is that drainage goes down into your nose which is why if you cry a lot your nose tends to run because those tears are going down into your nose when this gets clogged up that's when you get all that like crusty gunk buildup in your eyes when you're sick for example if that's not working properly and your tears can't drain that that's one thing that can happen this is the general pathway of light so just to give you kind of the rundown of what happens when you actually are seeing something where the light is going so it always starts on the cornea because that's your kind of outermost protective layer it goes through that first liquid portion the aqueous humor through the whole of the pupil bounces on the lens and then that lens is going to focus in directs the light through the vitreous humor fluid all the way back to the receptors on the retina that information is collected and then sent from the optic nerve to the brain I'm not going to expect you to know the specifics of what's going on in the brain but you have a visual cortex in your thalamus part of the brain excuse me from the thalamus to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain and that's where the visual information is then interpreted for you to actually understand what you're seeing that was a lot so just make sure you're feeling good about all those different layers and all those different parts because now we're going to actually apply medical terms to it here's the list looking at this the diagrams are also found in your book on 474 some new one if you prefer to do it there versus writing it on a separate sheet of paper but we have blepharospasm so for example if you have blepharitis your eyelid might be inflamed conjunctive ohh clearly goes with your conjunctiva so that mucous membrane on the interior of the eyelid so conjunctivitis for example is the fancy way to say pink eye in this chapter there are three words that pretty much all mean the same thing pupil pupil o is going to be the easiest one to remember for pupil just because it sounds the same but we have coral with and without an e so you can take auro choreo if you would like and pupil o please note that the word pupil has one L but when you create a combining form for it we have two else a cornea here we have corneal which makes sense but that's another reason why spelling matters because without an N its choreo with and it's corneal and we also care a toe but it'll be a little bit careful because we already did learn from our super awesome Chapter four Kirito can mean horny tissue but in this case that could potentially mean cornea so it just kind of depends on the context on what it is that you're talking about dak Rio and lacrima are tears so I traditionally use lacrimal because the lacrimal glands are the ones that make tears but we might see that used interchangeably ear or a toe and arrow both mean iris so if we remember back to what the iris portion was that is going to be the pigmented color portion of your eye controlling the pupil so if there are maybe muscle contraction problems in that area will see that Acula and Absalom o both means I so think of ocular binoculars for that form of eye we also have optimal if you're gonna go to an ophthalmologist it's really hard to pronounce and it's really hard to spell so remember OPH th al mo one of the most misspelled words probably from the book octo means vision so the optometrist is another person that you might go to so there is a clear distinction a cue low and a Palomo really have to do more with the structure and function of the eye itself and I Anatomy problems whereas opto and an optometrist would be focused more on vision so that would be the person you go to for kind and glasses that's not the person you would go to if you had a sty or glaucoma or something other than you know of a standard vision problem next we have packet oh and Paco they both sound exactly the same ones with the seen ones with a que but they are related to the lens which is that part responsible for focusing the light as it comes in through the pupil retina means right now pretty self-explanatory same thing with square oh and sclera so take some time to just kind of label these in the eye and then again think about what are the functions of these different parts and what might be able to go wrong to give you a medical problem all right now we get to the combining forms so the first one we have here is cryo I always think of cryogenics I don't know why but it means really cold or a cryo freezer it will come into play a little bit later we'll talk about cysts oh you've already known for awhile means a bladder but it also generalizes a little bit more to mean a sac so when we're talking about this we might see it in context describing the eye kind of as a sac in the middle of a term diplo means 2 or double so often we might see this in the sense of you might have double vision I so means equal so if you have equal vision in both eyes we might use I so photo means light and then Tohno means pressure or tension and i think of this in the sense of that water-filled balloon analogy if you have too much or too little pressure on the eye it can cause problems so that's one we'll see Jonah if you have a chance add this to your diagrams go for it otherwise there's some exercises on page 472 that would be worth trying okay so before we move on into the actual full medical conditions we just have a couple of prefixes and suffixes but at this point I feel you know most of them so bye and bin won't mean to so binary binoculars all of those things suffixes when we're talking about vision or really a condition of vision meaning is a good vision bad vision what's wrong with it do you have double vision your knee is a Pia phobia means that you are afraid of things great seems like a general suffix but in the context of the eye we're going to use it with photophobia so if your eyes have kind of an aversion to light that would be an example of one we would use it in the eye plea jeah not to be confused with Fei Jia and play zi and all of those other things please Jia if we remember like paraplegic quadriplegic means paralysis so your eye is our muscular in nature can also be called paralyzed okay which one of these is spelled correctly