hello all this video will be like a brief overview then of paper two just like the paper one video the paper two video is all of your human geography topics so this video will cover urban issues changing economic world and resource management so if we start with the first section you'll see when you open the paper the first one you'll be greeted with is urban issues and challenges this is worth roughly 33 marks so it's worth the most marks then on this paper so with urban issues and challenges the first sort of big process you need to understand is exactly what urbanization is now all urbanization is is more people moving into towns and cities and we're seeing a huge trend worldwide of more people migrating into town cities or urban areas that key fact that you can see here on the screen i think is pretty interesting so in 2007 the un announced that more than 50 percent of the world's population live in urban areas and the graph that you can see here sort of proves that or shows us that so we can see here all my different continents and i say right well the average trend across the world as i move here from 1812 whatever it is to 2020 is that more people now in these urban areas so what's causing people then to move into these urban areas i would say there are two main causes here and these are the two coincidentally you're going to need to know for the exam so the first big cause then is rural to urban migration so that's people moving from the countryside into those towns and cities and that's probably happening because of your push and pull factors push factors are things that make you want to leave a place pull factors to the things to draw you in so push factors will be things like natural disasters droughts lack of employment they're not particularly good about a place whereas pull factors would be the opposites so putting a positive spin on things so having more jobs having a better quality of life perhaps following family members that are already there the second thing that's causing more urbanization then is something called natural increase if you have natural increase this is where the birth rate of your country exceeds the death rate i.e you've got more people being born than you have people dying but what's going to cause an increase in birth rate perhaps things like lack of contraception or more people of a child bearing age or a younger population a lower death rate could be things like having a higher life expectancy because there's better living conditions improved medical care any of those reasons important to note them they have different types of cities the one that you need to be really familiar with is this idea of a mega city and what exactly a mega city is so a mega city would just be an urban area with 10 million people living there remember millionaire city would be 1 million world city would be a city that's got financial or worldwide importance remember a city can be a mega city and a world city important to note then that more than two-thirds of current mega-cities are located in nes and lic's the biggest growing ones at the moment are in brazil and nigeria so before we go any further then sort of think about the case studies this topic there are four keywords i suggest you familiarize yourself with so integrated transport system so it's just when we link together different types of public and private transport brownfield sites so these are areas of land that have previously been developed greenbelt land is an area of greenland so think about fields that surround a town or a city and regeneration then is when you invest in reviving an area perhaps by rebuilding it so if we think about sustainability at the moment the idea of something being sustainable means that you can do it again in a year three years five years time etc so i would suggest heathen that you've got four main ways that you can try and generate sustainable urban living so you might think about water conservation so perhaps collecting rainwater educating people on losing less water energy conservation so trying to reduce the amount of fossil fuels you're using so thinking about renewable energy sources waste recycling perhaps then using more recycling and trying to generate a bit more awareness of the benefits of recycling and then last but not least creating green space so you might have heard of something called urban greening which is promoting those green areas within our towns and cities so if we think about planning them and how this impacts on planning our urban areas with case study we've done things about tempo housing the whole point of tempo housing is trying to cope with lagos's rapidly rising population and trying to better their quality of life remember when we talk about sustainability we're not just thinking about environmental sustainability we're also thinking about economic and social sustainability as well so tempo housing makes homes out of recycled shipping containers they can build these in about seven days they're 25 cheaper than a conventional home you can buy them roughly 4 300 pounds or 2 million naira plumbed in facilities so you've got a bathroom and you've got a kitchen and it's providing jobs in the formal sector so those are sort of all your benefits i suppose the downsides to tempo housing is still pretty expensive so you've got to be able to afford that two million naira some people the local people worry about losing the sense of community that they might have from informal housing there's a bit of a stigma around them and the issue with using these steel containers is that steel conducts the heat so they're gonna need to be able to cope with the climate and be well insulated remember the temperature of lagos as well pretty high so it's likely it's gonna be pretty sweltering inside those containers if we continue with this theme of sustainability then we've