mentioned previously anti diuretic hormone ADH will act on the collecting ducts to absorb water and if we have reduced 8 what disease do we develop diabetes insipidus diabetes in CPUs and what does that mean then if this is antidiuretic this hormone we get rid of it then we have diuresis which is just excessive urination what does diabetes mean diabetes means to pass through and with this kind of diabetes it's water that's passing through so when you interent up this path in the rat the rat just sits by the water fountain all day long water's just passing through it has no anti-diuretic hormone I put this in at this time because you usually talk about obesity and diabetes but there are two kinds of diabetes one for water passing through and diabetes meatus so what's passing through here what does meatus mean means honey they didn't give it sugar they just knew it was sweet so this is sugar passing through so you don't after having a class like this to say somebody has diabetes is it diabetes madus or is it diabetes insipidus all right you can see there's a big difference all right with that now let's go to our collecting ducts we've got to get we formed urine this whole nefron was secretory right it was forming the urine it was our Nephron now we take the urine we're not going to be changing it it's just got to get out of the kidney and so let's see how it gets out so we once again go back to our kidney where we showed we had a badela and a cortex this was our Medela this was our cortex and we have all these collecting Ducks coming down now they've been up here collecting from all these nephrons we'll just make a lot of them coming in and they come down into sort of a pyramid m shape down here so we speak about the pyramids of the kidneys these are the pyramids in Medela and it's just their arrangement of collecting ducts but we want to find out how they're pouring the urine into the next stage leaving the kidney so we'll have these pyramids coming in and they'll be coming into what are called kalis sees and these will be receiving the pyramids and then we'll have these coming together they'll eventually come together so we'll have the minor kaces Kix is singular for just this one and then we have major just so you're familiar with the terms where do they come from when you study kidney kidneys a major KX would be two coming together and then the major kaces come together and will form clean this up a bit here excuse me they'll form the pelvis of the kidney and then that's the pelvis of the urer this will be the pelvis and our urer will be here as we continue down but that gives us a general idea of how this let's call this pelvis of urer or urer whichever you like and now you can see this pelvis is down here so we're leaving the kidney we had put the pelvis in previously so let's follow our urer how big is your urer how long the uror it's about 10 to 12 in and it's conveying then the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder and it will have what's called transitional epithelium this is one we haven't encountered before transitional epithelium lines it transitional epithelium what does that mean it means that it can change its shape so if you have a lot of urine coming down it gets thinner as it the urer expands but when there's no urine it can contract and you see changes in the epithelium so it can change shape depending on flow of urine and then it will have the urer will have the smooth muscle layers two smooth muscle layers now what's interesting about the production of urine down the the transport of urine down the urer is that it's not just a continuous flow there are intermittent contractions every two to three minutes the walls contract and pass urine along so it's not a continuous flow so it's not just gravity working so you can still be passing urine down your urer if you're standing on your head because of this controlled constriction going down so now we want to bring the urine into the bladder and how does it do that what part of the bladder does it enter let's look at a lateral view of the lower abdominal wall and the pelvic t City so this is just a lateral View and we'll have the kidney with its pelvis and its urer coming down urer is also retrop peraonal as is the kidney we mentioned last time and we're coming in now to the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder I put this a little too far away let me pull it over here this a female bladder so this is the urinary bladder and we're entering in the posterior inferior ladder and why is this important to know you've heard of hysterectomies when they remove the uterus well we'll see in a minute that the uterus is back here sometimes when they remove the uterus they Nick the urer so constant flow of urine is coming out from that female I was in the hospital when the lady next to me had happened to her so you don't forget those things all right let's look now at an anterior View view of the urinary bladder again we'll just take the female and we'll see two little holes here in this posterior wall these are for the entrance of urer and this is the urethra to take the urine to the exterior clinicians will refer to the trigone of the bladder what do they mean by trigone if we put a hypothetical line across between the ERS and down to the urethra this area here is the trigone now a question you might ask when the bladder contracts for you to urinate what prevents the urine from going back up the uror there's a fold of mucus membrane over the opening of the urer to prevent a reflux prevent reflux now what can we say about the bladder well it's a hollow organ it's lined again with transitional epithelium because when it after you urinate it shrinks epithelium has to be adaptable so it has transitional epithelium and then lots of