Good day everyone. So today we are going to discuss topic development. So here are the contents that we are going to discuss. First is topic development.
Second is identification of research gaps. And last is ethics in research. Alright, let's proceed with developing a research topic.
So, I have here 11 steps on how are you going to develop or where are you going to start in creating a topic. First, of course, select a topic. Now, you start with an idea in which you are interested.
What do you want to know about? Since our subject is marketing research, So, find any idea, no? You want to know about marketing. So, that will be our research is all about, no?
It's more on marketing, okay? So, talk with your groupmates about the idea. Now, I am going to allow you to have a meeting with your groupmates and then collaborate yung idea nyo. and then come up with one topic.
Alright? So, ask the librarian for help. Do some background, no? You should read more articles about the topic that you want to, the topic that you choose for your marketing research, no?
So, find some references, no? So that you can have a better understanding of your topic. So this will provide you an overview and history of the topic, no?
So usually, medyo dati labryarian, uso yan, no? Ngayon, more on Google search, no? Yahoo search. Or more on internet searching.
Now, identify the sub-topics. For example, you already have your topic about marketing, no? So, you need to identify yung mga sub-topics and the related topics.
Discuss important people and specialized vocabulary in the field and basic statistics. So, you need to browse mga journals, newspaper for the idea. Okay?
And do some preliminary research to see what is available. So, probably, you need to have some interview. No?
Now, if you already have the topics, the second step is narrow your topic. Siyempre, napakalawak niyan, no? So, you need to narrow it. Choose a specific aspect of the topic.
That's why in the first step kanina, identify mo yung mga subtopic. From that subtopic, you can narrow it more, no? And then, choose viewpoints.
Okay? Now, focus on a time period, geographic location, culture, individual, or groups. So, if you're ready to narrow your topic, think of where are you going to do your surveys, in time period, in culture, or individual ng groups na that you are going to disseminate your questionnaires.
Now, The scope of your topic should be focused on 2 to 3 concepts. Keep the topic narrow enough to be interesting, yet broad enough for you to easily find adequate information and required number of resources. If your topic is too broad, you may retrieve too many results.
When you begin searching from a broader topic, you can use any of the following questions to help you narrow the focus. this is how are you going to narrow your topic, no? Meron tayong itawag na who.
Okay? Identify who is the particular population group affected, no? And then when. When is your topic particularly relevant to the flying time period, no?
And then where. Where is the specific geographical area or location impacted? Okay? What?
Now, what are you exploring a unique aspect of an event or issue? Then, last is why. Why are you exploring or arguing reason against something? So, these are the questions that will help you narrow down your topic.
Now, after that, step three is make it a question or a thesis statement. So, define your topic as a focus research questions or thesis. So, this thesis statement helps you stay focused while... researching for your topic and gathering event.
Okay. Okay, your thesis statement also tells your readers what your paper will be about. So, I have here an example.
So, example, ang initial idea if you want to know about Frank Floyd, right? or yung topic mo is about modern architecture. So, si Frank Lloyd Wright is yung kilala sa modern architecture.
Yan yung pinaka-initial idea mo. Now, the research question should be, how has Frank Lloyd Wright influenced modern architecture? So, that will be the question. Now, after having that question, now you have a focus research questions.
More specific, so what design principle used by Frank Lloyd Wright are common in contemporary homes? So that's how are you going to make it focus research questions. Number three.
Now, ito another example. Kunyari, a controversial issue is more on guns are dangerous weapon and should be controlled. So yan yung...
issues na ano. So, in exploring an issue, this will be a question na what are the facts behind each side of the gun control controversy? So, from that, you may develop strong views after doing your research. You can also change your thesis statement at any point during the research process.
At least you have your idea on how are yung questions na nabuo through that idea. Step 4. Consider main concepts. First is, state main ideas, concepts, or theories. These key terms, phrases, or vocabulary.
What are the issues? Use the queries, who, what, why, and kanina. Where, when, how.
Now, after that, analyze your topic. So, in here, you should identify what kind of information do you need. Scholarly, it's more on produced thesis and dissertation.
Primary or secondary sources, usually yan yung mga books, newspapers, books, articles, internet interviews. Primary, secondary, more on interviews, visual resources. You need to identify, analyze yung topic mo. Ano yung mga information na kailangan mo?
