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Endocrine System Lecture
Jul 13, 2024
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Endocrine System Overview
What is the Endocrine System?
Collection of cells and glands that produce and release hormones
Hormones: Chemicals that enter the bloodstream to affect distant areas
Communication network like the nervous system, but different
Nervous system: Fast, direct, short-acting
Endocrine system: Slow, indirect, long-lasting
Main Components
Hypothalamus
Location: Base of the brain, below the thalamus
Master regulator of the endocrine system
Produces hormones to control other endocrine glands
Five Key Hormones:
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Structural Connections
Anterior Pituitary Gland:
Connected by blood supply
Hormones travel to anterior pituitary to release separate hormones
Posterior Pituitary Gland:
Connected by nerves
Direct nervous signaling for hormone release
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormones Released:
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Target and Effects
TSH:
Stimulates thyroid to release T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
Functions: Metabolism, development, and catecholamine release
Calcitonin:
Lowers blood calcium
ACTH:
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone
Cortisol:
Increases blood glucose, suppresses immune system, stimulates fight or flight
Aldosterone:
Increases sodium reabsorption, raises blood pressure by increasing blood volume
GH:
Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, metabolic activities
PRL:
Stimulates milk production
LH/FSH in Gonads:
Females:
LH stimulates progesterone and ovulation; FSH stimulates follicle maturation and estrogen production
Males:
LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone; FSH stimulates Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Hormones:
Oxytocin and Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
Oxytocin:
Uterine contractions, milk ejection, relationship building
ADH:
Reduces urination to maintain hydration
Thyroid Gland
Produces T3, T4, and Calcitonin
T3/T4:
Key in metabolism, development, catecholamine release
Calcitonin:
Lowers blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Gland
Produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
PTH:
Increases blood calcium, opposing calcitonin
Adrenal Glands
Consists of cortex and medulla
Cortex:
Produces cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
Medulla:
Produces norepinephrine and epinephrine
Pancreas
Both endocrine and exocrine functions
Endocrine Hormones:
Insulin and glucagon
Insulin:
Lowers blood glucose levels
Glucagon:
Raises blood glucose levels
Kidneys
Produce renin and erythropoietin
Renin:
Works with aldosterone to increase blood pressure
Erythropoietin:
Stimulates red blood cell production
General Function
The endocrine system works to maintain homeostasis and proper physiological function through hormone release.
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