Body Fluids and Circulatory System Notes

Jul 19, 2024

Body Fluids and Circulation

Introduction

  • Importance of body fluids and circulation
  • Importance of the heart
  • Main topics: Heart, blood, blood groups, and circulation

Blood Composition

  • Blood is a connective tissue.
  • Two parts of blood: Blood plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
  • Formed elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
  • Plasma contains proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin), water (90-92%), and other salts

RBCs

  • Quantity: 5.5 million/mm³
  • Structure: Anucleate, filled with hemoglobin
  • Lifespan: 120 days
  • Function: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Origin: Red bone marrow
  • Disorders: Anemia, Polycythemia

WBCs

  • Quantity: 6000-8000/mm³
  • Types: Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
  • Function: Support immune system and defend against infections
  • Disorders: Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, Leukemia

Platelets

  • Quantity: 1.5-3.5 lakh/mm³
  • Function: Blood clotting
  • Disorders: Thrombocytopenia

Blood Groups

  • Based on ABO and Rh systems
  • ABO system: A, B, AB, O
  • Rh system: Rh+ and Rh-
  • Blood group and donation types: Universal donor (O-) and universal receiver (AB+)
  • Possible issues: Rh group incompatibility

Heart Structure

  • Four chambers: Two atria, two ventricles
  • Valves: Tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), and semilunar valves
  • Working mechanism: Circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Cardiac Cycle

  • Duration: 0.8 seconds
  • Steps: Atrial systole, ventricular systole, joint diastole
  • Cycle events: First sound (lub), second sound (dub)

EKG (Electrocardiogram)

  • Page: Graphical representation of the heart’s electrical activity
  • Important points: P wave, QRS complex, T wave
  • Analysis of heartbeat

Types of Circulation

  • Single (fish), double (amphibians and reptiles), complete double (mammals)
  • Exchange of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the lungs and heart

Common Disorders

  • Hypertension: BP higher than normal (over 140/90 mmHg)
  • Arteriosclerosis: Deposits of cholesterol, calcium, fat, and fiber in the artery
  • Heart Attack: Myocardial infarction
  • Angina: Chest pain
  • Heart Failure: Decrease in cardiac output
  • Cardiac Arrest: Complete failure of the heart

Conclusion

  • Regulation of cardiac activity: Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • Medical interventions: EKG, blood transfusion, use of Rogham antibody