hi my name is olle and in this politics explain video I'm going to go through a large number of content updates to the UK politics and UK government sections of the Ed XL AEV politics specification in the wake of the 2024 election and the new labor government all of the updates you can see in the PDF on your screen are included in the updated texbooks for UK politics and UK government um that you can be purchased on the politics explained website once you've bought these these continuously update with new examples and new content throughout the year all the way up um until your exam and on the politic explain website you can also find essay plans tutoring and a place to sign up to the newly launched politic explain classroom which is a weekly membership including weekly example packs week weekly detailed quizzes and three exclusive videos every week to put you on the path to achieving an AAR in AEV politics yeah without further Ado let's get into it so starting off having a look at the content of the different parts um of the specification this is going to go through um so so the vast majority of the updates are to UK politics because that's kind of where elections um party policy Etc come in so we're going to first look at electoral systems um the kind of how the election can be seen in relation to first pass of post other more proportional electoral systems and in particular the fact that it's the least proportional election result in British history we're then going to have a look at um the voting behavior in the media topic crucially giving a big case study of the 2024 um election um across a y range of areas whether that be leadership competence um social factors everything like that we're then going to look at political parties first by looking at party policy that was shown in the manifestos of Labor the conservatives the libdems the SNP and reform as well as the greens actually um in the 2024 election before crucially looking at how we look at the party system so whether there's a two- party system a one party dominant system whether cruci yet is there a multi-party system now in the wake of the 2024 um election and the importance of minor parties within that system and then finally there are also a few um UK government updates to go through so we're going to look at Devolution in particular um what labor um proposed reforms are as a new government to Devolution in England in particular then going have a look at PM in the cabinet a number of um the key appointments to uh K st's first cabinet and why he chose them and finally um some small updates to Parliament as well so yeah that's everything we're going to go through it's going to be a very long video so I'm going to add chapters in throughout the video so just skip between different parts don't watch it all in one um and keep coming back to this video um as it should be useful throughout the whole year all the way up until your exams as well yeah let's start off by having a look at electoral systems so as I said um in the introduction the 2024 general election in the UK was the least proportional um election result in British history and this is according to the G Gallagher index which is used to measure proportionality so labor and the lib Dems in 2024 election performed far better than they did 5 years early in 2019 despite their vote shares only marginally increasing so label won a landslides they W 411 seats 63% of all the seats and 174 seat majority so just short of Blair's 179 seat majority 1997 but that was on just 33.7% of the vote this is a clear example of the winners bonus um that first pass the post brings the party that wins not only wins they get a share of the vote that far exceeds their vote share as you see here almost double um their vote share in terms of seats um in terms of the election result for the labor party so actually what you see is in 2019 they received just over so less than 2% um less of the vote but um less than half of the seats um effectively so they increase a vote by 1. 6% but increased their seats by what is it 2009 that simply shouldn't work and that shows the distorting impact of the first pass post electoral system similarly you look at the lib Dems so lib Dems pretty much had exactly the same vote share and so they got 12.2% in 2024 um which is only marginally up from the 11.6% that they got in um 2019 but their seats increased from 11 to 72 so they massively increased their seats and that shows the votes in certain places matter far more than votes in other places in the first pass post system what you saw with the lib Dems is they targeted seats absolutely brilliantly um in this election were highly effective at targeting um pretty really affluent the nicest part parts of um England the most affluent um parts of England were very successful as a result of that despite increasing the number of votes um by only a little bit you see that as well with the minor parties so minor parties and here we're considering other than labor the conservatives and the lib Dems increased their share of the vote significantly so they got just 12.7% of the vote in 2019 and we're going to talk about this a lot more we look at minor parties and the party system later on in the video um to 30.4% of the vote in 2024 but due to first pass post it was still greatly underrepresented in terms of seats the most egregious kind of example of this is reform UK so we're the third largest party in terms of vote share 14% of the vote really not far off what the conservatives got they got just five MPS 0.8% of M p is a clear example of first pass post under representing minor parties who don't have geographically concentrated support and you see it with the green party as well 7% of the vote but just four MPS part of the reason as I kind of mentioned for greatly increased electoral successful labor in the lib Dems um was that they targeted seats marginal seats very effectively and there were significant tactical voting so many voters um particularly in England supported whichever of the labor or libdem candidate was most likely to win in their constituency as their highest priority was to remove the Tories so combined labor and the libdems won 74% of the seats with less than half of the vote and pressure group make votes matter reported in 2024 a fifth of Voters intended to vote tactically so that's where you see tactical voting also have a big impact um within first plus post and in electoral success ultimately it's very clear that the first pass poost electoral system is designed to create a two-party system where only labor and the Tories um Can realistically win in the past this was less of a problem as the P were broad churches and the vast majority of Voters supported one of them in 2024 though over 42% of Voters didn't vote for labor of the Tories showing there's no longer a two-party system in voters preferences in how they vote despite this the first part post system upheld a two- party system in the results with the parties receiving 81.8% of the seats with just 57.4 % of vote and crucially to show this it's it's really interesting to look at how the result would have been different under more proportional systems that are also used in the UK this was uh kind of displayed by or made by pressure group make votes matter so you see first pass the post um gives labor far more votes than far more seats sorry than they would have got in the more proportional systems um in particular AMS STV are ones that are used um sdv in North Mand and AMS um in Scotland so it really shows that under more proportional systems they would have had much more fair and more proportional results in particular labor having a lot fewer um seats and the greens and reform in particular having uh a much larger number of seats what we're going to have a look at now is some of the arguments in relation to first pass the post for versus against which is a key debate you can get asked in your exam which one that is potentially quite likely to come up in this year's exams um in 2025 so firstly how can it be used to demonstrate um the advantage of the first pass post so it did demonstrate speed and simplicity as an advantage to the first pass post the first cons result was announced at um 1115 on the day of the election and the result was really clear by the early hours of next morning with arriving in Downing Street as a new prime minister at 12:40 p.m the day after the election that simply doesn't happen in a lot of Coalition um proportional systems that deliver coalitions often there's days if not weeks of negotiating behind the scenes um to form a coalition government before the government um can kind of hit the ground running effectively the election also demonstrated that first class suppos does create strong single party governments this is one of the key stated benefits of first pass the post starma labor party won 174 seat majority with just 33.7% of the vote um so ultimately kind of it should have led to a massive outrage his does he have a mandate does the labor government have a mandate and should be massive outrage at first place you don't really see that in the media you don't see that um in public opinion there limited public outrage and questioning of his mandate people are quite happy with the first pass first pass the post system as was seen in the 2011 AV referendum where they ultimately rejected a more proportional system the election also shows a key benefit of first part post is that voters can hold MPS to account by removing those who have performed poorly when in office which is essentially not possible if you have a system like AMS where you have party where the parties um decide how high people get up on that list so you see that in particular for example in Southwest Norfolk with a huge 26.2% swing um in Liz trust's constituency um and what you saw is labor one but James bager former conservative even won over 6,000 votes after running with the specific aim of taking votes away from trust you see that kind of it does enable voters to hold their MP to account and the election also showed that the electoral system allows for candidates with strong local support to be elected creating an effective MP constituency link the most high-profile of these is Jeremy Corbin who was uh reelected in 2024 despite being an independent candidate having been a uh a labor candidate in every previous election he'd won since 1983 where he had been under the MP there and in total five Pro Palestine with including Corbin in this here independent MPS were elected in seats with significant Muslim populations For Whom the issue was the most important and a number of these um had been labor seats so that's why you see single issue voting could be quite important as well we'll come back to later in the video however um and I think more compellingly um in my opinion at least it can be used to support the disadvantages of first pass the posts the election