Bedlam: A Historical Examination

Introduction

• Location: Bishopsgate, City of London
• Established: Nearly seven centuries ago
• Reputation: Notorious madhouse known for cruelty and chaos
• Archaeological Findings: Archaeologists uncovering skeletons beneath Liverpool Street, some from Bedlam

Historical Context

• Bedlam's Origins:
  • Founded in the 13th century as a religious order
  • By 14th century, specialized in treatment of lunatics
  • Name derives from Bethlehem
• Location:
  • Situated in a desolate area outside old city walls
  • 16th-century graveyard recently uncovered during construction

Life Inside Bedlam

• Structure: Small medieval building with about 20 rooms
• Inmates:
  • Referred to as lunatics
  • Included people with various mental and physical conditions
• Conditions:
  • Basic facilities, often no beds or rotten beds
  • Restraints used as a form of control

Historical Records and Patients

• Early Records: Little documentation, first records from 16th century
• Social Classes: Includes paupers and sponsored patients
• Treatment Methods:
  • Herbal laxatives
  • Bloodletting
  • Blistering and restraints
  • Beatings as a form of "cure"

Medical Theories and Treatments

• Four Humours Theory: Dominant medical concept until 18th century
• Electrotherapy: Introduction of electrical treatments in the 18th century

Reform and Change

• Great Fire of London (1666): Led to rebuilding and modernization of Bedlam
• York Retreat: Established as a humane alternative
  • Focused on nurturing and training patients
  • Pioneered successful rehabilitation methods

Public Perception and Scandals

• Public Tours: Bedlam as a freak show in 18th century
• Notable Cases: King George III's madness, Norris's brutal treatment
• Investigations: Parliamentary inquiry in 1815 led to reforms

Archaeological and Historical Research

• Graveyard Discoveries: Over 300 skeletons, some possibly Bedlam patients
• Syphilis and Other Illnesses: Connection to mental disorders
• Modern Implications: Ongoing attempts to understand mental illness

Conclusion

• Bedlam's history mirrors evolving societal attitudes towards mental illness
• Despite modern advances, the complexities of mental health remain elusive