Overview
This lecture covers the creation and significance of the Suez Canal, its role in British imperialism in Africa, and the resulting changes in Anglo-Egyptian relations.
Creation of the Suez Canal
- Constructed under French leadership, spearheaded by Ferdinand de Lesseps, who gained concession from Egypt between 1854-1856.
- The Suez Canal Company was established in 1858 with a 99-year operating mandate.
- Construction began in 1859 and finished in 1869, drastically reducing travel time between Europe and Asia by bypassing Africa.
- Initially, the Canal was predominantly a French project with little British involvement.
British Involvement and Control
- In 1875, facing heavy debts, Egypt sold its shares in the Suez Canal Company.
- British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli bought these shares, increasing British influence despite French dominance.
- Ownership of shares gave Britain strategic control over trade routes, especially to India.
- The purchase heightened British interests in Egypt and prompted further involvement.
Political Changes in Egypt
- Economic mismanagement led to the deposition of Ismail Pasha in 1879 by the Ottoman Sultan.
- Ismail’s son Tewfiq became Khedive with British and French financial support, acting as a puppet ruler.
- Britain imposed taxes on Egyptian goods and reduced the Egyptian army by two-thirds to solidify control.
Social and Political Consequences
- British dominance led to resentment, rise in Egyptian nationalism, and increased unemployment.
- Nationalist opposition grew, leading to Arabi Pasha’s rebellion demanding anti-European governance.
- 1882 violence in Alexandria resulted in British military intervention led by Prime Minister William Gladstone.
Outcome and Legacy
- Rebellions were suppressed by British forces, who secured the Canal and reinstalled Tewfiq.
- After the 1880s, Britain held full control over Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Suez Canal — A man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, crucial for international shipping.
- Ferdinand de Lesseps — French diplomat who led the construction of the Suez Canal.
- Suez Canal Company — Company established to build and manage the Suez Canal for 99 years.
- Ismail Pasha — Egyptian ruler whose financial woes led to British involvement in the Canal.
- Tewfiq — Ismail’s son, installed as ruler with British/French support.
- Arabi Pasha — Leader of Egyptian nationalist rebellion against European influence.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the economic and political impacts of the Suez Canal on British imperialism.
- Prepare for discussion on the Suez Crisis and its long-term effects on British-Egyptian relations.