clearly showed that many MPS um are elected with limited support from their constituency with most failing to win a majority 58% of Voters ended up with an MP they didn't vote for um and Terry jery in um Southwest Norfolk won with just 26.7% of the vote which is just 15.7% if you kind of of the total constituency population if you take into account turnout also clearly demonstrated the win is bonus as I um mentioned beforehand winning 63% of the seats with 33.7% of the vote and it crucially showed that first pass post greatly underrepresents the majority of minor parties that lack geographically concentrated support So reform being the the clearest um example of that with 43.3% of the vote finishing a pretty good third behind the conservatives but winning just five seats and finally it shows that the lack of voter Choice means that many voters are forced to vote tactically as I mentioned earlier in the video make votes matter estimate around a third of Voters a fifth sorry of Voters voted tactically in the 2024 election and it was a significant reason for the successively both labor and liberal Democrats um they targed different seats and kind of kept away from each other and and voters followed and and voted tactically very effectively to get the Tories out and finally the election also showed that there's a lack of voter Choice due to votes mattering far more in marginal seats than in safe seats leading to a greater turnout in these marginal seats so uh man Manchester rushel um Was Won by labor with 51.9% of the vote on a turnout of just 40% because it was a clear safe seat for labor whereas Central Devon was one uh was a really marginal seat and saw a lot more people turning out to vote and with conservatives M stride Holding On by just 61 votes so that's elector systems what we going to have a look at now is going to the voting behavior in the media topic and crucially looking at um the 2024 election as a case study and the key reasons for the result so starting off by having a look at an overview of the general election result and its impact so soon next surprised many when he did call the election um on 4th of July 2024 the were 20 points behind in the polls at the time and is expected as a result that he would wait until later in the year to call an election as predicted by the polls the election saw an unprecedented swing from the conservatives of Labor with a Tory landside in 2019 turning into a labor landside of even bigger proportions in 2024 despite only increasing their vote share um by 1.6% the lab party won a landslide with 63% of the seats and 174 seat majority there a least proportional um kind of election since elections began and shows the kind of the impact of first past post having been wiped out in Scotland by the S&P since 2010 which is a key reason for their failure to come back into government since then labor returned to become the dominant party in Scotland they won 37 out of 57 seats with the S&P reduced to just nine seats down from 48 in 2019 and the conservative party had its worst result in its parliamentary history winning just 121 seats with 23 points 7% of the vote the party's 2019 gains in the north were almost entirely reversed whilst they also lost many their traditional heartlands in the Southeast um to the liberal Democrats ultimately they held on to just over half of the voters that they got in 2019 so a massive drop in their vote share the party was challenged not only by labor but also by reform UK and the liberal Democrats both of which did extremely well so lims picked up a record 72 seats as I mentioned um with 12.2% of the vote reformed did incredibly in terms of vote share um becoming the third largest party with over 14% of the vote they also finished second in 98 seats which suggests that in future elections they have the potential to really increase um their seat share if they only increase their vote share marginally um Al they only received um five MPS though due to first pass the post minor parties increased their share of the vote significantly um from 12.7% of the vote to 34 30.4% of the vote in 2024 for um but were greatly underrepresented in terms of seats and turnout was really low at just 59.9% um it was 7.4% lower than it was in 2019 and potential reasons for that include distrust in politicians apathy as the policies of the main parties were similar and I belief that people's votes wouldn't matter as a lab majority was clear in the polling we're going to have a look at now is a wide range of factors um that can be used to kind of that determine the outcome and can be an how important they were the first of these being the campaign so though Labor's majority was clear in the polling prior to the election being called and this didn't change through the sixe campaign the campaign did have a significant impact on the result in a number of ways the most significant of these was the rise in support for reform UK Who Rose from just over 10% of the polls at the start of the campaign to 14% um by the time people voted on the 4th of July and particularly important to this jump was the announcement in the beginning of June that Nigel farage would stand in clacton and become leader of the party and you see that in this graph here from the Ft the reform took votes from both labor and the Tories crucially they did much more damage to the conservative party and that's um because they split the rightwing vote in many leave constituencies therefore stopping the Tories winning a lot of these constituencies um which labor them one instead even if they also lost some um votes to reform that's a crucial example of the spoiler effect which we look more at when we look at minor parties later in the video though the Tory party's declining support um was partly driven by farage standing for re form with some of their voters kind of defecting as a result of that they also shot themselves in the foot on two key occasions and this is potentially an election where we can say that the campaign had a pretty important impact so of course labor were always going to win a majority um and they were always going to win a big majority but I think the conservative party really made very good sure of that and increase besided their majority and decreased their vot shed through a number of um things that happened in the campaign the first key one of these was um runak being criticized by the public and other party leaders for leaving an event commemorating D-Day early to end attend an ITV interview um leaving cam to deputize for him I think still no one really knows why he did it it was politically an incredibly stupid thing to do um and was met with a lot of outrage by the public um especially rightwing voters many of whom as a result may have been kind of convinced to vote reform instead on the 12th of June it emerged that a couple of conservative party candidates including parliamentary private secretary to the PM Craig Williams have placed bets on a July election days before it was announced allegedly um using insid information and this contributed to the already well established over the past five years view that the Tories were corrupt and self-interested further eroding their popularity and it must be said that also uh labor in the lip Dems ran extremely effective campaign even though neither party's vote share increased significantly through the campaign um they both targeted resources at seats highly effectively and by directing um resources pretty much almost exclusively in different seats um they also benefited greatly from tactical voting so lib Dems was described by some as one of the most effective in British electoral history they won almost every seat they targeted including long-standing Tory strongholds such as oxia in which um the Tories have been completely wiped out of leader at Davy employed an interesting strategy and must he said of consistently doing fun activities such as paddle warding bungee jumping um even if in some ways he made fun of himself doing that this was effective and allowing the parties cut through with voters gaining media attention and increasing the Public's awareness of Davy who came across as quite a likable character so that shows the campaign actually in the 2024 election can be seen as having a pretty significant impact by far in my opinion and I think the polling shows this as well um and you'll see most people making similar arguments the most important factor in the election result in particular in the fact that the Tories vote sh pretty much hared was um effectively what they've done since the 2019 election and this is why you see competence trust and also leadership and these were what we'd often be described as a valent issue sometimes by the exam board um if you see that in a question or come up in a textbook they are by far the most important in the election result and so effectively since 2019 since 2019 election um the conservative government performed pretty disastrously in office the public view the conservative is incompetent untrustworthy and deeply disliked sunak himself as a leader so you see here um is a really good um graph showing the poing over time um with a number of key um factors at the same time what you'll notice is there a lot of them there's a lot of scandals there's a lot of things um that the Tories did wrong um and that ultimately was played a massive um part in in them losing what what if you look a bit closer um party gate um where does the party gate Scandal begin so you see a significant drop off from when that was um announced and crucially Li trust becomes um leader um and her mini budget which effectively um crash the economy increase mortgage mortgage rates in particular which was really bad for the Tories you see a massive drop off in their popularity soon it comes back in but really really fails to increase um their their their polling and they actually decrease significantly um through it so you see it in particular party gate um and list trust's mini budget are really important events that undermine trust in the government um and painted them as economically um incompetent um and a lot of people may describe them as corrupt as well so so after the 2019 election the Tory party was dominant Johnson seemed set for at least a decade in power but a large number of scandals I mentioned half their support by the time of the election so they undermined trust in um the party and the government um which the public view just corrupt and self- serving and also wed the party's reputation for competent economic management both of these factors actually were quite important as well in the 1997 election um with black Wednesday after 1992 and SAS in John Major's conservative party so again you see a lab landside labor majority of similar proportions with def factors being really important so the fact that the government failed to follow its own covid-19 regulations and held parties whilst the