hopefully you're saying be this is that weird one so we have o ph th al mo ah love mo very okay to the diseases there is a lot of them but these are often more parts so take a deep breath and realize that you have learned a lot of these in your my terms life up to this point some of them are gonna be a little tricky for example a fakie ax it's it is chopped up in in terms of what it is a is this prefix meaning without if we remember if a co means lens and then I a means a condition of so we have a condition of without a lens that would be most likely a congenital problem that you're born without one it could also mean that the lens is removed because you have a condition for example otherwise we have a lot of itis is like I said blepharitis would be eyelid conjunctivitis would be inflammation of the conjunctiva or pink eye and other instances pitocin is a suffix that we've seen before pitocin means drooping so whatever it is that you're talking about is sagging or drooping in some way so here's an example of the eyelid drooping so that would be bleffary ptosis fly forever ptosis right here we do have a lot of vision things so you might see Opia so diplopia would be double vision we have ones that we'll see later on - please eeeh again means paralysis so if I'm talking irid oh please yeah that would be paralysis of the iris and if we remember the iris is that pigmented muscle that controls much light goes in through the people so if it can't do its job then you can't expand or contract that people Malaysia is softening if we remember so carrot oh Malaysia would mean that the cornea is softening which can lead to all kinds of problems here's a weird one that we might Luco Coria so leuco if we remember from a long time ago means white coral means cornea and yeah so in this case we would have a condition of a white excuse me I mine just a core element pupil not cornea so this would be a condition of a white pupil algae if we remember means pain so op them op alum algea that is a mouthful and a tongue-twister would mean that you have pain in your eye so if they don't know what's wrong with you you just have general pain it can also be paralyzed in terms of the muscle being paralyzed retinoblastoma if we see remember OMA is a tumor so this is a very common tumor of the developing retinal cells let's see otherwise I think you can figure out the rest if you want to take a break from continuing on in the PowerPoint now would be a good time to try exercise 9 on page 476 or the harder version on 474 alright here's another one this is an extreme version but it is a fairly common thing to happen so inflammation of the tear stack thinking about what tear means what sag means what inflammation up it's not giving you the answer but we would say lacrimal assist itis is one thing that we would be able to say you could also say de Caro cystitis they both mean tear or sack so in the book it's gonna say Decorah cystitis but you could potentially use like most societies - okay so this if you think about you know those nasty Krusty's that kind of come on your eyelashes when you are sick point to an eyelid inflammation so this would be B blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid and then that yields those little crusty bits that come on when you're feeling sick okay there's a ton of words not from word parts so here we go the first one is what we would call a lazy eye it's called amblyopia so again we have a pia and a lot of these terms even though they're not built from word parts so that'll help guide you in understanding that has something to do with vision so AM blah Pia means that you have reduced vision in one side really what that means is one eye is stronger than other and if you don't correct it the stronger I get stronger and the weaker eye gets weaker so that's when you might see young children with patches over their good eye kind of forcing them to use their weak guy until vision is equal again alright next we have Anna so Metropia significant unequal refractive error between two eyes so when we think about how the light bends from the lens to the back of the eye to interpret it it just means that both eyes are doing it differently they're unequal and how they go about doing that so that can lead to different vision in two eyes a stigmatism common thing to hear if you have glasses it just means that either your cornea but the light travels through or the lens travels through the curvature isn't quite smooth enough or in it becomes irregular and then that refract refraction is not as clear so then you get kind of a little bit more of a blurry vision and can't focus quite as clearly that's what astigmatism is cataract is a lens problem you think of it with old people but basically the lens starts to cloud over which is a problem if it's supposed to be taking in the light and bending it towards the back of the eye shallows on or is a problem with the oil gland in the eyelid so it's an eyelid problem but it's not an infection it is a blockage of something so it's some kind of blockage of your oil duct in your eyelid but it's not caused by an infectious bacteria or anything like that drusen is yellow deposits you might see these under the retina while you can't see them from the outside but they're on the inside of your eye underneath the retina and it's just a normal thing that might occur with age or another condition that will get you in a minute macular degeneration glaucoma I feel like that's another old people thing you might think of but this has to do with the eye pressure so the inter ocular pressure think of the vitreous humor and aqueous humor if that intraocular pressure meaning inside the eye or IOP is increased for some reason then it could potentially at some point cause damage and so they you need to be on top of reducing that pressure to keep your eyes fully functional we have hyper ah Pia which is the fancy word for far sightedness so what that means is when the lens goes to focus the light it does so kind of behind the retina and therefore you have trouble seeing things close up you can see things far away just fine but you have trouble looking at things up close that is the opposite of my alpha myopia means nearsightedness so that one's over here so you can see things