Subject or discipline specific viewpoint. Related or multi-perspective. Now, after analyzing, select appropriate tools. Tulad na you are going to go to library for research, databases, and index.
Specific, subject specific. Or you are going to have a personal interview with regard to topic. You need to... also identify anong yung mga kailangan, no?
Interlibrary loan service. So, you are going to other libraries. Ito, i-require ko kayo, no? Para at least makakawa kayo ng mga updated resources, no? So, you need to go.
Ito yung mga suggested library, no? Na mga bago yung mga books nila is in USD. Ano pa? UST, saka dyan sa Lasaltas. Malaki library nila dyan, isang building.
May bayad yata ang entrance fee. Before, nasa 100, hindi ko na alam kung magkano na ngayon. National Library, yan. Maganda yan.
May mga books din dyan. Nag-update na yata sila. Dati kasi luma din. So, first findings and evaluation.
Test your topic ideas with the resources that are available to you. Are you finding relevant information? Are you finding appropriate information? Mega hits, too much information or too little, no hits. You need to identify yung mga findings kapag nag-research ka.
Is your topic too broad or too narrow? Kapag too broad, narrow down. Kapag too narrow naman, medyo i-broaden up. So, when you need to narrow or broaden, generate another research term and rethink of your topic. Number eight, evaluate your information and resources.
Is it authoritative? Is it accurate? Is it current? Misa meron kang information pero luma naman, no? Siguro we will discuss yung mga details ng research, no?
Pagdating sa getting your research, at least 10 years yata ang required. Is it appropriate for your assignment, no? May mga information na hindi naman appropriate doon sa topic mo.
Now, after that, revise and refine, no? Think about the information you have found. Which do you need to revise? Yung topic mo ba?
Yung topic question mo ba? Yung need to revise? O yung search terms or strategies?
O yung mga resources mo? Ano yung mga i-re-revise mo dyan? Pagdating sa... Does the information help to answer the research question? Continue to work with the information until you have achieved the satisfactory results.
Okay? Ito na, formulate. Number 10, formulate your own ideas and opinion.
Okay? Think critically and creatively about your information and ideas. Now, draw conclusion and make connections based on your research.
Now, lastly, synthesize the information. Now, look at the general, specialized, and related information. The history and discipline specific.
And multi-perspective, create your own ideas and opinion. Now, think about how your ideas fit into a bigger picture. Now, if you already have that, now synthesizing means computation of the ideas that you have from the resources na nag-gathered mo.
Now, make it informative and interesting reading. So, make sure yung magiging topic na mapipili nyo should be interesting na pagbinasa. Minsan kasi napaka, ano na, masyado ng broad yung topic.
Siguro, make or find some unique topic na hindi pa siguro na sinsearch, no? Or, yung mga iba, yung mga lumang topic naman na ano yung bago. Ina-update naman nila yung mga lumang, yung may mga ganong research, no?
So, let's proceed with the next topic, identification of research gap. What is a research gap? It is a topic or area of which missing or insufficient information limits the ability to reach the conclusion for a question.
It should not be confused with a research question. So, for example, I have here, if we ask the research question of what the healthiest diet for woman is. We could find many studies na pag nag-search ka, ano yung pinaka-healthiest diet for women? Maraming lalabas dyan pag sinarch mo yan sa net.
On the other hand, if we are asked for a research question of what are the effects of antidepressant on pregnant women, we would not find much existing data. So, this is a research gap. When we identify the research gap, we identify the direction for potentially new and exciting research. So, yun yung research gap.
Yung wala pang masyadong research or information about the topic. So, ibig sabihin, you are the one who will reach out doon sa answer ng question, yung question ng thesis mo or research mo. So, there are different types of research gaps.
Okay? First is yung knowledge gap. So, this gap in knowledge or understanding of the subject where more research is needed to fill the gaps.
So, example, there may be a lack of understanding of the mechanism behind the particular disease or how a specific technology works. Ayan yung knowledge gap. Katulad ng lumabas yung COVID.
So wala pang masyadong idea yung mga medical practitioners about the disease. So yan yung gaps na kailangan nilang punan or kailangan nalang conduct ng research para ma-identify nila kung ano yung possible na pwedeng gamot doon sa sakit na yung disease na yun. Kaya yung technology.