public stayed inside revealed in the party Gate scandal was particularly damaging led to Boris Johnson's resignation which of course Boris Johnson became largely unpopular because of it um and um so did the Tory party but crucially they also lost Boris Johnson as as an asset he was one of the few potential leaders of the Tory party who could get the sort of Voters who who then went on to vote um for reform so removing him viewed by some conservative MPS as a bit of a bit of a failing as well particularly if you look at who he's replaced with um in particular um Liz truss is kind of pretty disastrous 49-day Premiership um as her unfunded tax cuts in the 2022 September mini budget um caus the pounds value to prmit to plumm it sorry increased the cost of government borrowing and led to increased interest rates and mortgage rates she was forced to resign um and the cat Cuts were reversed as a result and then trust was replaced by sunak who had been involved in party gate and failed to improve the party's popularity as viewed by the public as smug out of touch um particular because he was he's extremely extremely rich and went into the election with a net favorability of minus 51% even less popular than Corbin was in 2019 crucially the labor party's huge Victory wasn't built on major popular support for their policies or leader instead they were successful due to the public strong desire to get the Tories out you guys polling just for the election found the majority of Labor voters um voted in such a way to get the Tories out because they felt the country needed a change rather than because they supported um Labour's platform which is as you'll see here is far far down in the reasons why people voted for labor um starm and labor also lacked major po support um so starma had a net favorability of minus 17% on Election Day um however they were very successful in presenting themselves as competent and the antithesis of the Tories um they tried to present themselves as trustworthy um and as economically competent um and this led to electoral success as 2019 conservative voters or enough of them um felt comfortable off defecting to labor which they without doubt did not feel comfortable or would never have felt comfortable doing um to Jeremy Corbin A lot of these voters so lab moved to the centerr promised not to raise income tax tax not insurance or corporation tax as well as vat actually um which made the conservative party usual attack line they would hike taxes which the Tory party very much still used lot less effective than it was in the two previous elections when actually they were going to hike um they were going to increase taxes coron was starm continually promised a return to a government of service that was competent rather than self-serving and incompetent which was the overriding image of the Tory party interesting that messaging also helped labor in Scotland um given the fact that and S&P since the um 2019 election in 2023 I think it was or 2022 I'm not too sure actually um saw a significant drop in support due to a significant party funding Scandal that led to the resignation um of Nicholas sturgeon as it implicated um her husband who was involved in the party pet moral I think is his name um as well as herself interestingly policy in the manifestos can be seen as a bit less important there were differences in policy between the parties but these differences were less marked than previous elections and the focus of the election and voting page was less on policy it was on the government's record as I mentioned um the Tory party moved the lay party moved significantly to the center since 2019 and was very careful in selecting the differences in policy from the conservative parties in many areas they were very similar so they promised to increase defense spending to 2.5% um at least by the end of the next Parliament they both promised not to raise income tax National Insurance or corporation tax they both promised to invest in the NHS and they both promised to tackle illegal immigration um the few policy differences they did select were broadly popular and didn't require major spending commitments but in many cases actually saved money um so included the vat exemption uh removing sorry the vat exemption from private schools nationalizing Rail and scrapping the Rwanda deportation scheme in the context um of Labor the conservatives and the lids having very similar policies some minor parties did success in part due to their policy differences so the green party received uh significant leftwing support due to its commitment to bring back freedom of movement Inu a wealth tax and scrap University tuition fees they had a real leftwing Manifesto um maybe not even real but more leftwing Manifesto when labor certainly didn't reform received support from 2019 Tory voters due to their Prejudice to freeze non-essential immigration leave the ECR and scrap the UK's Net Zero Target effectively what had has without doubt happened um in the last elections is that the Tories had promised to reduce net migration um had promised to reduce immigration and made that um you know important policy and important part of their identity and they failed to do so um and reform really capitalized on that and further some independent MPS so five actually were elected on the single issue of strongly supporting Palestine as opposing and opposing Israel Israel's military action in particular um in labor seats or former labor seats um where there are a significant number of Muslim voters and that was largely in response to the labor party and starm as initial response to the attacks and and long delay before calling for a ceas fire in Gaza rational Choice voting um um played some role but I think we can say it kind of played less role um than than in previous elections particularly than in elections in the mid to late 20th century um so we can see in some areas so so home ownership around 40% of those with mortgages privately renting or socially rented voted for the labor party reflecting the fact that labor prise improve rental conditions and mortgage rates increased significantly under the conservatives um but by contrast there 25% of the vote who own their own home outright voted for the labor party um and the lack of difference in taxation policies between the major parties me there was little rational Choice voting based on income though in comparison to the 2019 election um as you can see here um in this graph produced by yugov when we look at the media um yugov po really reveals that while new medium such as social media and podcast are growing newspapers TV and the radio remain an important source of news for a lot of Voters though print newspapers have declined their websites receive a lot of traffic there are some general relational differences though of course the majority of those under 50 accessing the news through social media Facebook being the most significant of these um and 69% of Voters using it regularly well you'll see so how the Britains get their news 58% from television 43% from social media of course these aren't exclusive another thing to look at when we're looking at the media in 2024 elections the labor party received endorsements from significantly more of the press than dated in 2019 with traditionally Centrist and rightwing papers backing them including the Sun Sunday times and Financial Times this being said as the table below shows the Tory party retained the backing for a number of right-wing newspapers with significant readerships including the Telegraph and Daily Mail Daily Mail in particular um back tactical voting to stop labor and published a tactical voting guide this being said pre-election polling by Best of Britain indicated that 52% of the Daily Mail of readership and 40% of the telegraphs intended to support labor in the election showing how readers don't simply follow the news that they read um and we shouldn't necessarily see the media having as having too important role um as with previous elections TV debates can be seen as having little impact um not only because um they simply kind of reinforc views and there was nothing really major that came up during them B because they weren watched by that many people um the first um head-to-head ITV debate on the 4th of June um between starmer and sunak was watched by just 4.8 million viewers two million less than the equivalent debate in 2019 spending on digital advertising in the election was higher than in any previous election with Google and meta ads focused on by the major parties and over a million spent on the election day alone according to who targets me La spent far more than any other political party so it spent 2 million on Google ads during the campaign aign and over 1.15 million on meta advertising by contrast no other party spent more than 150 Grand on Google ads and the Tory party spent just 650,000 on meta advertising quite a funny thing that labor did was they bought a large number of online advertising spots um in the run-up to election day including on The Daily mail's website despite the paper backing the Tories that was something that Tories failed to do despite the Tories knowing that there was going to be an election I think what labor ultimately did was looked at the betting numbers um saw that it was becoming a lot more likely there be an early election and decided as a result um to before the election was announced just kind of make a better vely and and and buy them um without completely knowing when it was going to be announced um in terms of social factors so age was once more a really important deter of how people voted in the 2024 election older voters were far more likely to vote conservative and reform than younger voters who are more likely to vote for labor the green party or the lib Dems so ated 18% of 18 24 year olds voted green 41% voted labor just 9% voted reform and 8% voted conservative in comparison when you look at the over 60s only 3% voted green so 15% lower 24% voted labor 16% lower 16% voted reform so that's almost double and 40% voted conservatives that's more than um mass as five times the amount of 18 to 24 year olds or percentage of 18 to 24 year olds that voted Tory gender and class continue to be largely Irrelevant in determing voting behavior apart from the fact that those from C2 and de um were more like to vote reform those from the upper and middle classes as was the case um for men compared to women so men were more likely um to vote reform the women were um and the the kind of that difference is actually marked even more when it comes to young men compared to Young wom education level is once more an important determinant of voting behavior those with higher levels of tional entertainment um were more likely to vote labor or Bel them while those with lower levels of educational entertainment were more likely to vote reform or conservative and ethnicity was also important