Mitochondria

Overview

• Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found within cells.
• They are responsible for generating most of the cell's chemical energy.
• Chemical energy is produced in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• Mitochondria have their own small chromosomes.
• Typically inherited maternally.

Structure

• Unique in having two membranes unlike most organelles.
• The dual membranes are integral to their energy-producing function.

Energy Production

• Energy production involves chemical pathways converting molecules to ATP.
• ATP is a high-energy molecule used by cells to fuel biochemical reactions.

Distribution and Function in the Body

• Varies between cell types based on energy demands.
  • Muscle cells, liver cells, and kidney cells have high mitochondria content.
  • Brain cells also rely heavily on mitochondrial energy.

Impact of Dysfunction

• Defects in mitochondrial pathways can cause various symptoms:
  • Muscle weakness or defects.
  • Neurological symptoms affecting the brain.
  • Potentially affects kidney function.
• The full extent of diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction is yet to be completely understood.

Related Concepts

• Cell: Basic structural unit of organisms.
• Chromosome: Structure within cells that contains DNA.
• Inherited: Genetic information passed from parents to offspring.
• Mitochondrial DNA: The small chromosome within mitochondria that is inherited from the mother.

Additional Information

• For further reading, resources about genomics, funding, and research opportunities are available on the NHGRI website.