hello everyone uh welcome to the ontan engineering tutorials on antennas and wave propagation uh in this tutorial we are going to discuss about the design and simulation of monopole antenna using cst this is experiment number two of our tutorials on antenna and web propagation uh in this tutorial we will discuss each and everything about the design and simulation of monopole antenna firstly we will discuss about uh the introduction of monopole antenna secondly we will also discuss about the parameters calculations of the monopole antenna uh thirdly we will discuss about the cst design procedure of monopole antenna fourthly we will discuss about the results of monopole antenna and lastly we will also discuss about the hardware design of monopod antenna so let's begin monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna that consists of a straight rod shaped conductor which is often basically known as a monopole which is mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface and that conductive surface is known as ground plan so uh due to its single pole it is known as monopole such type of antennas with two poles is known as a dipole antennas which we will discuss in uh next video inshallah so such type of antennas can be used for different range of frequencies so that is the short introduction of monopole antenna now let's discuss about the parameters calculations that how we can calculate the length of monopole before starting the design of monopole so as we know that lambda is basically equal to c over f and now if we want to design an antenna for wi-fi applications or you can say that at 2.45 gigahertz then f will be equal to two point four five gigahertz and speed of light is three multiplied by tangent power eight meters per second so putting uh these values in uh this formula we can easily calculate the wavelength of that antenna so the value of lambda in this case will be 122.5 millimeters uh for quarter wave monopole antenna length of monopole will be equal to lambda by 4 so in this case the length of monopole will be 30.625 millimeters so that that was the calculation of length of the monopole so how we can calculate the radius and the ground parameters of the monopole there is no restriction for the radius of the monopole any reasonable value can be chosen for the radius of the monopole but it must be less than 20 lambda by 20 less than or equal to lambda by 20 so in that case you can easily calculate that value from this value so the radius of monopole operating for 2.45 gigahertz must be less than 1.5 approximately so we will consider it as a 1.2 or you can choose this value as a 1mm as well similarly you can calculate the value of ground by using this formula but in this formula you can you can simplify that formula because in this case the value of dielectric constant for a perfect electric conductor or pc is unity r1 so if you will put the value of er is equal to 1 then this third the value of this third will be equal to 1 so simplify simply this g will be equal to lambda by 2 so in that case uh you can say that g will be equal to 61.25 because we have already calculated the value of lambda uh here by using this formula so these are the values uh for the design of monopole antenna now let's begin the design on cst so first of all start your cst and click on new template a dialog box will be shown now you have to choose the relevant option so first of all you will choose microwave rfm optical and you want to design an antenna so you will choose antenna and that antenna is basically a wire antenna so just like the wire antenna and click on next now click on time domain because time domain server is the most common solver and i think there is no need to change the units of different values now you have to define the minimum maximum frequency for example we want to uh design antenna at 2.45 gigahertz so you can set the range from 1 to 3 gigahertz and obviously if you want to observe the results of e field and edge field and far field then you have to select all these boxes similarly you have to check the results at 2.45 gigahertz so you have to define this antenna at 2.45 gigahertz just click on the next and just click on the finish so now you have to start your design so first of all we will design a monopole simply go to the modeling and select a surplus lender and then you have to put these values on in a dialog box and all these values have been already calculated by using formulas so just go to the modeling uh select surplus render here and then press escape key and dialog box will be shown you can change the name of dialog box as a monopole and now you have to write down the values of outer radius and z means that max and further values but before putting these values as per the coordinate plane i would like to design the monopole along the y direction so just click on the y and now put the values of radius so inner radius will be zero outer radius will be one point two or uh you can write it as a one r one point three or even you can write one point four as well because there is no uh restriction for the outer radius you can change the value of outer radius as per your requirement so x enter and z center will be 0 because you want to design that antenna on origin so the value of y min and y max let's say we we start it from 0 and the length for such type of antenna must be 30.625 which we have already uh calculated uh above and that length is basically 30.625 right so just copy that value and you can paste that value here now uh the material for monopole uh should be perfect electric conductor or you can change the material as well so just click on preview and you can proper preview this monopole by zooming it in so just click on ok that is your monopole now you have to design the ground so for designing the ground you have to select the dialog uh you have to select the uh break from uh this modeling uh you can define the brick by selecting the points uh in this direction or you can uh change the values in the dialog box as well so let's name it as a ground and now you have to change the values of ground now uh the values for x min and x max and