in determining voting behavior um and there were important shifts among Muslim and Jewish voters in particular so in 2019 less than 10% of jsh Voters supported labor compared to an estimated 40% um in the 2024 election reflecting the fact that starma strongly took on anti-Semitism within the party Labor's Muslim vote dropped significantly though from estimated 80% in 2019 to less than 60% in 2024 and this is largely due to a labor failing to call for a ceasefire in Gaza um for a long time in late 2023 and early 2024 the election saw major geographical changes in comparison to 2019 and um in comparison to the conservative traditional heartlands of over 100 years as well the Tories were wiped out from a number of different parts of the UK and the remaining 121 seats are almost exclusively rural overall region wasn't a major important to ter of voting behavior as the Tories lost a lot of support across all regions um in the UK in 2019 the Tories had made significant inroads in the north of England as we talk about we talked about after the 2019 election or a lot of people were talking about um the breaking of the red wall they won 56 out of3 31 seats in the north of England and Wales they were almost entirely wiped out in these regions in 2024 though as they refer returned to being labor Heartland in total in total the Tes won just four out of 131 of these seats in these regions and they were completely wiped out with Wales the Tories also lost a large number of seats to labor in the livb DMS in their traditional heartlands um in the southeast of England Southwest of England West Midland and east east of England in the Southeast they won 74 out of 91 seats in 2019 by 2024 they won just 30 seats with labor winning 36 and the Liv Dems 24 and the S smps as we already mentioned dominance in Scotland was dismantled was also dismantled sorry would label once more becoming the largest party with 37 out of 57 seats what I've got here is a couple of graphs um I think I've got from wikkipedia actually um comparing the 2024 election and the 2019 election if you look at the 2019 election you see the Tories dominating the electoral map obviously it's a little bit skewed um just because um there's a large number of seats in um urban areas such as London Manchester Liverpool kind of um Newcastle up here as well um but what you see you see the S&P dominat in Scotland um you see labor doing all right in the northeast of England as that is their Heartland but large number of Tory seats around it as well and you see up here in Norther of England the t is doing really well um in a number of seats and you see Wales applied obviously having a few seats but the Tores dominating in Wales um in um well actually sorry I'd say dominis I missed out South Wales there so the t is doing well in Wales in 2019 though not necessarily in um um South Wes you see them picking up quite a few seats um in greater London and you see them pretty much dominating the Southwest the southeast um which are their traditional heartlands you then go up to 2024 and it's a completely different picture you see a lot of libd seats in the southwest and the southeast as well as a lot of Labor seats so those Tory heartlands in dismantled you see the same if you got over here to the east of England where the Tor used to really Dominate and also in the West Midlands around Birmingham AL not in Birmingham but around birmingh the Tes used to do quite well it's a very different picture now you see the Tores largely being wiped out of London particularly um in a city London you see the live down picking up some seats as well and you go over to Wales and T didn't pick up one seat labor did really really well you look at the north of England Tor pretty much got no seats up there as well you look at Scotland and the S&P have been wiped out um not wiped out down to nine seats though with label once more becoming dominant so I can't really offend emphasize this enough the elal map just completely completely changed between the two elections it was kind of a swing of unprecedented proportions um from a Tory landside in 2019 to a labor landside in 2024 and this is really not something you see this scale of um change in electoral geography um but from one election to the next you just don't see it um so it's a hugely significant election when we kind of bring together the key points from these different factors um that influence the election result we see kind of the conservative government's incompetence and self- serving nature since 2019 was the most important factor in the result in my opinion you don't necessarily have to agree with that um but I think it's what a lot of the evidence shows it led to a dislike of leader sunak and a strong public desire to get the Tories out the campaign played an important role in particular with the growth and support for reform due to farage becoming leader which further damaged the Tories and the T also sh themselves in the foot a number of times during the campaign um policy was largely unimportant due to few policy differences between the Tories and labor and the lims in particular though it did help some minor parties such reforming the greens to do well tactical voting hurt the Tories and help of Labor and the lib Dems and age and education level continued to be important social factors what we're going to have a look at now then is political parties um we're going to look at the policies in the manifestos of Labor the Tories and lims um as well as a couple of the minor parties and also going to look for a couple of these um kind of I think it's the lip Dems and reform in particular really how they emerge and how the 2024 election really changed the narrative for them and Chang their success compared to previous elections starting off then with the labor party um in terms of Economic Policy i' I've split it up into kind of I think it's three key factors so you've got moderate taxation policies they moved away from being a high tax High spend party they were moving closer again to under Corbin um pledging not to increase tax of businesses or working people including income tax Nation Insurance V8 and corporation tax they pledge some limited taxes including removing private schools vat exemption abolishing tax loopholes particularly associated with um non-doms but these aren't really taxes on working people on the majority of people terms of nationalization there was some limited nationalization but they moved away from Corbin six big nationalizations in the 2019 Manifesto they pledged to only nationalize Railways and create a public publicly owned Energy company which isn't the same as nationalizing all of energy in the in in the UK so that's a great Bri of energy they're going to create by allocating 8.3 billion pounds across the parliament this would be owned by the British people by the taxpayer and aimed to deliver clean homegrown energy production and finally in terms of Economic Policy economic stability and fiscal responsibility were key parts of their messaging um so the manifesto emphasize fiscal responsibility and providing a stable economic environment um that could provoke economic growth and Chancellor Rachel Reeves um called this approach secure ecomics um so it's a clear attempt to position labor as economic responsible and competent um and move them away from the image they got um from distance themselves from the image of um being quite left wi of Corin in Old labor it's a similar approach to new labor effectively they committed to economic stability by adhering to strong fiscal rules aiming to balance the current budget ensure that the debt fell as a share of um the economy by the fifth year of their forecast they also pled to strengthen the role of the office for public budget responsibility which L trust had larly ignored ensuring all major fiscal events were subject to Independent forecasts um after the election they also established a CO corruption commissioner to recoup pandemic related fraud and misuse of public funds um and this emphasis on fiscal responsibility can also be seen in what they didn't do so they ditch it previously proposed 28 billion pounds a year green Prosperity plan um prior to the 2024 election um and Justified it by saying um they was prioritizing Financial stability and they use the same justification for not pledging to immediately scrap the two child benefit cap um which greatly contributes to child poverty in terms of Law and Order policy on crime um like new labor and I'm going to be saying that quite a lot of times when we looking at lab party policy um they pledge to increase police numbers to tackle crime while also seeking to tackle the caus of crime so they pled to recruit 13,000 extra neighborhood police and um pcsos showing a strong approach um to tackling crime he also pledge to crack down on an social behavior um and to tackle the prisons overcrowding crisis by building more PR prisons and preventing them from becoming breeding grounds from more reoffending um and crucially they also pledge to Har violence against women and girls in a decade by fast tracking rape cases and relentlessly targeting sexual predators using tactics normally reserves for terrorist and organized crime including cover operations and electronic tagging in terms of immigration this is an important an focus of their Manifesto um in the past labor administrations particularly under new labor and close enough but not really necessarily as close but much more than than starm is were quite under Corbin sorry were quite supportive of of immigration the party's 2024 Manifesto was certainly not um it pledged to make this the Asylum system work and secure Britain's borders to stop illegal migration so after winning the election they immediately scrapped the Tory um tor's policy of handling the claims of asylum seekers in Rwanda um seeing and describing there is approaches an inhumane gimmick and a waste of money instead they would use the money saved to stop the small boats um through the creation of a new border security command with hundreds of new special investigators um and really focus on pursuing and disrupting criminal Smuggler gangs labor committed to restoring order to the Asylum system hiring additional case workers to clear backlogs and ending the use of Asylum hotels they also planed to set up a new um returns and enforcement unit to Fast Track removals to save countries for those without the right to stay in terms of the unions they pledged to negotiate um with public sector trade unions order to agree on new pay deals and prevent further strikes and you saw in the summer of 2024 was that Rachel re announced above inflation pay Rises for public sector workers including a 22% pay rise to Junior doctors it's a big change in approach um from the conservatives and in a way can be seen as as reflecting old labor principles and with the importance of unions within the party and they also Comm