nearer but have difficult seeing things far away hi FEMA is basically a hemorrhage or an issue you got hit in the eye is most likely what happens and then you have some kind of hemorrhage and eye macular degeneration is a progressive problem so this happens and then could eventually lead to blindness usually this happens in people like 50 or older and can progress until blindness but the retina itself starts to degenerate and it's called the macula this special part of the retina which is why it's called macular degeneration but it won't be able to then focus collect all those images and send it to the brain so once your retina deteriorates or the macula part deteriorates then you won't be able to send any messages and so you kind of see this black hole and your vision and it gets bigger and bigger until you're eventually blind Nick de la Pia again has to do with vision Nick doe means night so Nick de la Pia means that you basically have trouble seeing at night or this might be called night blindness it also occurs to some people in the sense of night blindness get really blinded when headlights are coming near them and they're driving at night that kind of is lumped into that category nystagmus is when you have involuntary jerky movements so if you ever seen someone in their eyes look like they're kind of just fluttering back and forth left and right that's called nystagmus it's just a condition that they have it could be congenital genetic ping what EULA we're getting into some crazy terms now this is something that can occur when you're out in the Sun too long and why you should probably wear sunglasses it also occurs in dusty areas too but it's a yellowish mass that kind of can grow on the conjunctiva it's that inner membrane lining of the eyelid so if you're out in the Sun a lot or in dry climates dusty areas it can eventually spread throughout the eye and become a different term that will get pressed by a Pia press by basically means old age so we should know that as we get older our age starts to go or get worse declined this happens with hearing too so basically when anything declines over age we use press buy in the first part of the word pterygium is this one here that the P is silent in Breck EULA can turn into a T resume this is Nate iridium and this is basically a thin tissue growing on to the cornea so if you have that initial growth or mass it can eventually spread through the inner ear conjunctiva and cause problems retinal detachment is exactly how it sounds your retina is physically detached from the back of the eye whether it's from trauma or disease or something else the chloride is that outer layer so the inner layer of the retina becomes detached in some way it doesn't mean necessarily that you're going to go blind but you need intervention very quickly Retin it retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary problem that comes along with a lot of things so there's night blindness your eye begins to atrophy the pigments start to change so their colors start to change there's a lot of different pieces to it strabismus is a fancy word for cross eye which is not the same thing as a lazy eye strabismus means when your eyes are looking in different directions and it's really a muscle problem generally the muscles can't keep the eyes focused straight lastly we have a sty and that's when the oil gland of the eye is actually infected and you can see a little bump on the eyelid that would be a sty whereas if it's again a bump not due to infection just an obstruction that was what the shell is on was these are a lot of confusing terms that don't necessarily sound anything like what they mean so please take some time to really go through exercise 13 it gives you some really good pictures of a lot of these things to help figure out what the actual difference is between a lot of these so here's that difference between nearsighted farsighted and astigmatism so nearsighted is myopia and you can see when the images come in they bounce off the lens and that focused image is before the retina so normally your image in a perfect world would be having an X right here on the back of the eye for the retina but it does it too early so that limits your ability to see things far away in the opposite condition hyperopia it then doesn't towards the back of the eye and last but not least we have the stigmatism and so this is where your eye is create kind of a little bit of a fuzzy image because one eye is focusing too early and one is focusing too late so then you get that kind of blurred picture a little bit okay so here are some of those booked pictures from the book and that sir size 13 so a cataract again you can see is a clouding of the lens there so this is completely obstructing that person's view the shell is on so this is a bump here again not as a result of an infection but as of a blockage and then if it is a result of an infection you can have something like this which is a sty and these things kind of wear away on their own I'm sure there's antibiotics or whatever you could take I've had one before other than the fact that it sucks and it's a little bit painful you're fine and then you can see here on the left again back to the cataract piece this is how it starts this is kind of a snowflake one and then this would be a full on coverage on the eye you can see this in dogs a lot if you look into their eyes and you can kind of see is a common problem with them fun fact I guess okay here's the graphic of what a detached retina looks like again the retina is the interior lining so if that pulls away from the wall of the eye then we have a detached retina which is a problem because then this is not pulled tight enough to be able to focus the images that you need and this could have been caused by disease impact all kinds of other things macular degeneration here's kind of that general picture of what that looks like again that part of the retina called the macula starts to deteriorate and then as a result of that your vision starts to fade over time okay moving on to surgical terms there's not a whole lot so that's good these ones are built for more parts so we just kind of have to remember our suffixes here so plasti is going to be surgical repair in this case you're