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How are kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy calculated?
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Kinetic energy (KE) is 1/2 mv² and gravitational potential energy (GPE) is mgh.
What is the concept of polarization in wave phenomena?
Polarization restricts transverse waves so they oscillate only in a certain direction.
According to Kirchhoff's first law, what is true about current at a junction?
According to Kirchhoff's first law, the total current entering a junction equals the total current exiting the junction.
Describe the photoelectric effect and its equation.
The photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light, with the equation E_k(max) = hf - φ, where φ is the work function of the material.
Explain the role of gauge bosons in the strong nuclear force.
Gauge bosons, specifically pions and gluons, are exchanged particles that mediate the strong nuclear force, holding the nucleus together.
State and explain Newton's 2nd Law of motion.
Newton's 2nd Law states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration: F = ma.
What is the primary method by which waves transfer energy?
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
What type of particles are leptons and give an example.
Leptons are fundamental particles and an example is the electron.
What is the principle behind Young's Double Slit Experiment?
The experiment demonstrates wave interference using coherent light sources to create an interference pattern, where fringe width is calculated by W = λD/S.
What does Hooke's Law state and provide its equation.
Hooke's Law states that the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to its extension: F = kx.
How is the De Broglie Wavelength calculated?
The De Broglie Wavelength is calculated using λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant and p is momentum.
What is the function of a fluorescent tube and how does it work?
Fluorescent tubes use thermionic emission to excite mercury gas, which then emits UV light. This UV light causes a coating inside the tube to emit visible light.
What conditions are necessary for total internal reflection to occur?
Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle for the medium.
How is wave speed calculated?
Wave speed (V) is calculated using the formula V = Fλ, where F is frequency and λ is wavelength.
What does Snell's Law describe and what is its formula?
Snell's Law describes the relationship between angles and refractive indices when a wave passes through different media: n₁ sin(θ₁) = n₂ sin(θ₂).
Explain the primary difference between transverse and longitudinal waves.
Transverse waves have particles oscillating perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, while longitudinal waves have particles oscillating parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
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