to repealing the strikes act um within 100 days of entering offers as well as the Trade union act um and they see this legislation which mandates minimum service levels during strikes um for crucial public sectors such as um health and I think education as well as ineffective and emphasizing focus on negotiation and dialogue with workers to address industrial conflicts in terms of welfare and other policies first looking at the NHS they committed to keeping the NHS a publicly funded Healthcare System that's free at the point of use the manifesto pledged to increase funding for the NHS to ensure is the resources needed to meet the growing demand for healthcare services you'll pretty much see that in every single Manifesto the NHS is like a religion um in the United Kingdom and saying you decrease funding for the NHS or privatize the NHS would almost be electoral suicide in order to tackle the crisis in the NHS the manifesto pledged to cut waiting times by offering 40,000 more appointments per week recruit more Healthcare professionals focus on preventative Healthcare and bring CL care Clos to the home to reduce pressure on hospitals in terms of pay and benefits they had little detail on it despite this previously being I suppose quite a key part of of lab party's identity and policy they had to reform disability assessments set a task force to reduce child poverty um but provided little detail on how they pledged to make the minimum wage genuine living wage but didn't say what level this would be and importantly they didn't pledge to remove the two child benefit cap that's an important driver of child poverty um and actually starma suspended seven labor MPS very soon after the election um after they kind of um rebelled against the party on this particular policy um on the King speech um in some ways therefore I think you could see in a way um in some ways that well their their Manifesto on paying benefits was much less left wi than the live Dems for example um and you potentially see a bit more closer to new labor than old labor in that regard terms of housing they committed to constructing 1.5 million new homes over the next Parliament focusing on a afford one social housing to meet the needs of low income families and individuals and on education they committed to significantly increasing funding for schools to reduce class sizes and to recruit 6,500 new teachers in key subjects and finally um on foreign policy um it focused strongly on supporting NATO and Britain's allies and significant defense spending ultimate is very similar to the Tory parties um and a broadly Centrist approach that seeks to differentiate itself from Corbin they pledge to increase defense spending to 2.5% when possible exceeding NATO's minimum requirement 2% also supported Trident um and NATO of course St has also strongly supported continued funding for Ukraine um on Gaza St lab initially didn't call for a ceasefire but now call for an immediate ceasefire and move towards a two-state solution as pretty much all parties do um and lab Manifesto stated they wouldn't try to rejoin the EU we tried to reset sorry I should say reset rest relations with the block seeking new UK EU secur Alliance and remove unnecessary barriers to trade other important policies they pledged to give 16y olds the vote um pled to reach Net Zero by 2050 um spend 24 billion on green initiatives in the next Parliament and restore plans to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030 so overall um Labor's 2024 Manifesto under starma move the party closer to the center and it's definitely now closer to new Labor's policy than that of Corbin their moderate policies reflected the fact that they were driven to get back in power and not to appear too radical or out of step with public opinion which would have prevented them from doing so as it did in the 2019 election moving on now to the policies of the Tory party under sunak in the 2024 election and since first looking at Economic Policy so pretty similar to labor it focused on trying to prioritize natural finances in the in the context of the cost of living crisis by reducing national debt and seeking to bring down inflation which is successfully achieved even though it was largely out of his control um um when sunak was in power um sunak came in immediately after Li trust's major tax cuts um and they were reversed due to the fact um that they caused a rapid drop in the value of the pound in terms of um kind of while he was in power in the 2024 election so what you saw in the 2024 spring budget was the Tory government announced to Cuts National Insurance contributions for employees from 10% to 8% um in the 2024 Manifesto they pledged to reduce it to 6% um by 8 ail 2027 and their Manifesto also pledged to abolish the main rate of self-employed Nation Insurance entirely by the end of the parliament you see that kind of fch right um idea of tax cuts running through their Manifesto in 2024 other economic policies in the manifesto they promis not to raise uh income tax corporation tax or vat then Manifesto pledged to increase a triple lock Plus on the state pension um they didn't pledge any nationalization remaining committed to privatization um committed to reducing the national debt as a share of GDP over the course of the parliament and maintaining a balanced budget he promised a review of business rates to ensure they didn't um burden small businesses and pledge to save money by cutting civil service numbers and benefits payments especially disability payment so you see actually in a number of those um of pro business policies classic of the Tory party but also kind of that rites that turism U remaining strong within the conservative party in terms of Law and Order policy soon government at the 2024 Manifesto was committed to taking a tough approach to Crime immigration and the unions um so under sunak uh the Tory party met his 2019 T 2019 Target of recruiting 20,000 additional police officers and pled in 2024 to recruit 8,000 more they took a strong stance against drugs and anisexual behavior by um Banning the use of nitrous oxide they failed to build enough prisons however resulting in overcrowding crisis in the summer of 2024 in the 24 Manifesto they pledged toughen censuses for offenses including knife knife crime grooming um and assaults against retail workers and what you saw um in March 2023 was soon introducing a comprehensive um antisocial Behavior plan um antisocial Behavior action plan sorry or a really strong um uh strong approach to antis social behavior including um visible Justice within the community in terms of the unions and protest on the sunak sunak took a very tough approach to striking workers and protest and again you see th taism coming through introducing the stripes act which required minimum service levels um from Key public sectors and the public order act would introduce new offenses such as locking on and interfering National infrastructure um which are punishable by imprisonment or unlimited fines um and this is in particular in response to just stop oil um you also saw a big policy um I won't T too much I've done this in um in a previous video um was the passage of the safety um of rander act 2024 um which represented a really strong stance um well to appearing to tackle um immigration illegal immigration even though it was a massive waste of Muddy and effectively um a gimmick which which labor called it so allowed the deportation of Asylum Seekers who went to the UK illegally to Rwanda for processing of their Asylum um cases intended to kind of deter illegal um immigration to the UK through unsafe and unauthorized routes including Crossing um the channel um but it was hugely hugely costly um very cost ineffective um and was also introduced just with a specific Clause saying that Rwanda has to be considered a safe country um and that was in response to the fact that the Supreme Court and other courts in the UK judged under the Human Rights Act um that it wasn't um so was effec bypassing the Human Rights Act in terms of welfare policy on the NHS he promised to cut waiting times when he became prime minister but failed to deliver by the of his time in office he also failed to deliver obstal increase in funding to the NHS with a 300 million in emergency funding little compared to 7 billion the NHS asked for he took a strong stance against striking NHS workers um with and education um teachers as well introducing the strikes act in terms of paying benefits the Tores committed in the 2024 Manifesto to raising National living wage um but in in April 2024 sen delivered a significant speech from welfare policy focusing particularly on disability benefits um which he said are overly generous and contribute to a sick note culture in the UK despite there being very little evidence of that um he said that the government was spending too much money um on these benefits and wanted to um tighten these eligibility criteria on housing since 2019 the Tores consistently failed to meet their house building targets of 300,000 um per year and you saw a significant increase in homelessness um between 2019 and the 24 election in the 2024 Manifesto again you see theism coming through they pledged to reintroduce the help to buy scheme which provided firsttime buys with an equity loan of up to 20% towards the cost of one of um these new homes and pledged to end rust sleeping in the UK despite failing to meet a similar Target in their 2019 Manifesto with Russ leing in fact see an increase since covid-19 on education in October 2023 Sun uh place to replace a levels it's of course been scrapped um by labor um and the 2024 Manifesto pledge and enter low quality degrees which didn't need graduates better off in order to fund apprenticeships on foreign policy very similar to um to starmer and to Johnson very supportive um of Ukraine um continues to being very supportive of brexit um and strong pedes on defense spending to increase its 2.5% of GDP and you see um under sunak and Johnson there was quite strong support for Ukraine um and Israel in the period so they committed um in 2024 2.5 billion pound in military funding to Ukraine and also um supported Israel's action in Gaza failing to call for a ceasefire um and targeting houti forces through to strategic air strikes in February 2024 other policy soon at reinu the B on fracking um the trust be um briefly lifted um you see a real kind of culture war in the 2024 Manifesto but also beforehand um in particular put p in back and trying to remove transgender rights in particular um so they kind of soon other key members of the party asserted traditional gender definitions to push back in course of transgender rights and recognition in particular through stating that women cannot have a penis and additionally the conservative um conservatives face criticism for its decision not to fully ban cons viron therapy so while the government initially