foreign [Music] welcome back to Lynn 204 okay so let's do a bit of a recap of the course and to see where we are right now so we started Outland 204 by talking about what we know when we know a language well one of the things that you do know is you know a set of rules about that language and so largely we're exploring descriptive rules in English in this class you also have to know morphemes as a language user and so in the last few weeks we've been focusing on the question of what do you know when you know a morpheme and last time we talked quite a bit about uh the meaning of some of these free morphemes So when you say sandwich or uh go as a verb or like a bright as an adjective and so what are some things that might go into the meaning of lexical words like that and what we did last time was sort of equip ourselves with some of these analytical tools so that you know we can ask critical questions if we want to figure out what a word means in the English language okay the focus this week is on affixes and so as a language user you do also have to know affixes not just these free morphemes so what do you know when you know affixes is one of the themes this week because you remember the whole reason we introduce syntactic category distribution tests was because we had the observation that affixes are picky about the category of the word that they attach to so for example if you have a prefix you're not just a prefix to any word for example I think we had the word re delicious right which sounds distinctly odd and that seems to have to do with the fact that RI is picky about what kind of category of words it attaches to in particular it attaches to verbs for example redo reteach Etc so this means that in order for us to understand what we know when we know a language we needed a very clear way of identifying the category of words in the English language so now that we know what a noun verb adjective adverb or preposition is uh let's go back to this idea of morphemes and how words are built in the English language so the idea of morphemes is that you can start out with the like the root word right so let's say you have a free morpheme like event for example and so uh that's certainly a word in the English language but the idea with morphemes is that you can add more morphemes to that to create sort of more complex words so for example you might have a word like event full right and so you started out with that sort of base word event right that's the root right there and then the full got attached to it and creates eventful as a complex word um by complex word I mean that the word contains more than one morpheme and the question here is what do you know when you know the morpheme full that affix right there okay and so when you look at the use of the affixful in the English language you get words like eventful joyful beautiful right and so if you put it in a context for example you get something like Jack wanted Christmas day to be eventful he wanted it to be joyful he wanted it to be beautiful so this kind of sentence gives you a lot of Clues as to what you know when you know the affixful in English okay and so uh there's where it goes what it means and how it's pronounced um I'm gonna flag right now that the third aspect how it's pronounced is not super important for this particular class um and so obviously full is pronounced as full uh and so uh in the International Phonetic Alphabet it's written like this and so maybe if you're taking Lin 101 for example this might look familiar um but if not on don't worry about it too much and so we're going to be focused on number one and number two so the where it goes the syntactic information and number two what it means the semantic aspect of that word so the first spot where it goes right and so from something like eventful joyful and beautiful uh and so what you can tell here is that full attaches to words like Event Joy and Beauty okay and so what you want to ask yourself is what syntactic category do these words belong to or at least like what syntactic categories can these words belong to in the English language okay so uh you do have Event Joy and Beauty act as nouns in that English language so you do get linguistic expressions like uh let's see Jack enjoyed the event or uh the joy of Christmas uh or the joy of Halloween uh or uh let's see the beauty of the jack-o-lantern things like that right and so in all these cases it's pretty clear that these words can be used as nouns in certain contexts so one of the things you know when you know the full suffix is that it actually particularly attaches to nouns and the interesting thing is once the full attaches to the noun right the complex word that you create doesn't stay a noun okay and so when you say Jack want a Christmas day to be eventful okay so so far what we're saying is that the word event which is that root word right there is a noun right now the second question is what is the syntactic category of the entire word eventful okay uh and so there should be some clues in this particular sentence already maybe you can change it a little bit to run your diagnostic test the syntactic category distribution test and so you might say something like Jack wanted Christmas say to become eventful for example right or become joyful become beautiful and that's a pretty good indicator that eventful joyful and beautiful are all adjectives so what we see here is that full is a kind of an affix that attaches to a noun and creates an adjective so a really handy way to indicate the syntactic information of an affix is by using this kind of template right here okay and so the x is that sort of Base that the affix attaches to so notice the subscript n on this x right here and so basically this says that this mystery base right so whatever this full attached just two has to be a noun okay and so this shows the pickiness of the category that full attaches to and then you put the brackets around this entire thing and so the brackets sort of show a complex word right there so that's the word that you created and so the brackets point to X full the word right there okay so the subscript right on the brackets outside over here is adjective right and so this indicates the fact that once the full attaches to this mystery base X you create an adjective as a result that's one of the things you have to know when you know in affix okay what do you attach to and what do you create as a result and what else do you have to know when you know an affix of course I have to know it to meaning um and so the thing about affixes is that it's a bound morpheme right it doesn't stand on its own in any meaningful way and so I remember example with like okay how many pumpkins do you have I if you say right like the plural s it's an affix and it kind of means more than one but like it does it's not like a freestanding word right uh and so these affixes actually have to attach to something in order for it to have a complete meaning so this