Lecture Notes on Rome and Its Impact on Modern Society

Introduction

Rome saw religion as political; refusal to sacrifice to the emperor by Christians was seen as a political act.
Roman religion differed significantly from modern perceptions; worship of deities varied.

Rome is one of the most researched topics online, surpassing even ancient Egypt.
Interest lies in power structures throughout history, including the Roman Catholic Church.

Founding of Rome: Founded in 753 BC by Romulus, transitioning from a kingdom (753-509 BC) to a Republic (509-31 BC).
Republic Period: Established checks on power with two consuls ruling for a year.
Transition to Imperial Rule: Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 BC leads to Augustus becoming the first emperor.
The empire lasts for over 500 years, divided into:
- Principate: Stable period with good rulers like Marcus Aurelius.
- Dominate: Authoritarian rule beginning in 284 AD under Diocletian.

Early Christians viewed as a minor cult; refusal to sacrifice to the emperor seen as rebellion.
The confusion between political and religious identities led to persecution during times of weak leadership.
Constantine's vision at the Battle of Milvian Bridge (312 AD) leads to the acceptance of Christianity as a state religion.
- Council of Nicaea (325 AD): Established foundational Christian beliefs, including the Trinity.

Roman Empire's decline attributed to:
- Inflation: Economic mismanagement leading to a devalued currency.
- Immigration: Integration of barbarian tribes impacting the military and political structure.
Western Rome falls in 476 AD; Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) continues until 1453 AD.

Current U.S. Context: Comparison drawn between the fall of Rome and potential U.S. decline:
- Inequality in wealth and power reminiscent of Roman societal structure.
- Concerns about monetary policy and sustainability of social programs.
Importance of local community engagement and understanding historical mistakes to prevent repeating them.

Marcus Aurelius: Known for stoicism; actions as an emperor contrast with his philosophical writings.
- Raises questions about his effectiveness in raising Commodus, who becomes a poor ruler.

The importance of understanding Rome's historical context and mistakes to recognize patterns in modern society.
Reflection on the potential consequences of ignoring historical lessons regarding power, politics, and societal wellbeing.