promised to ban um for all lgbtq plus individuals it later amended it to exclude transgender conversion therapy from the ban this was met with significant backlash from the LGBT um community and and pressure groups they also moved away from environmental commitments so sunak significantly changed the Tory party's environmental policies in the summer of 2023 showing a reduced commitment and urgency to tackling um climate change they still committed to net Zer by 2050 um but push back the target to phase out petrol and diesel cars from 2030 to 2025 um and announced the issuance of 100 new oil and gas licenses to the North Sea overall sunat policies moved away from trust's strong Flite approach that you still see some theism coming through as I mentioned a number of times and seemed instead to be prioritizing National finances his strong approach to Boris to immigration law and order of foreign policy and striking workers was similar to that of Boris Johnson's prary ship though he did move away from the leveling up kind of basis the one the Tory party on the 2019 election which considering the result seems pretty stupid to be honest moving on to the lib Dems now before we have a look at their policies um and we'll look in and we've already mentioned this a number of times throughout the video but just at their electoral success here that Davey their leader and um so they're Resurgence in the 2024 election so part of the lib them's par success was always grounded in firstly tactical voting against the conservative party and the fact that they were the natural protest vote for those who normally supported the Tory party but weren't comfortable voting for labor these factors came together um pretty perfectly for them in 2024 to get the Dem their biggest electoral success in their history with 72 seats despite increasing their vote share by less than 1% to just 12.2% Ed David took control of the party in 2019 um prior to the 2024 election his party gained little medor attentional attraction with the electorate with DAV a largely unknown figure to the electorate but the party ran a really successful campaign in 2024 they almost exclusively targeted the most affluent constituencies in the UK won almost all of the seats they targeted the vast majority of the these um one were previously held by the conservative party including four that are held by ministers um and seats that were previously held by Prime Ministers Theresa May Boris Johnson and David Cameron though some were attracted to um some of the lib's policies they were largely not that different from the policy pros of Labor or the Tories instead of due to policy their success therefore came from the fact that much of the electorate voted tactically in order to vote against the Tories and in many affluent constituencies in the southwest and southeast of England the lived down to a natural tactical vote to do so rather than for the labor party and they were inoffensive enough effectively that many formator voters were happy enough to vote for them during the campaign David was also successful in getting media attention for himself and his party through the really interesting strategy as I mentioned before of consistently doing fun activities such as powder boarding bungee jumping um even if in some of them he made fun of himself the lids are now after the 20124 election once more a significant parliamentary party and conceivably be considered a major party once more in terms of their policy in the 2024 Manifesto um they pledged to raise an extra 9.5 billion in spending for Health and Social care rais through reforming capital gains tax to close loopholes and raising leves on Banks and overall they P spend 27 billion more per year by 20 29 they pledge to fund this through reforming as I mentioned capital gains tax raising levies on banks introducing a new Aviation Duty toiz frequent flyers and cracking down on tax avoidance the there are some limited tax Rises they therefore pledge to keep the vast majority of taxes the same including income tax V corporation tax and National Insurance the first three of those you saw um labor and the Tories also wanted to keep the same as the Tories um did pledge a decrease in National Insurance and the Manifest who didn't pledge to nationalize any Industries in terms of Law and Order policy um they pledge to restore visible community policing um improve rehabilitation in prisons very similar um to labor and the Tories in this regard um and um they also pledge to scrap the tor's Rwanda scheme and end some current restrictions on legal immigration including by reversing the ban on foreign care workers bringing dependence to the UK and reversing the increase in income thresholds for family visas but the manifesto didn't mention reducing immigration numbers overall actually which the other manifestos did on welfare and other policy um in the NHS Li dem's uh pledged to to introduce free Personal Care in England um where people needed help with daily task don't have to pay um this would move England where it's currently means tested in line with Scotland and they also pledge 8,000 more GPS in England um and significantly increase the speed of cancer treatment on pay and benefits their proposed welfare reforms went further than the Tories or labor 2024 manifestos um many of these reforms would have had a clear impact in reducing poverty if they' gone into government to um pledged to remove both the two CH two child limit which affects Universal Credit and child tax credit as well as the benefit cap the limit on the total amount of benefits one household can claim and reduce the waiting times for the first Universal credit payment for 5 weeks to five days and that'll be a really important policy because that delay is actually um a big reason why a lot of people are forced um into homelessness into debt also pledge to reform car's allowance and expand ex eligibility on housing the LI Manifesto pledged to increase house building to 330,000 a year so more um I think than labor including 150,000 social homes education they pledge to give disadvantage peops in um education more support through guaranteed um tutoring for children from low-income families and increasing school and college funding for each people above inflation every year after 14 years of realterm um stagnation under the Tories whil they also pledge to reinstate Main and gross grants for disadvantage students at University on foreign policy um they pledge to increase defense spending in every year of the parliament with ambition to spend 2.5% on defense of GDP as with labor and the Tories they didn't pledge to rejoin the EU unlike their 2019 Manifesto instead pledging to fix the relationship with Europe and create a comprehensive Trade Agreement unlike ay labor or the Tories they pled to reintroduce the commitment to spending 0.7% of GDP on foreign aid they supported an immediate ceasefire in Gaza um and placed strong support for Ukraine as well on constitutional reform um obviously a very key um part of any liberal Democrat Manifesto they pledge to give 16y olds a vote in choose proportional representation um single transferable vote actually would be the system ensine the ministerial code in legislation make house ofs elected and introduce a written Constitution for a federal United Kingdom and other policies included um to reaching Net Zero by um 2045 5 years sooner than the Toral labor so strong environmental commitments and pledge to accelerate deployment of solar and wind power so 90% of the power be generated by renew by 2030 if they were in charge overall um I think we can put it as a more left wing Manifesto than than labor obviously not really leftwing espe in terms of tax Rises it's actually in some areas not more leftwing if you look at their nationalization policies but if you look at kind of environmental commitments if you look at some of their um commitments in relation to um gender um so particular on social issues um if you look at paying benefits if you look at the NHS in some ways um they're happy to spend more um and socially were a more leftwing it was a more leftwing Manifesto than the labor parties was okay moving on to minor parties now and the first one we're going to have a look at is the S SMP the Scottish national party um looking at um their ideas and policies before we look at um effectively their decline in support in the 2024 prior to in the 2024 election um so in terms of the ideas and policies most important policy goal has always been Scottish independence they committed in their Manifesto to campaigning for a second Scottish independence referendum um and they uh pledged to um trigger Independence talks if they won a majority seats in Scotland which they didn't they're also a pretty left-wing party in promoting policy similar to labors in the UK so in um 2017 2019 and 2014 they opposed austerity um and in 2024 stated they were a left-wing Choice um kind of presenting very much as left of the labor party um in 2023 the Scottish government increased the higher in top rates of income tax um you see a lot of these kind of classic policies here that came in um in all of their Manifesto so in 2019 as well as 2024 in 2024 they pledged to increase NHS spending by 10 billion pound opposed tridon and support an immediate ceasefire in Gaza so overall if you have a look through his policies quite a leftwing Manifesto certainly to the left of the labor party what you saw since 2023 was a significant decline in um popularity of the S&P um influenced by several factors so it's particularly driven by a significant Scandal including involving a police investigation into the party's financing which led to the arrest of Nicholas sturgeon's husband and S&P chief executive Peter Morell as well as the resignation of sturgeon as party leader and first Minister not only did this lead to declining trust in the party also overshadowed um hza Yusef's leadership um as an XMP leader um and youf Al also resigned in April 2024 after a breakdown in government he was a largely unpopular leader who failed to unite the party and his approval ratings were consistently lower than sturgeons under his leadership there were significant divisions over gender and how strongly the party should push for Independence in particular the S has also been criticized for droing school performance and dissatisfaction with the management of the NHS which saw increasing waiting times and staff shortages much more detail on that um look at the updated textbook of UK government and the Devolution Devolution section John swinny took over the party just a couple of months before the 2024 election by which time La had overtaken thep in Scotland in the polls in the 2024 election their support collapsed um and their dominance in Scotland was dismantled they won just nine seats down from 48 in the 2019 election it was the first time they failed to win a majority of seats in Scotland