got to think about traffic we know urban areas are particularly busy places well that creates problems for us and sort of three branches we've got environmental economic and social problems so the big environmental problems is obviously going to be able to do with air pollution economic problems makes people late for work socially you might say well there's a greater risk perhaps of accidents there are solutions to this so you might widen the roads you might build ring roads and bypasses you might introduce things like the congestion charge think about your case study here of kuritiba i'll write that one down for you kuratiba is using that by articulated buses so they take 4 000 passengers a day one ticket takes you anywhere within the city they're also using it as part of waste management and the green exchange where people bring their rubbish to the trucks get it weighed and they swap it for excess or leftover food to save it from going to waste if we then think about your urban change in a major uk city your example would be london london being located in southeast england well why is london particularly important it's grown because of trade you've got the docks that are particularly important it's the uk's wealthiest largest capital city renowned for things like education particularly its universities but with that brings opportunity and challenge so i would suggest that your opportunity center around those three areas you can see i've put here on the screen so if we start by thinking about notting hill an area that's experienced gentrification that's particularly popular out of london house prizes have risen massively but that's also a challenge in 1950s it was a huge centre of deprivation huge race riots if you think about crossrail there's some big benefits there it's bringing an extra one and a half million people within a 45-minute journey of london but the downside to that is it's out-pricing first-time buyers so therefore people can't afford to buy houses in those areas urban greening sort of protecting our green space huge benefit there for wildlife however it's costing quite a lot the garden bridge was a strategy that was launched back in 2017 and they cancelled it due to the economic costs but by that point the taxpayers had already spent 40 million pounds on it so it's about weighing it up here where do you sort of sit do you think these are particularly good things or actually do you think these challenges far outweigh the opportunities you might be asked to sort of weigh this up in eye marker and say right for one uk city you've studied to what extent does opportunity outweigh challenge or vice versa so just make sure you can evaluate these points london docklands then particularly important just to recap that london docklands is your example of regeneration the lddc stands for london docklands development corporation this was set up in 1981 to improve the rundown docks the docks has gone into decline so the lddc came in demolished the area and rebuilt so they built some housing they built these brand new high-rise office buildings if you've ever watched the apprentice opening credits that whole area that's london docklands well why is that particularly good they've planted loads of trees they've brought in 2 700 new businesses they've spent huge amounts on education actually does it benefit the local people that were there before so i'd say the big downside of criticism to london docklands is it outpriced the people that used to live there those people could no longer afford their homes there there's a huge loss in terms of sense of community and the new jobs and things they put in well they had a different skill set to the people already there so the people who used to live there effectively aren't qualified to do those new jobs that they were replaced with if we compare this then to your major change in any city so your example would be lagos well some background to lagos it's nigeria's largest city huge amounts of growth they've got large amounts of natural increase there so more people being born they have dying they've also got huge amounts of rural to urban migration so just about half a million people moving into lagos each year so about 60 of these people living in formal housing so macoco hence why we talked about tempo housing and why that needed to be really good again electricity is only available illegally they've got one primary school 37 percent of population are illiterate they're living on less than a pound a day so again for that nine marker you might be asked to weigh up opportunity versus challenge so i think there are some big benefits here in the fact that 68 are getting secondary education economically they've got a renowned international airport pretty good rail and road links environmentally they've got this opportunity now to build sustainability they've got again recycling of waste really good program there big challenges though well actually what's happening in terms of pollution and why we say that pollution is a pretty big word in the exam you're going to have to break that down are we thinking about water air land pollution and you'll see that these challenges over here i've done exactly that okay so again i'm thinking about right can i weigh up both sides of the argument if this is to appear as a nine marker moving on then section two of the paper will be all about economic world economic world has got lots of terminology to it but if you wrap your head around it should be absolutely fine so i suppose the first thing that's important to say with economic world is you need to understand what development is and development just means improving living standards through better access to things like resources okay and that can happen on three branches that could be economic social or environmental again i've put a little example here on the screen