smooth muscle they call the smooth muscle of the bladder the deusser muscle you'll see that term deusser muscle and the muscle will have stretch receptors it's the stretch receptor stimulation that lets you know when you need to urinate has stretch receptors that indicate time to urinate excuse me also medically they use the term mtion for urination I don't know but I let check the books today just to be sure that the new books are still using it and they do so interchangeably urination or mation so the text say that the bladder has the capacity to hold up to 700 or 800 CC of urine capacity to hold 700 to 800 ccs but just a little side point many of the fellas used to say they didn't like to take girls as trans uh as transport transport them down to Los Angeles from Berkeley because they had to stop too many times for the girls to urinate so they ask me whose bladder is bigger the male or the female and I'm still on the search for that I call UCSF Department of Urology and they sort of guess but I can't find a book so if you find out if females have smaller bladders than males that's why they urinate frequently or the fact that their pelvis has an additional organ down there it has the uterus so the area is smaller who knows but anyhow if anybody feels insulted if somebody asks them how many times they have to stop going from Berkeley to San Francisco Berkeley to La you'll understand why the question arises all right let's see that gets us through the bladder and now we want to look at the urethra arra obviously differs considerably between males and females urethro as we said goes from bladder to exterior in the female the urethra is about 1 and a half in long in the male it's between 7 and 8 in long let's take the female first her whole urethra is surrounded with smooth muscle smooth muscle surrounds whole urethra so it's called the internal sphincter internal sphincter and it says it's under control to prevent dripping coming from the bladder quote unquote textbooks whereas the external sphincter is at the opening external spincter and of course then that's going to be voluntary so it's skeletal muscle now in contrast as we look at the m let's take an anterior view we'll have the urinary bladder and the urethra and we'll start with then putting in structure surrounding the urethra let's begin with the prostate gland we'll discuss this in Greater detail when we do the male reproductive system right now we're just trying to get urine out of the body so this is a prostate plan and then we have What's called the urogenital diaphragm skeletal muscle urogenital diaphragm so we'll stop for a moment with those because we have then between the prostate and the bladder our internal sphincter this represents our internal sphincter and that of course is smooth muscle and again prevents dripping and the urogenital diaphragm then represents the external sphincter you might expect the external sphincter to be down at the opening as it is with the female urethra but his external sphincter is here and that skeletal muscle so we divide the urethra into three divisions three divisions of yra the first one will be the prostatic division prostatic division the second one will be the membranous it's this part of the urethra in our henital diaphragm so it's called membranous Division and the major part will be the cavernous urethra cavernous urethra will be in the penis and we'll see that when we develop the penis with the male reproductive system so we have roughly the prostatic is 1 in Long the membranous varies with the literature some say half an inch long to an inch and then that leaves the cavernous up to maybe seven inches long so those are the various divisions with let's be sure that I've given you the majority of things I wanted to give you here oh it's interesting just to know that the epithe iium does vary within the the urethra of the male the epithelium of male urethra first part is going to be transitional and then we're going to have stratified columnar some say it's pseudo stratified so in case you read that or and then we have stratified squis but the urethra in the male will be used for both sperm we'll show how the sperm come in but when the sperm are coming in this will close so that the urine does not occur at the same time that the seen is using the urethra all right now with that we begin a whole new system our endocrine system what are some basic characteristics of our endocrine system we have in this system individual ductless glands individual ductless glands and these glands are rich in capillaries we need the blood supply because the enderin glands they form and secrete hormones and these hormones have specific Target organs what do we mean by that we just had an example we had aldosterone just a review and what was the target organ for Al aldosterone distal convoluted tubule right so we learn not only the the glands but they target organs and each of these individual organs has its unique cytology each gland unique cytology so now what are are Endo glands these you know it's just a matter of putting them together in a unit names of endog glands one we've already studied the pineal gland then we have the gonads the ovaries and the testes testes plural what's the big one on the anterior aspect of your neck thyroid what's on the back of the thyroid parathyroid we had it with our osteoclasts we have seven of them so what's the six we've studied it a little bit produces our aldosterone adrenal cortex adrenal gland we'll put adrenal and then what's the master of the endin symphony the pituitary the conductor of the endon I should say the pituitary so let's look at these briefly the pineal we knew that was posterior part of the epithalamus and it would controls your circadium Rhythm let's put regulates better word