Notes on Charles E. Spearman and Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

Introduction

• Charles E. Spearman
  • Born: September 10, 1863, London
  • British psychologist
  • Developed the two-factor theory of intelligence

Career Background

• Served as an official in the British Armed Forces
  • Believed significant advancements in thinking would arise from psychology
• Worked for the British Army for 10 years
• Collaborated with Wilhelm Wundt at University of Leipzig
  • Completed PhD there
• Joined University College, London
  • Served as a professor for about 20 years

Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

• Proposed in 1904
• Intelligence consists of two factors:
  1. G-factor (General intelligence)
  2. S-factor (Specific abilities)

G-factor (General Intelligence)

• Represents basic intelligence
• Inborn and genetic
• Supports daily tasks
• Constant abilities that vary in intensity among individuals
  • Examples include basic skills like walking and talking

S-factor (Specific Abilities)

• Refers to skills learned from external environments
• Skills require consistent practice to improve
• Not constant; may deteriorate without practice
• Varies from person to person
  • Examples include dancing, singing, cooking
• Specific abilities enhance overall personality
  • Individuals may excel in one area while struggling in another

Conclusion

• According to Spearman, intelligence comprises two parts:
  • General abilities are inherited
  • Specific abilities are learned through practice and interest

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