since the 2010 election lab party began uh became the largest party in Scotland again winning 37 out of 57 seats in total in the in the 2024 election the S&P won 30% of the vote in Scotland with lab winning more at 35.3% the tor's 12.7 and libdems 99.7% and this compared to the 2019 election where the S&P won 15% higher at 45% of the vote and the Labor's vote share was almost half so you see pretty clear movement some voters from the S&P to labor which enabled them um to regain dominance in Scotland and and really um tanked the snp's number of seats moving on now to reform UK UK now so after the 2019 election the brexit party rebranded as reform UK so the brexit party had previously been been ukip effectively so ukip did remain but in terms of what what I mean when it had previously been it was Nel farage as the leader and similar um section of the electorate who supports it farage stepped down as leader in 2021 and was replaced by party chairman and Main financer Richard TI who's second from our right in this below picture the party announced in 201 22 that intended to stand a Full Slate of candidates and challenge to win power in the 2024 election rather than seeing itself as more of a pressure group as ukip and um the brexit party had potentially seen themselves and certainly acted as in the case of the brexit party from late 2023 reform experienced significantly increased popularity media retention consistently polling at between seven and 9% um of the vote this was bolstered in March 2024 when conservative party Deputy chair Lee Anderson defected to reform giving them their first MP in Parliament and he's the man on the left of the picture there reform positioned itself as a right-wing populist party advocating for tighter immigration controls lower taxes and a revision of the UK's net zero plans which they critically refer to as net stupid rather net zero this platform particularly resonated with 2019 Tory voters who became disillusioned with the party in fact 25% of 2019 Tory voters voted reform in the 2024 election with reform picking up up um just over 14% of the vote so yeah they were the third largest party um and also so they picked up five MPS third largest party but also finished second in 98 seats 98 seat 98 seats many of which were in the north of England though they were greatly underrepresented by first P post um they therefore demonstrated significant support and the potential to dramatically increase their seat share um and alter the UK party system in future elections during the election campaign they also dramatically increased their support they Rose from just over 10% at the start of the c sixe campaign to 14% um on the 4th of July particularly important to this was Nigel farage um who um announced at the beginning of June that he would return and stand in Clapton which he ultimately won and crucially um reform damaged the Tory party they took votes from both labor and the Tories but did much more damage to the Tory Party by splitting the right-wing vote which actually in many cases aided labor as well and that demonstrates how minor parties can have a huge influence in elections not by winning seats but through the spoiler effect which is when a minor party in this case reform draws votes away from a major party in this case the conservative party causing it to lose an election and this often inadvertently benefits another party in another major part in this case the labor party by splitting the vote particularly when the minor party platform appeals to voters who might otherwise support the more dominant party which is the conservative party in terms of their ideas um policies um in the 202 for election the most significant Focus um of their campaigning and Manifesto was on immigration so they pledged to freeze non-essential immigration including Banning students from bringing partners and children to the UK um they a higher rate of National Insurance um paid by employers employing foreign workers um they didn't provide a little detail on how but their Manifesto pledged to pick up illegal migrants out boats and take them back to France and the manifesto also said that zero illegal migrants will be resettled in the UK as isent Seekers arriving illegally would be processed rapidly and offshore if necessary and those rejected would be returned and Cru they also pledge to leave the European convention on human rights to make it easier to deport Asylum Seekers they include in their in their Manifesto significant tax cuts for small businesses um and they also kind of pledged to raise 35 billion pounds per year by ceasing to pay interest on 700 billion pounds of bonds held at the bank of England as a result of the postf financial crisis Quant easing program whilst labor pledged to introduce VAT on private schools reform pledged to not only to not introduce it to give parents who send their children to the private schools 20% um tax relief on fees and they also support to appeal to homeowners and land owners and landlords sorry um by raising stamp Duty threshold from 250,000 to 750,000 um on climate change reform pledged to save 30 billion pound by year by scrapping the UK's Net Zero um Target reflecting the fact that opposing measures tackle climate change um the hit working people are unfair and shouldn't be prioritized and the culture war is also a really important part of their Manifesto so it said it will tackle divisive woke ideology and pledge to ban what he calls transgender ideology um in schools including Banning choosing your own pronouns in school and ensuring parents are informed of their child transitions also pledged to Bam what it calls critical race Theory um in schools and ensure that any teaching of slavery must be paired with the teaching of non-european occurrence with the same to ensure what they call balance on one welfare they pledge to spend 17 billion pounds per year more on the NHS significantly more than any of the three major parties in order to eradicate waiting list in two years they also support insurance-based Health models rather than a completely nationalized model like the NHS currently is they also PL to scrap the BBC license fee and pledge to cancel the remainder of the hs2 Rail Link despite it being mid Construction okay the final part of UK politics we're going to have a look at but we look at before we look at kind of a few UK government updates is the party system and the importance of minor parties and and this is something that's I think has changed significantly after this elections it's something you really need to especially year year 13 you really need to look back on um compared to um what you learned in year 12 first you quickly reintroduce the different party systems single one party systems dominant party systems two- party systems and multi-party systems and a history of the UK party system so due to first part of post which underrepresents minor parties the UK has almost always had a two-party system especially true in the 19th centures with liberals and the conservatives in the post World War II period with labor and the conservatives during the 2017 and 2019 elections factors particular to each election which I'm going to go through led to Resurgence of voting for labor and the conservatives as opposed to the minor parties as opposed to the um yeah as opposed to the minor parties but especially in the last four decades the UK could also be described as a dominant party system especially when the Tes were in power for a long period Then labor for a long period and then Tories between 2010 and 2024 but also and these are the kind of different arguments you can have you can't be can't necessarily be one at the same time due to the declining support of the two main parties in 2010 2015 and now 2024 there's an argument that the UK is an increasingly multi-party system with the lip Dems s SMP um and ukip or the form UK winning significant portions of the electorate in 2015 2010 and 2024 so what we're going to have a look at now is a number of stages um just to kind of set the scene for what's happened in 2024 so what you saw in 20110 and 2015 in those elections was the growth of a multiparty system so in0 2010 2015 there's widespread Talk of the UK now having a multiparty system due to their the declining vote share of the two main parties um and other parties gaining substantial number of MPS in Parliament in 2010 the combin vote share of Labor and the Tories was 65.1 1% and the Dems won 62 seats under Nick C and in 2015 um the combin combined vote share of the two main parties of 67% and S&P won 56 seats under Nicholas sturgeon while Yip also picked up 12.6% of the vote even if this only led to one seat many claimed that the UK now had a multiparty system due to the distrust of the main uh stream politicians and other parties such as the S&P and ukip offering something new though first part post maintain two party dominance in terms of seats in Westman voters behaving as if they as if they they weren't in a first pass post system or voting for other parties to show their dissatisfaction with the Tories and labor what you saw in 2017 and 2019 in those elections though was a Resurgence of the two- party system um this is both in terms of vote share and seats so in 2017 labor and the conservatives won 82% 82.4% of the vote between them was in 2019 they won 75.7% of the vote a couple of key explanations for this so one key explanation is that in both of these elections there was a much greater difference in policy between the two main parties than there was in 2010 or 2015 the fundamental choice about politics once more became between the two main parties and the voters were more likely to find the main party they didn't vote for unpalatable and therefore vote um for the other main party to keep them out of government whereas in 2010 2015 the main parties were largely similar um so it didn't matter too much to voters which one came in in the 2017 election in which both parties supported implementing brexit the choices between Corbin's more leftwing Manifesto and May's continuation of center right conservatism many rightwing voters supportting May to keep out Corbin um who they saw as a massive threat to the country in the 2019 election the fundamental Choice was about whether to implement brexit or not um with labor um not supporting brexit supporting a second Independence referendum and the T supporting brexit along with the other significant difference between coan's even more leftwing Manifesto and the leveling up right-wing um populism of Boris Johnson another explanation for this is to see it as a story of ukip and the brexit party so in the 2015 election ukip was the third largest party in terms of vote share with 12.6% of the vote their right-wing populist euroskeptic politics was therefore a key part of the shift um of support away from labor and the Tories in 2017 they decreased massively though to 1.8% of the vote