repairing the eyelid or down at querido plasti you're repairing the cornea and that's interesting because this over here and the right image is a picture of a corneal he's too neat Kirito plasti I could have also said corneal plasti because they mean the same thing but a transplant fits in that category too so there are instances of where a person might have their cornea transplant it and you can kind of see the black stitches it'll heal on its own over time you can see the sclera is not very happy around the eye right now but it'll eventually get better Peck see Peck see is a word I can't remember if we've seen the suffix before but it's surgical fixation so cryo rhinoplasty means they're fixating the retina using cold it seems crazy but they can actually do that maybe this is for a retinal detachment for example and they're using colds to basically glue it back or fix it back in place Decker assists Orionis tomy as I mentioned before the tear duct connects down to the kind of nasal passage and that's where the drainage occurs so if there is a blockage in that drainage system then we need to create an artificial opening or thinking about expanding the current drainage tube so that it can drain so that's why we have asked me here so whenever that happens this happens with little kids a lot too if they get that I I call them eye goobers for my four-year-olds but if they get that that kind of buildup in the interior portions of your eye on a regular basis they just kind of go in and reinforce that drainage system so it's not a problem X to me again means removal so in this case and your deck to me would be removal or excision of part of the iris or if you're just cutting into it you'd have aa t'me so take some time there is an exercise 17 on page 483 that covers that thankfully that not for more parts list is not as long as the diseases not for more parts some of them might be something you've heard of before a new chelation just me it's weird you're removing the entire eyeball or really it's a general term that can apply to removal of any whole organ but they put it here because the eyes is one thing that is easily removed intact LASIK is an acronym it stands for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis crazy-long so we call it LASIK that's the laser eye surgery I actually had this done god I don't know ten years ago one of the greatest things I ever did but what happens is your cornea or your lens is slightly misshapen and that's what leads you to need contacts or glasses in the first place so in this procedure a laser basically comes in and zaps your cornea and shapes it to the correct curvature and therefore then you don't need glasses anymore this doesn't work for everyone you have to have a thick enough cornea and it has to be a shape problem that gave you your eye vision issues in the first place but it oftentimes can correct stigmatism z' hyper and myopia and this goes a little bit below the corneal surface so there's going to be another procedure in a minute that's really on the surface of the cornea the lasik goes underneath the top layers of the cornea and really it's like a five minute procedure you're awake the whole time if you ever want to know more about it you can ask the next one is called fake o or fake o emulsification for the long version this is to me remove cataracts and remember cataract is that clouding in the eye so this is where they basically use a needle to poke it around in that cloudy portion and break up that cloudy patch so the idea is if you can break it up into tiny little pieces it'll help restore your vision next we have PRK which is a photorefractive keratectomy and this is really again to protect to correct vision issues using a laser with the sense that in this case they're either flattening or removing a chunk of the cornea so this is where they might work on the surface layer of the cornea versus going deeper underneath I don't know if one PRK versus lasik if one is more preferred versus the other if one is more expensive than the other I feel like LASIK is a little bit easier and quicker next we have retinal photocoagulation and this is where you use a super intense beam of lights to seal any leaking blood vessels or zap any abnormal tissue that you might need so the idea is if you think about your blood coagulating it kind of clumps up so if you have bleeding issues in the back of your eye or you have small growths in the back of your eye there's a super intense beam of light that basically is zaps it so you don't actually have to cut into the eye or anything they're just using light beams to kind of fix the problem sclera buckling is a specialized procedure for retinal detachment it's basically a strip of cornea is made or a fold is made in the sclera and they basically put a giant rubber band on your eye to hold it in place the idea that eventually your retina can maybe begin to reattach our seal back onto the layer but it's a little rubber band for the trabeculectomy is surgical creation of an opening basically they're gonna go in and create a tiny little hole underneath the conjunctiva where a lot of the aqueous humor that might be causing glaucoma or increased pressure is the problem so by creating this tiny little hole you will then remove the excess fluid and release the pressure vitrectomy is something very similar you basically take a giant needle put it into the eye and remove directly the vitreous humor um that's kind of a more extreme version of a trabeculectomy so go ahead and try exercise maybe 20 120 X or size 20 there's matching on page 485 and 486 so kind of get those terms in place then we are gonna move on to Diagnostics here's an example of what that PRK and lasik looks like so historically that you wouldn't use usually use a laser to kind of create a little flap and then peel back the cornea so they can access to eye which is pretty cool and then when they're done they just put the little flap back and then it will seal itself in a couple days Diagnostics okay so in terms of diagnostic imaging there's really only one it's called fluorescein angiography and we'll learn a little bit more in depth later but angiography basically means that you're imaging the blood vessels in this case we're using fluorescein dye to look