So, yan yung mga knowledge gap. Next, conceptual gaps. These are gaps in a conceptual framework or theoretical understanding of the subject.
For example, there may be a need for more research to understand the relationship between two concepts or to refine a theoretical framework. Ibig sabihin yung conceptual gap, meron ng theoretical framework. nag-exist.
So, ang mangyayari na lang dyan, identify mo na lang yung relationship ng theory na yun, doon sa another concept or another variable. Yan yung conceptual gaps. Okay?
So, next is methodological gaps. Yan. These gaps are methods used to study a particular subject.
For example, there may be a need for more research to develop new... Research method or refine existing methods to other specific research. Ayan, methodological gaps naman yan.
Yung, let's say, step-by-step process ng, let's say, sa paggawa ng, or sa mga procedural, ano, ng mga industry. Yung method nila, yung process and procedure nila. So, Ayan yung methodology. Magde-develop ka ng bagong process para mas mapabilis yung process ng, kunyari, example tayo sa manufacturing.
So, na-identify nila yung mga gaps na para mas magkaroon ng quality yung product or para mas magpabilis yung product. So, more on ano yan, policies, procedures, yung mga methods, steps, no? Yung methodological gaps.
Data gaps, no? So, these gaps are data available on particular subjects. Example nito, there may be a need for more research to collect data.
Yung specific population to develop new measures to collect data on a particular cause, no? So, ito naman, more on data. Yung... diri-reach out niya. You want to develop more magkocollection ng data para magkaroon pa ng mas maraming idea doon sa topic.
Yan yung data gaps. Practical gaps. So, these gaps are application of research finding to practical situation.
Example, there may be a need for more research to understand how to implement magkakaroon. evidence-based practices in a real-world setting or to identify barriers to implementing such practices. Yan, more on practical. More on evidence-based practices. Okay?
Ang kanyang nire-reach out. Now, meron tayong tinatawag na ethics in research. So, let's identify first what is ethics. Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it educates, monitors scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard.
Mayroon tayong maraming ethical principles. First is honesty. In doing research, honestly report data, results, methods, procedures.
and publication status do not publicate, falsify, or misrepresent yung data. So, it is very important na kung ano yung naging result ng research mo, yun lang yung lalagay mo. Huwag kang maglalagay ng mga result doon na hindi naman talaga yun yung result kasi mangyayari yan. Magkakaroon ng effect yan.
Kunyari, sa medical term, Tapos nilagay mo yung... Ganito yung naging result. Kaya ang mangyayari sa medical department, iba yung base sa result doon sila magka-come up ng another formulation. Ganyari sa gamot, gagawa sila ng gamot.
So kapag binago mo yung result ng research, may iba rin yung patutunguhan ng susunod na department. So, same thing din, no? Sa research, sa mga marketing research na ganito, napakalaga yan yung may ginagawa natin, no? Sa mga corporate world, sa mga marketing department, no? Possibly, probably yung research na gagawin nyo makakatulong yan in the future sa mga marketing department o mga marketing company, no?
Kaya it is very important na lahat ng mga data talaga na lumabas, yun lang ang ilalagay natin. Now, objectivity. Try to avoid bias and experimental design. Data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. So, ayan.
Huwag tayo magiging bias pagdating sa mga analysis ng data. So, integrity. Ito ay very important. Keep your promises and agreement. Act with sincerity.
Strive for consistency of thought and action. Okay? So, carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence.
No? Carefully and critically examine your own work. Okay? The work of your peers.
Keep good records of research activity. So, maging careful din tayo doon, no? I-avoid natin yung ano lang, no?
Kumukuha lang tayo ng work ng iba. So, maging careful tayo sa mga nilalagay natin sa research natin. Misa, kinaka-copy-paste copy-paste lang tayo. Hindi mo naman talaga idea yun, no?
So, Mamaya, i-discuss natin, no? Pwede kayong makasungan ng copyright, no? Pagpua ka lang yung kuha, lalo na sa mga nakaka-copyrighted na mga journals, yan.
So, openness, share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open in criticism and new ideas. Now, respect for intellectual property. Ito yung respect, no? May mga...
At tinatawag tayo yung mga nakaregistered, nakapatents, yung copyrights, and other form of intellectual property, no? Do not unpublish data, methods, or results without permission. And it is very important, no? To really cut yung mga authors nang pinagkuhanan nyo, no? So, kunyari, meron kayong idea dun sa book na gusto nyong kunin, no?