regulates circadium Rhythm produces melatonin many people were taking melatonin to produce reduce jet lag until we start letting them know what else melatonin can do it can inhibit the gonads in their development you know anybody taking melatonin today isn't it interesting how dropped out everybody was so eager till they found out this additional concomitant here all right that's basically what we've learned about the pineal of course you can have a whole course on the pineal the ovaries and testes we're going to cover when we study the male and female reproductive systems but just briefly the over y will house the OVA the eggs and they'll mature in their maturation you notice I very careful to say that the ovary does not develop the OVA where are the OVA developed they're developed in the Yol Sac they migrate into the ovary to mature and develop so OVA are originate in yok saac the ovary does not produce them it allows them to mature there we produce two hormones here what are the two hormones coming from the ovaries estrogen and progesterone produce estrogen and progesterone now in contrast the testes do produce the sperm they'll mature elsewhere we'll see when we develop it so the testes plural do produce sperm the hormone coming from the test testosterone everybody knows that steroid coming from the test as its name implies and then our next one will be the thyroid we can say a little more about thyroid because this is the only chance we'll have to discuss it what does thyroid mean Shield we're familiar with it with the thyroid cartilage so we would have a shield of cartilage as we look at the larynx this would be the thyroid cartilage what cartilage was immediately inferior cricoid good for you cricoid cartilage and then we start our rings of cartilage that are surrounding what to the trachea they're not C shap they're not complete rings as you know so we'll put in a few of these here with a purpose in mind so these are tracheal rings so now we can put in our thyroid gland the thyroid gland is a biobed meaning it has two loes biobed gland the loes are connected by an ismos connect Ed by ismos and the ismos will cover thank you the second and fourth tracheal car cartilages ismus covers two to four cartilages so we've got two here here's one 2 3 four five so we'll put in our isas over two down over four and then we'll have the loes out here so we can mark off our gland in this fashion so now as young anatomist when somebody says this a thyroid gland cover the thyroid cartilage and what can you answer no it's it's just independent down here let's look at our slides and then we'll continue this next time could I have first slide please this is a slide of the urer and you can see this epithelium it's all collapsed this is what we call transitional you can say it doesn't look like any epithelium you've seen before but when the urer is full this will stretch out but you can see the other muscle layers in the urer which will allow for these spaced contractions every two to three minutes in the next one now this is Transitional epithelium in the bladder in the next one and this is a section through the human urinary bladder here's the epithelium here and you can see how much smooth muscle is in the wall that's going to contract to expel that urine going in many directions with its stretch receptors in the next one and this now is the male bladder and you could see the orifice or opening for the ureters the trione the urethra the prostate in the next one and now this is the back so this will bring in more things than we see we'll get these when we study the reproductive system we have the seminal vesicles we have the vast difference bringing in the sperm they'll meet here in the prostatic urethra but here's the urer coming down with the seminal duct here and the seminal vesicles inferior too the urer in the next one and now we get the whole male urethra up here we had our internal sphincter the urinary bladder here the prostate here the pl prostatic urethra the mous urethra here with the U urogenital diaphragm here giving us a short it's definitely shorter than an inch isn't it the nude literature is saying this is we used to say oh was a half inch here this is an inch and then we come down to the cavernous urethra which we'll see will be surrounded by the cavernous portions of the penis but that's roughly seven but internal sphincter external sphincter next one and this is showing what what's it look like it's ciliated I'm going to skip it it looks like UCT it doesn't belong next one now as we look at the male a lateral view of the male pelvis here we have our sigmoid colon coming down our rectum coming down to the anus and the external anal sphincter down here here we have the male urinary bladder with prostate prostatic urethra the urogenital diaphragm the membranous urethra and then coming on out into the cavernous urethra in the next one and this one gets us up to the pineal gland here posterior epithalamus here's our Thalamus next one and this is the ovary where we have the OV OVA have arrived all the OVA are going to be there much before a birth and they'll be in different stages of development during your reproductive period you do not get new OVA in your ovary after birth in the next one and this is the Lumen I'll be finished in a second of the testes and these are the development stages of the sperm these are called acrosomes we'll learn about those on the developing sperm in the next one and this shows the thyroid gland here with its ismus and its loes trachea beneath bimus down here next one I think that we'll show we'll talk about the internal aspect of the thyroid but it's Unique characteristic of its cell cellular structure like no other organ in the body so we'll learn that next time enjoy your afternoon