Biology has evolved into a science over the last 50 years.
Basic principles and laws of biology can be applied to various biological problems like cancer, viruses, immune and nervous systems, stem cells, molecular medicine, and aspects of evolution.
The understanding of biology today is far beyond what was known 50 years ago.
Historical Context
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 marked a significant turning point in biology.
Comparison of Watson and Crick's impact to Newton's in physics.
Biology has shifted from a descriptive science to a logical and rational discipline.
Evolutionary Perspective
Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, life traces appeared 3.5-4 billion years ago.
Darwinian Evolution is universal, not unique to Earth.
Many biochemical and molecular biological solutions were developed billions of years ago and have been conserved.
Biological Complexity
All animals and eukaryotic cells share similar biochemistry and physiology.
Focus on general principles applicable to all species, not specific species.
Humans are a small part of the entire history of life on Earth.
Focus of the Course
Emphasis on understanding molecular biology and genetics.
Not focusing on species-specific details, anatomy, or complex ecological systems.
Course to enhance scientific and rational thinking, not merely memorization.
Cell and Molecular Biology
Multicellular organisms, like humans, are composed of trillions of cells.
Cells undergo constant division and growth.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic (no nuclei), Eukaryotic (nuclei present).
Organelles and Cell Structures
Nucleus: Contains chromosomes and DNA.
Mitochondria: Energy production, descendants of parasitic bacteria.
Golgi Apparatus: Involved in membrane production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Protein synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes.
Cytoskeleton: Provides cell's rigidity and shape; includes actin, vimentin, and microtubules.
Cellular Function
Plasma membrane segregates cell interior from exterior.
Transmembrane proteins facilitate communication and transport across membranes.
Cells are highly organized structures, not merely aqueous solutions.
Conclusion
Biology has transformed significantly, and understanding molecular details can explain larger biological processes.
The course aims to provide a foundational understanding of these principles in biology.