about what i mean for each of those three again then you're thinking about variations in level of development around the world we group countries according to three brackets so lic's nes and hics again make sure you understand the difference between these three important point to note is they will include definitions of each of these three on the front cover of the paper so if you do forget during the exam you can always flick back and have a little look this map over here shows you where you're finding your hics your nes and your lic's around the world right if we think about how we measure development then we have what we call economic indicators and social indicators economic indicators are mainly focused thinking about money so if i want to measure that i might look at the employment type so what jobs people are doing i might look at gdp so the value of goods and services i might also look at the income of the average person if i'm thinking about sort of social development i might look in for mortality so the number of babies that die i might think about literacy rate so those people that can read and write i might also take into account life expectancy the mixed indicator would be hdi which stands for human development index to calculate that it uses both social indicators and economic indicators so it looks at life expectancy income and the amount of education a person has had to then rank countries from most to lease development you might argue that hdi here is the most reliable measure because it's using both social and economic measures the demographic transition model plots the country's development across five stages it's important you understand that there are three line graphs in one here and then you know the change that's happening over time i've summed up each of these five stages here essentially at stage one we've got high death rate high birth rate and the population is sort of a steady level groups i'd find in stage one would be like my tribes or perhaps my amazonian tribes at stage two the birth rate then starts to drop off a little bit death rate remains pretty high example here would be kenya in stage three i've got a rapidly falling death rate i've got a pretty low birth rate but my population now is pretty high so if i look at my graph this is stage three here so countries like india so i think any ease here in stage four again low death rate low birth rate population now is pretty steady so if i check my graph here so that would be us in the uk and in stage five really we've got a falling death rate a low birth rate and negative population growth so countries there would be japan so if i think about development again i can get uneven development okay that means it's not the same everywhere development can be uneven because of a variety of factors these again are grouped into physical and human factors you might be asked for six marks in the exam to weigh up whether you think physical or human factors affect uneven development perhaps which one's most significant if i'm thinking about sort of physical factors i might think about a country's access to natural resources so things like oil safe water i might think about their climate and how that's going to limit their development or extremes in climate might affect things like farming for example attracting tourists natural hazards well they're just being benefits so perhaps particularly good soil but again if you have frequent hazards i.e frequent volcanic eruptions it's going to limit your development and the location so if you're landlocked you might find it quite difficult to trade for example if i compare that to my human factors or aid again that might bring some pretty key benefits in terms of developing infrastructure faster it might improve services but again if you become reliant on aid then establishing trade links pretty difficult trade we've already talked about if you're landlocked can be quite difficult healthcare so lack of clean water might limit development education again do you have a skilled workforce that would enable you to develop politics so things like corruption again the stability of government can affect a country's ability to trade and history so colonialism again the big issue of colonization is that extraction of raw materials can leave countries worse off so if we think about the consequences then of uneven development i would sort of suggest that there are three main ones here that you may all wish to weigh up so you might say right wealth here could be a factor healthcare so better healthcare means that people in developed countries live longer so therefore increases life expectancy migration if you've got a neighboring country that's more secure with its resources it's going to attract people to move isn't it that's going to become a pull factor the development gap then is the gap between the world's richest country and the poorest country and there are ways in which we can go about trying to reduce that gap there are six here in total that i've popped on the screen again you might be asked to evaluate for nine marks solutions to reducing the development gap so i would suggest that you perhaps commit three of these to memory know what it is a positive and a negative for each one will be particularly useful microfinance loans again gives people small grants well that's good because people can set up their own businesses but again does it work at a larger scale aid given by one country to another well that's pretty good if you can invest it but if you've got a corrupt government that cash might be wasted fdi so foreign direct investment when one country buys property in another again better access perhaps to finance investment might come with strings attached debt relief is when it's cancelled or written off so it means more money now can be spent on development but local people