kind of dependency actually needs to be shown right when you are talking about the meaning of an affix okay so uh for something like full which is the affixful that we're talking about right here what does it mean so obviously full means something approximately like full of right but the idea here is that it's not just full of right it's it's full of something right full of blank is really what it means because uh it has that dependency on something else for it to complete that meaning so this might be how we might write out the meaning of an affix like full approximately something like full of X right and so this x right here is the x that we mentioned earlier for the syntactic information because obviously whatever full means it's full of whatever that base that it attached to and so that's why the x is borrowed here again having this x here indicates that it's a bound morpheme it doesn't stand on its own meaningfully right in order for it to be complete in its meaning it needs to attach to something else and that's what the X indicates so this means that when you say something like Jack wanted Christmas day to be eventful it approximately means something like Jack wanted Christmas day to be full of event or full of Events maybe is more natural right here or if you say he wanted it to be joyful he wanted it to be full of joy right that's the idea here that you plug in the base word for the X right and that's what you get as the meaning of the overall word that you create with that affix so sometimes if you're not sure what the category of the word that the affix attaches to is okay um it might be helpful to take a look at the meaning of the overall word that it creates okay so for example you're trying to figure out if fool attaches to a noun or not right it's not actually accurate you might want to look at what the word eventful means okay so in the sentence like uh Jack wanted Christmas day to be eventful again it means something like full of events right and then here right event is that word that it originally attached to and you can see that the word event is actually acting as a noun in that kind of paraphrase so that's a good indicator that full is attaching to a noun in these cases so what do you know when you know the affix full in the English language well it looks something like this right there's three pieces of information right here for the syntactic portion it matters what it attaches to and also what it creates as a result right the category of those things and then the semantic information right if you're abound if you're a bound morpheme you should have a sort of a bound meaning attached to it too right a type of meaning that has a Reliance on something that it attaches to so together uh what you know when you know a morpheme when it's represented like this I'm going to call this kind of thing a morpheme template and so a morpheme template is just a representation of what you know when you know a morpheme so it comes with three layers so the syntactic information the semantic information and the phonological information um so that would be the full morphine template right here but for the purposes of this class it doesn't really matter what the third line is um and so we'll just leave it to the two lines like this so this would be the morpheme template for full for the purposes of this class so why don't you pause the video right now and try this on your own um and so uh the prefix re what is the morphine template for that look like at least for the syntactic and the semantic information okay so I'm going to give you a example sentence and so for example like will it regrow okay will it regrow okay and so some other rewords include things like redo reteach rewrite and things like that okay um and so pause the video and try this on your own here's what the morphine template for re looks like okay and so in order for you to figure this out uh what's important is for you to sort of examine how the word is used in that sentence right and so for example like it will regrow it will regrow okay uh and like what I would recommend is that you take that word right regrow for example and like uh sort of paraphrase it using that base word okay uh and so when you have something like regrow uh try to sort of uh paraphrase its meaning using the word grow okay so in this case you get something like it will regrow and I'm sure you said something like it will grow again right grow again and so that's a pretty good paraphrase of the original sentence if you do something like we will re-teach or like uh we will rewrite uh things like that it also works with that kind of paraphrase we will teach again we will write again so when you look at the paraphrase of the sentence it will grow again okay there are some Clues as to what the category of the word grow is in this context so as you might have guessed it's a verb right and so grow is a verb and so when you say it will grow again it has the behavior of a verb so once you have that kind of hypothesis okay based on the paraphrase it's acting like a verb and so the hypothesis here is that reattaches the verbs right um and so from here you might want to think of other example words that contain the affix 3 and so for example re-do re-teach rewrite and then what you want to make sure is that read does indeed attach to words that can be verbs and so you want to think about the category of things like do write and teach can these words be verbs and the answer is yes and so we will do that we will write that right we will teach that and so all of these are acting as a verb in those kinds of contexts so so far so good right and so we have at least two things down right here which is like what reattaches to and what uh the meaning of re is approximately speaking okay so the third thing we have to figure out is what's the category of the word that recreates right and so early year we asked the question of what does reattached to attaches to things like do teaching right and so the the base that it attaches to are all verbs okay the next question is what's the category of the overall word so what's the category of the word redo or like reteach or regrow or rewrite okay and the answer here is they're actually verbs again so if you look at the original sentence right and so it will regrow it will regrow uh and so regrow uh is also acting as a verb in this context uh how do you know well some of the distribution tests for example the auxiliary uh is in front of it so for the fx3 it attaches to a verb and also it creates a verb right so as you might have noticed the syntactic category distribution tests are as important as ever and so if you're trying to answer the question of what do you know when you know this kind of Ethics what's the morpheme template for it you need to be running these distribution tests so that you can actually support your hypothesis in the next video Let's analyze a complex word like uneventfulness in detail okay so see you in that video