As related literature. You need to paraphrase. yung idea.
Tapos, isite nyo kung sino yung author. Yan. In that way, you are respecting kung sino yung talagang sumulat.
Minsan kasi, may iba, they are claiming na ideas nila yun, pero yung pala, copy-paste lang pala nila yun. So, pwede kayo makasuhan dyan kasi mga nakaka-copyright yan, nakaregistered. So, another ethical is confidentiality.
Protect confidentiality communications, papers, grants, submitted publication, military secret, and patient records. Yan, kapag nag-re-research ka, yung mga respondent mo, you need to protect yung mga confidential details na binibigay nila. Kunyari, sa hospital ka nag-research, syempre may mga records yung patients dyan. Kailangan ma-protect pa rin yung kanilang identity. responsible publication.
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicated publication. Yan nga yung iba.
Kinokopia lang nila sa iba. Responsible mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise students.
Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decision. Dami yan. Respect for colleagues. Respect your colleagues, yung mga groupmates na meron kayo.
Treat them fairly. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, advocacy. So non-discrimination, avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on a basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are related to their specific or scientific competence and integrity.
So mga kagroup natin. Pagdating sa race, sa sex, so dapat na-discrimination. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. Dami, no?
Now, competence. So, maintain and improve your own professional competence. Make an expertise through lifelong education and learning. Take steps to promote competence in a science as a whole.
Animal care. Minsan may mga galtong research na nakaka-distract sila pagdating sa animal care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them as research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. And last is human subject protection. When conducting research on human subject, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits. Respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy. Okay.
So, last is yung types of ethical issues. We have ethical issues here and then yung definition. Now, voluntary participation. Hindi ka pwedeng yung sapilitan na mag-survey ka.
You have no choice. Parang nagbabanta ka pa, ikaw pa yung nagbabanta. So, yun yung mga issues na you need to avoid.
The participants are free to out the subject on any point in time. Kapag ayaw nila, huwag mong pipilitin. Find another respondent.
Informed consent. Participants should know the purpose, benefits, and risks of funding behind their studies. I-inform mo sila.
Ano ba regarding saan ba itong survey na binibigay mo? Then, spike up sa survey natin. May letter before yung mga questions.
identify mo yung purpose ng ginagawa mo, ano ba magiging benefits nun. Anonymity, you don't know the identities of the participant. Personally, identifiable data is not collected. And pwede magiging issues.
Another thing is yung confidentiality. Nabanggit na ito kanina. You know who participants are, but you keep the information hidden from everyone else. So, it is your responsibility to hide yung identity ng mga respondent mo.
You anonymize personally identifiable data so that it can be linked to other data by anyone else. Potential for harm. Physical, social, psychological, and all other types of harm are kept to an absolute minimum. Now, results communication.
You ensure your work is free from plagiarism. Plagiarism, no? Naggagaya ka ng copy ka ng copy ng research ng iba. Or research misconduct.
You should accurately represent your results. So, ibig sabihin, in this research, no? It is your own idea. It is your own word, no? Do not copy.
Avoid yung copy-paste, no? Marami na tayo ngayong, ano, yung iba pa gumagamit ng chat GPT. So, itong gagawin natin yung research, meron tayong system na kung saan makikita kung ilang percent yung copy coming from the internet. Kaya i-avoid nyo yung mga ganyan kasi hindi kayo makakapasa hanggat hindi nakakapasa sa plagiarism test yung paper nyo. So, it is institutional policy and yung departmental...
rules natin, kailangan natin makomply. Okay? Para makagraduate kayo.
Now, this is your assignment number two. So, it is per group. As a group, develop a research topic regarding marketing.
Write down your details from step 1 to 11. Yung diniscuss natin kanina, step 1 to 11. Tapos, identify nyo yung mga possible na na um analisation nyo doon with regard sa topic nyo. Now, come up with your specific research topic by next meeting. Okay? Kasi next meeting, we are going to start na yung chapter 1. So, you need to share sa class kung ano yung mga topic.
Tapos kung ano yung mga possible na pwedeng i-adjust natin pagdating sa topic. So, aayusin natin next meeting. Okay?
So, that's it for today. See you next meeting.