might not always get a say fair trade so giving farmers a fair price for their produce again particularly good if it's paid fairly it could help develop things like schools but only a tiny proportion of that money actually reaches the producer and technology so tools machines affordable equipment why is that good well renewable energy is less expensive however it does require a high initial investment if we continue thinking about case studies then in terms of reducing development gap the big one you've got is tourism in tunisia why is that particularly good well they're benefiting from the multiplier effect more jobs and tourism means more money's been spent on shops and other services huge investment in infrastructure the bit that's most important here is the bottom few bullet points where it says how has it helped to reduce the development gap incomes of quadrupled literacy rates have increased to 79 percent exposure to other cultures again it's challenged attitudes towards girls so school is now compulsory for women and girls your case study then for economic development would be nigeria again we've already talked about the location and importance i won't recap that one again but think about the influences upon nigeria's development here again this is categorized into sort of four brackets so political social cultural and industrial again just check can you do two or three bullet points from each of those sections if you need to pause it here so just check that please do the role of tnc's then so again let's hold out this one because this is important shell oil have played a huge role in its economy they've invested loads employing loads of people the downsides of this one is we're seeing a leakage of profits so the money perhaps isn't always being reinvested back into nigeria lots of oil spills have damaged the natural environment again you'll see that we've linked that to these environmental impacts below i think also about age and debt relief again they're receiving quite a lot of aid each year groups like action aid improved health centers etc but still some age is failing to reach people who need it the most due to corruption again you might be asked to evaluate a change in relationships within any that you've studied if we then sort of flip the coin and we think about hic so if we think about the uk again make sure you know exactly where the uk is located sounds really basic but questions like that trip people up there was a question a couple of years ago that asks you to describe the location of an important city within the uk you'll be surprised the amount of people who couldn't answer it so just check that you can now think about what's driving economic change this move towards a post-industrial economy so now having more people in sort of ternary industry think about why that's happening we're exporting more we're importing far more than we were before because it's cheaper development of science parks again support that quaternary industry has access center transport routes highly educated workers the uk car industry your example being jaguar land rover think about why that's particularly important in sort of bridging the north south divide i've done a separate video on that which i'll link here if i remember change again to the rural landscape think about what's happening now we're building on far more green belt land than we were before why is that happening what urbanization is happening a much faster rate for us we're seeing lots of urban sprawl so towns growing outwards we've got to improve transport so we're investing loads there are sort of four main ways that we're doing that they're all in that lovely little paragraph here you've got your brand new hs2 50 billion's been spent on that the third runway heathrow the brand new ports again what's that going to help to do just check you can evaluate those why are those strategies particularly good but also what are the limitations or drawbacks think also here about the north-south divide so the idea that the south is richer and the north is poorer again can you explain the strategies used to reduce that hs2 here would be a particularly good one to draw on in the exam and so the final section then of paper two takes us to resource management in resource management remember you've got the generic section on resources first we will be asked to sort of do all the questions on food water and energy so that would be question three before you would then choose your optional one you're going to choose to do question five on water because that's what we've studied so resources are things that we require for life again that's going to fall under food water and energy without enough food we become malnourished we need clean and safe water we need also light and heat they're basic human needs demand at the moment is currently outstripping supply if we've got the population keep going up and up and up we've only got a certain amount of resources the challenge for us comes out how we're going to meet the needs of the population currently then global population's about 7.3 billion again if we've got this continued growth what are we doing to meet those needs think about economic development and how you can link the two together here lic's and nes want similar lifestyles hscs they're going to consume far more resources now this resource reliance graph sort of illustrates that particularly well if we think about food in the uk what we're sort of doing there the impact of this demand well we're supporting far more people and providing them an income taxes from farmers contribute to local services there's less land i suppose there's a negative for locals to grow their own food farmers are exposed to chemicals agribusiness is particularly important to make sure you understand that so farming being treated like a large industrial business