farage has stepped down as leader and they didn't run such a strong campaign many of their voters saw their workers done having achieved brexit which both labor and the Tor supported in 2017 in 2019 frage threatened to run a major campaign again with the rebranded brexit party they were the largest party in the 2019 European elections showing major support but this demonstration support and potential to to to do really well in the 2019 general election um scared the Tories into replacing May with Boris whose popular support for hard brexit attracted former ukip voters frage therefore didn't need to run in 2019 as he pressured the conservative party to become a right-wing populist hard brexit supporting party and many believed that Boris would deliver what frage promised and that's why they voted for the Tories in the 2019 election as a result the brexit party didn't stand in constituencies where the conservatives were expected to win and didn't effectively didn't stand in a majority of constituencies when we now look then at the 2024 election and result Ence of the two party system um it kind of suggests that 2017 and 2019 were aberration due to particular factors um in those elections and a large portion of the electorates still distrust labor in the conservatives and see themselves far more aligned with one of the minor parties see as I've already gone through um labor won just 57.4% of the vote massively um decreased um from 2019 or 2017 so though they did of course due to first pass post win much bigger share of the seats electoral support for party in the UK is now divided into a multiparty system and I mean this in terms of who uh people support at the moment the first partos electoral system is still just about maintaining a two-party system in Westminster in terms of seats if support for minor parties keeps growing however there'll be a Tipping Point where this is no longer the case so reform finished second in 98 seats and as I mentioned earlier in the video a small increase in their vote share could tip them over the edge to win a majority of these seats and deprive any part um any party of majority in Parliament in terms of explanations for this one is it was all about techical voting and getting the Tories out and that suggests that um the kind of support for parties other than the torious or labor um was dominated by one thing only and that was showing dissatisfaction and anger with the conservative government and that's can be seen as a central reason why the livm did so well it was due to Tactical voting and those whilst those on the the political Spectrum the majority of who voted Tor voted reform instead to show their disatisfaction with Tories and this suggests at the extent to which there's now multiparty system was exaggerated by this election there's a particular factor to this election and there was a unique level of anger and tactical voting towards getting the Tories out and if the Tes are able to recover their reputation and perform better in the next election we may see more return to a two-party system though firstly they they may have Perman manag to damage their support um and secondly um it could suggest that the reason why many voted for labor was an expression of anger against atories rather than a strong belief in their policies as we saw earlier and therefore it may even suggest that in the next election labors um not only the Tories might still have a much reduced share of the vote labor may do as well as they'll struggle to hold on to many who voted for them in 2024 explanation two is that there's simply declining support um for the very similar policies of Labor and the Tores in the 2024 election so in 2024 elections we saw um labor moved to the center and there were few policy differences between labor and the conservatives um and if the policies of the parties don't change this suggests that the multiparty system is here to stay labor shifted significantly to the center and mes did allow them um to pick up enough for formator voters to flip enough seats and win a large majority it also meant that they lost a large number of leftwing Voters who opted to vote for the greens of 7% votes voted for the greens or Independents instead there's now an important part of the electorate to the left of the labor party that's more likely to vote for minor parties and labor the surge in support for reform um UK can also be seen in the context of the voters viewing the Tories as just the same as other politicians and other political parties many of them voted for Boris in 2019 believing that he brought a new form of politics it was more populist less support of immigration and further away from the political establishment his actions in party gate replacement um with trust and sunak and the increase in net migration in The Last 5 Years Pro that this was not the case and many voters went back to far and this suggests that reform UK is here to stay as a large population of right-wing populist English voters who distrust labor and the Tories they want a new form of politics and want to reduce immigration they believe that Boris could be that ultimately he proved that he wasn't and now they're here to stay voting reform who are now really looking to contest elections having finished third in the 2024 election that's everything in terms of the party system final key things we're going to have a look at are some UK government updates um firstly looking at Evolution so in Labor's 2024 Manifesto um there was a return to after Boris Johnson trust and soon out moving a bit away um support for Devolution to supportive rhetoric in relation um to Devolution so the manifesto stated that the UK remain too centralized committed to reset and relations with the devolved governments and you saw that earlier in starma premiership he visited Scotland Wales Northern Island within days of becoming pm and had a meeting with all of England's Regional May Mayors on his fifth day of office LA's Manifesto committed to establish a new Council of the Nations and regions of the UK bringing together the leaders of all devolve um governments and Mayors and it committed to address and reduce breaches of the Civil convention which had happened under the conservatives in relation to England labor committed to both deepen Devolution settlements for existing Mayors and combined Authority so more powers and to widen Devolution to more areas um and what you saw actually in their first King speech was they introduced a bill on English Devolution onto the PM and the cabinet now so first looking at reasons for selecting ministers first one key one can see is individual competence and experience and you can see that in Rachel Reed being made Chancellor she's been Shadow chancell for three years and previously worked for the bank of England event Cooper being made Home Secretary not only she been Shadow Home Secretary um for a number of years across a number of periods actually um but she was one of the few labor mes with significant government experience having served um in Blair's government and in the cabinet in Brower government and James timson um was made a peer in order to be made prison prisons minister so 10% of his his companies work for so former prison uh prisoners and he's kind of been chair of the prison reform trust and has a long uh kind of history of as a rehabilitation um campaign of significant experience and a positive reputation in the sector loyalty was also really important um so the vast majority of of whom were in st's first um cabinet had served in the same Shadow cabinet commit uh positions for a number of years with uh ch Rich Reeves and CH of theu of Lancaster Pat mcfaden being particularly key allies ideological balance didn't seem to play much role at all with no one from the kind of left faction of the party um the closest are probably EDM abandon and Angelo Rena which potentially says all you need to say because they're not particularly um left wing they had served under Jeremy Corbin as had starmore actually in terms of direct um representation um and diversity 11 of um the 21 members of star's first cab women including the first female Chancellor Rachel Reeves though just three members are from an ethnic minority background are dropped from sunac and Johnson's cabinets in terms of sunak special St special advisor as well by the end of the summer of 2024 St had already appointed over 20 special advisors um working for number 10 and 80 across government and key advisers include Chief of Staff um Sue gray who previously was a high ranking civil servant head of political strategy Morgan mweene and director of communications Matthew Doyle and now finally um thing final thing we're going to have a look at is how representative the new Parliament is in terms of gender race and educational background so after the 2024 election just 37% of the House of Commons and 29% of the House of Lords are women compared to over half of the population um so still very unrepresentative but it is an increase in 34% after the 2019 election and this reflects the fact in the 2024 election of the over 4,500 candidates who stood from 98 different parties 69% of them were male so um huge portion of the candidates standing after the 2024 election just 133% of the House of Commons are from ethnic um minority backgrounds compared to over 18% of the general population that's an increase from 10% though um after the 2019 election and you also see um significantly more of the um of parliament went to University and um went to private schools um compared to the general population though actually RI Sun's cabinet and the conservative part now after the 2024 election has a much higher proportion of um MPS um and cabinet members that went to private school compared to starman's First cabinet and labor MPS um so actually starman's first cabinet is the most diverse in terms of educational background ever recorded with just 8% of the cabinet have attended private school 68% 68 MP sorry um in the 2024 Parliament now over 10% of LGBT uh plus compared to an estimated 3.1% of the population so yeah that was a very very long video of course as I said I expect you to not watch in one but go through click through different parts add chapters to make that really easy please let me know if you have any questions or comments um in the comment section below as I said at the start of the video all of the updates in this PDF are in the updated textbooks on the politics plain website um so there's UK politics and a UK government there's also um a us one and this year there will be a global one as well um so purchase those if you want to see these these updates but also so they'll be updated throughout the year so once you've purchased them they'll automatically update in your account so yeah um thanks very much for watching let me know if you got any questions or comments in the comment section below and I'll see you in the next video