similarly for uh z mean and z max will be uh the values of ground and we have uh calculated the value of g here and that value must be 61.25 right so as we have already uh designed the monopole at origin so i would like to design this ground on origin as well so half of the value must be represented on the x mean axis and half of the value must be represented on the x max value and same is the case with z min and z max so first of all x min value will be 61.25 divided by 2 because i would like to represent half of this value on x min axis similarly i would like to represent half of that value on positive x-axis similarly uh we will put the similar value for z min and z max however you have to define the y min and y max values here so y max value will be 0 because we have started uh the design of monopole uh here from zero now the ground must be attached to that end point so that's why its maximum point must be zero and now we have to design the ground below the monopole so that's why we are going toward a y min and that value will be zero 0.0 true in most of the cases that value is kept as a 0.02 however you can change the value as well so the material for ground will be again perfect electric conductor do so just click on preview and now uh you can rotate and check its preview now it's preview is not uh correct so just you have to remove this negative value uh from here and now you can check its preview and now you can observe that uh the values for uh this design are uh correct all right so that is 61.25 divided by 2 and that is 61.25 divided by 2 okay so now these values are correct okay so now just click on ok the second step is that third step is that you have to cut the ground in order to assign the discrete port here to power up an antenna go to the modeling and just select a circular standard you have to design a circular standard here in order to cut the ground so its radius will be 1.2 plus 0.5 1.2 was the radius of monopole and 0.5 is the gap between the ground and monopod similarly you will design it along the y-axis because we have already designed the monopole in y-axis similarly accented and red center will be zero and values for y mean and y max will be 0.02 and 0 with the similar values of ground just you have to change the material you can select any type of material for example you can select the nickel and you can easily cut it away so just click on preview and just you have to click on ok now a dialog box will be shown and you have to select cut away the highlighted shape because you want to cut that shape in order to define the discrete port here right so finally you have to define a discrete port to power up that antenna so just go to the simulation click on discrete port now you have to define uh the values of this x1 y1 z1 and x2 y2 and z2 but it will be difficult to define the values uh you can just pick the points to refine the values all right so just you can pick the end point here and first of all zoom it in to properly define uh two points between the ground and monopoly now you can define the two points between ground and monopole the first point is uh represented with p1 and second one is p2 and now you can observe that the values of x1 y1 z1 are automatically written here so just click on okay because you want 50 ohms impedance here and you have to define that port for s parameter calculation only so just apply and click on okay right so that was the complete procedure of uh designing monophone antenna on cst and you have to just check the values of field monitor and you can define the other values of field monitor if you want to define something else but we have already defined the e field edge field and far field similarly if you want to the uh calculate the surface current of the antenna then you can define the surface current at 2.45 gigahertz as well and just click on ok right so now you have to start the simulation of that antenna and that simulation will take a few minutes and after the successful completion of simulation we will discuss about the results of monopole antenna so the simulation process is about to complete okay so the simulation process has been uh completed successfully now you can check the results first of all go to the 1d results and first of all you have to check the results of s parameters now we have calculated the length of monopole and all the values of monopole for 2.45 gigahertz so uh this tip is approximately uh about -9 or minus 10 db on 2.45 gigahertz however these are normal results on the basis of calculations and you can optimize the results as well so these these are s parameter result and similarly you can uh check the other results for example you can check the four field results at 2.45 gigahertz and these results will provide uh the gain of that antenna so you can check the gain of antenna it is basically omnidirectional antenna and its gain is about 1.17 db similarly you can check the radiation pattern for e field and that is the radiation pattern for e field similarly if you have to calculate the radiation pattern for s field then just you can change the angle and you can check the radiation pattern for h field as well uh similarly you can check the surface current of that antenna so you can check the surface current of that antenna by just clicking on the animate fields all right so that's that's all about the design procedure and its introduction and the result discussions of monopole antenna now let's discuss about the hardware design of monopole antenna nowadays most of the monopole antennas have cylindrical shape ground around its monopole instead of ground plane it is just because for the reduction of size now let's open an antenna to check its parts this spot is monopole of an antenna and the hollow cylindrical shape around the monopole is ground of an antenna connector is attached here to power up an antenna the upper part is loader of an antenna which is attached in the hardware for the improvement of radiation resistance efficiency and bandwidth of an antenna so that's all about tutorial number two please like and subscribe our channel press the bell icon for latest videos as well thank you