is what you mean by agribusiness why is that good intensive farming produces us more food increases farms efficiency the negative is only employs a small amount of workers we're using more chemicals again pesticides impacts hugely on our wildlife energy in the uk and the changing energy mix so 75 of the uk's oil and gas has been used up coal consumption is declining the uk is becoming reliant on imported energy the majority of it is coming from fossil fuels again the government's trying to get more and more renewable sources think about again the significance of renewables can you evaluate them perhaps lower carbon emissions brand new targets renewable sources why are they particularly important think about the negatives as well though talk here i would in the exam about things like fracking and the impact on local people new plants provide job opportunities but again you've got issues with safety and wildlife and displacement of people and water moving swiftly on them to water in the uk again households are going to continue to demand water as technology improves and more people have got things like dishwashers and washing machines they're going to consume more water this is giving us an issue then with water stress in the uk which is what this graph or map is showing you here again think about where have we got an abundance of water where have we also got water stress okay we've got lots of water in the north but not enough in the south well why is that most of our cities are in the south quite rural remote locations in the north so again we've got to use transfer schemes to pump that water from the north to the south in order to meet people's needs this bit here then where it says option two water this is the stuff you'll need to answer question five if you've got water security you've got enough people then that have got access to clean water supply i've sort of grouped these ideas here into human and physical think about what's going to impact on that well we might cause pollution poverty prevents people from affording water over abstraction if we're taking too much physical them or the climate impacts the amount of water we've got geology again impacts our accessibility to water too water insecurity again provides huge impacts so impacts on our food production if we don't have enough water to irrigate crops industrial output as well because we do need water in order to run our factories impacts on diseases we can have then conflict if we've got a shortage of water there are ways in which we can increase the water supply you'll see that i've sort of annotated all four here but water diversion so again so i'm changing the route that water takes dams and reservoirs to build up a storage of water water transfer so we've talked about that already but moving perhaps water from the north to the south desalination so taking out salt from seawater to produce fresh drinking water big thing here i suppose in the big challenge for our population now is increasing that sustainable water supply and there are ways in which we can do that having conservation schemes groundwater management recycling water and using grey water as well so the final thing to say then is that you've got two case studies as part of resource management should you choose to answer these questions so you've got the north south water divide project you've also got the kenyan sand dams as well so the snwtp south north water transfer project this project here then wants to transfer 44.8 billion cubic liters of water every year then from the south to north of china it's gonna cost let's highlight that one that's important 62 billion dollars via three planned routes again what they've done so far is they build the eastern and central routes 20 million people in the north of country need better access to water which is why they need this so advantages wise it's going to provide a reliable water supply it's going to help industry to develop it's also going to be used to irrigate farmland so they can grow more crops however if you look at this list i think there's quite a few disadvantages to this they've got to flood land in order to build it they're starting to damage natural ecosystems which are pretty fragile raising the dam has flooded land already forced 345 000 people to move the cost is pretty high for consumers the project's only benefiting wow urban areas that's important i think so again just check you can weigh them up highly likely that you're going to be asked for one of the larger questions to weigh up the success of one of these schemes so can you talk about advantages and disadvantages of the snwtp and finally then is kenyan sandams so why are these needed well we know ken is an lic it's got a hot dry climate so it needs that sustainable water supply all year round so the whole point of having these then is that you build this one meter high down the sand gets deposited behind it because river speed decreases the water gets trapped then in the dry season the sun protects the water so it doesn't evaporate and when the river dries up whales can be dug down to retrieve the water that's underneath so why is this particularly sustainable well it uses local materials the local workforce are also employed dam can be raised each year so you can continue to use it into the future and it's made from natural materials you've got little to no damage to the environment again with these just check you understand exactly how they work and why they would be considered sustainable and that is everything for paper too so again i'd encourage you now just to check back through if there's anything there that you're unsure of and just make sure for anything i've said can you evaluate that you can do at least two positives and two negatives it's highly likely those would be the higher tariff marked questions in the exam very best of luck