at the eye so they put a little bit of dye in the eye to look at the blood vessels there to see what's going on in terms of evaluating the anatomy and function of the eye what we have a lot of ophthalmic evaluation tools whether you're going to measure with a meter which is an instrument used to measure otherwise we have scopes to look during the procedure of scope ease when you are measuring that's when we have metree so we're looking for a different couple of different things so the carrot ohmmeter is measure the curvature of the cornea which is important when you're figuring and fitting contacts to a person when you're doing a scope II bring up a little scope that's when you're looking at visual examination of the eye and so that's when they have that little kind of black handheld light at the end thing I think I have a picture of it if not is on page 47 optometry is measuring your vision so an optometrist does optometry so that's when you go to the eye doctor to read the letter chart and have the little thing come down in front of you and they say one or two three or four people no meter and people of scope those things are looking at the diameter of the pupil and just making sure that it is shaped correctly working correctly same thing with retinas cofee to look at the retina itself and then tono tono meets pressure so tonometer is going to measure the pressure and thinking about things like glaucoma with increased pressure what that looks like so which one of these would be done in an ophthalmologists office really it's hard to say so enucleation definitely not because that's kind of a full eye removal surgery tonometer measures pressure you would definitely want to do this in optimal as office retinoscopy is generally done by an optometrist but when an ophthalmologist is looking at the general you know structure function of the eye they can do retinoscope you okay we are now two complementary terms so we're a couple lists away from the edge thank goodness right complementary terms we have NSO Korea which means your pupils are not the same size so an means not ISO means equal core it means your people and iya so that's how we break that down into parts so you have a pupil that is not of equal size binocular pertaining to both eyes so and that's why we call them binoculars corneal a lot of these have to do with pertaining to you'll notice or a condition of blinks so anytime you see I a that would be a condition of intraocular goes within you know the eye so we talked a lot about intraocular pressure I so Korea means that you have equal pupils so that's the good thing lacrimal again pertaining to the tears so we have lacrimal glands if you're talking specifically about the nose drainage system we have nasolacrimal ophthalmic means pertaining to the eye so a lot of times if you have an eye infection you're gonna get up thalmic drops and we talked about what an ophthalmologist does and we talked about ophthalmology and this is how it's abbreviated OPH th iPhone pathy would be any general disease of the not having to do with vision but I'm going to do with the eye itself optic really pertains to the eye pseudo fake iya pseudo means false and in this case fake EO means lens so pseudo fake iya means that you have had your lens replaced or they put in a fake one mostly to treat cataracts so if your lens gets completely clouded over that's kind of a treatment pupillary pertaining to the people and then retinal pertaining to the retina take some time on these exercise 29 page 491 before we go to not for more parts okay so not from lord farts we have a metro pia or e/m as it's abbreviated whenever you see e at the beginning of the word sometimes it often means that that's the normal way so in this case we have normal refractive condition of the eye so the actual reflection onto the retina and vision looks great intraocular lens we talked about that that would be an example of a fake lens put in by that procedure that we had just mentioned previously on the last slide the studio fake here my attic and mediatic are opposites so often times you might get special drops to put in your eyes that were either going to dilate your pupil or constrict your pupil and that's what these are my attic constricts your pupil so it forces that iris to small create a smaller pupil hole to allow less light in mediatic would be the dilation drops for example that you get when you go to the doctor an optician is a person who fills prescriptions for lenses so they're the one at the eye doctor filling the prescriptions but they can't actually make those prescriptions they get them from the optima triste who measures your vision and then gives the optician the order is basically to fill on here we have visual acuity or VA that's basically your sharpness of vision we think of 20/20 vision or visual acuity it's different for different people but that's what that means last well not last we have a couple of just distinctions just to make sure you clearly understand the difference the ophthalmologist could be the surgeon who studies and treat sizes.i diseases so for example on that previous question when we had a nucleation they wouldn't clearly and remove the eye in the doctor's office but they are capable and a surgeon with which to then go and do an a nucleation if they needed to the optometrist is the one who is just doing the basic measuring looks at visual changes they can measure things like pressure and generally manages basic diseases but they're not like the surgeon that would do operations on tear ducts and eyes and then we have lastly the optician who is the one who actually fills the lens prescriptions okay last but not least in this chapter we had a number of abbreviations they were highlighted throughout so just make sure that you do know them for the test once it rolls around as always at the end of the chapter please please PLEASE work on those exercises that kind of pull everything together so this is an exact same passage as found on page four and I need in your book but just practicing those words in context and figuring out what they mean in relation to each other and doing the quiz at the end to where it kind of pulls everything together I think is really helpful in prepping for the test you made it