Scrotum: Anatomy & Function

Overview

• The scrotum is an external part of the male reproductive system located below the penis.
• It is a thick sac of skin that surrounds and protects the testicles.
• The scrotum maintains a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body to support sperm production.

Anatomy

• Structure:
  • Divided into two parts by the perineal raphe.
  • Contains testicles, epididymis, spermatic cord, and cremaster muscle.
  • The scrotal wall is lined with dartos fascia, a smooth muscle aiding in temperature regulation.
• Components:
  • Testicle: Produces hormones like testosterone and sperm.
  • Epididymis: Stores sperm until maturity.
  • Spermatic Cord: Contains lymph vessels, nerves, blood vessels, and the vas deferens.
  • Cremaster Muscle: Adjusts the position of the testicles for optimal temperature.

Function

• Protects testicles and reproductive glands.
• Acts as a climate control system to maintain testicular temperature lower than body temperature.

Conditions and Disorders

• Inguinal Hernia: Abdominal tissues push into the scrotum.
• Hydrocele: Fluid accumulation causing swelling.
• Varicocele: Swollen veins in the scrotum.
• Spermatocele: Fluid-filled sac on the epididymis.
• Testicular Torsion: Twisting of testicles cutting off blood supply.
• Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis.
• Orchitis: Testicle inflammation, often due to infection.
• Testicular Cancer: Cancer cells in testicular tissues.

Symptoms

• Pain, swelling, tenderness, redness, rashes, heaviness, frequent urination, and discharge.

Treatment

• Varies by condition; may include surgery, antibiotics, or antiviral medications.

Care and Maintenance

• Perform monthly testicular self-exams.
• Maintain hygiene by regular showering.
• Keep the genital area dry and avoid tight clothing.
• Use protection during sexual activity.
• Prefer trimming over shaving to avoid skin irritation.

Additional Information

• Importance of consulting healthcare providers for new symptoms.
• Emphasis on maintaining general scrotal health.
• Cleveland Clinic is a resource for finding care and scheduling appointments.