[Music] Ancient literacy in the Indus River Valley . Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the fertile crescent, is called the Cradle of Civilization because it is here that the first cities, writing systems, government, and laws emerged, which became the basis of modern society. Let's return to the lessons of the past as a foundation for the future. Prove mesonomous. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Based on the map, what are the similarities between the ancient skills that developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hindus, and China? Ancient people lived along the river. Which of the following is the reason why Nebuchadnezzar the Great had the Hanging Gardens of Babylon built for the happiness of his wife, Amitis? Which of the following were contributions to Mesopotamian literacy? Code of Hammurabi, Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Sigurat. What is the name of the principle that states that punishment should be commensurate with the crime committed by an individual? Lex talonis. How did the division of labor help in the development of Sumerian agriculture? Especially when there was enough food and various types of work emerged in society. There was specialization in work. [Music] As the civilization that flourished between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers continues to flourish, another region is quietly but powerfully forging its own identity. In this same land, cities with planned construction, civic systems that were unusual for the time, and symbols that seemed to have a secret message to convey emerged. Which ancient civilization could this be? Traces of literacy. Discover the past. Identify the contributions that laid the foundation for the present from the civilization that first emerged in a river valley in South Asia. Bricks. [Music] Great bath. drainage system urban planning or seal bricks great bath drainage system urban planning or seal Indus basin The Indus basin emerged in the South Asian region, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, which is triangular in shape and protrudes into the Indian Ocean. The Hindu community today consists of parts of Pakistan, India and a small part of Afghanistan. The Indian subcontinent has three main zones. Northern Plains. There is fertile land drained by rivers such as the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra which originate from the melted ice of the Himalayas. Rivers are important for agriculture and are sacred to the people. The Dean Plateau. A dry region in the south lacking irrigation and not very suitable for farming. Costal plain. Located on the east and west sides, it is irrigated by rain and rivers, making it ideal for agriculture and fishing. It also became an important trade route. To the north, large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and Hindukush are located, which serve as a natural barrier to India's relations with other lands. This has resulted in the development of the region's unique culture . The Hindu Kush pass served as a route for foreigners and invaders in ancient times. Not the location. Determine which part of India's geography is referred to in each statement. Coastal area active in trade and fishing. Coastal plain. Passage through the mountains where the conquerors passed. Kyberpass is a dry region in the south that is not suitable for large-scale farming. Dean's Plateau. Large mountains to the north served as a natural barrier to India. Himalayas and Hindukush. Fertile land enriched by rivers such as the Ganis and Indus. Northern plains. Ancient Indian literacy flourished. Around 2,500 BCE the cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro flourished. Harappa and Mohenjodaro are called the twin cities of Hindu civilization because of their similar plan and layout, they are one of the most organized ancient settlements discovered in the 1920s. They both had a citadel or fortified part of the city that served as the center of government and social activity. It can be concluded that they were led by kings who established an organized and centralized government. Indus legacy. The traces left behind. Infrastructure and innovation. There are wide roads, great bats, and the use of bricks in buildings and walls. Numeration and negotiation. Use scales, measures, and seals in broad and orderly trade. There is a drainage system. The water drainage system and severage system are very good for cleanliness. Urban planning. Cities such as Harappa and Mohenjodaro were planned using a grid layout. There is a writing system. There is a pictogram writing system of its own, but they have not been read until now. Indiscovery check. Check each sentence to see if it is true or false. The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the most organized and developed ancient societies. Right. The clothes of the Hindus were made of silk from China. It is made of cotton and not silk. The people of Mohenjo-ro knew nothing about trade. It was proven wrong that they already had trade relations. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro had wide, straight, paved roads. Right. Indus cities had no irrigation systems or toilets. Wrong, they already have good drainage and toilets. The Indus River trade reached as far as Mesopotamia. Right. They did not use a writing system. Wrong, there is an INDUS script but it has not been read yet. Artifacts from the Indus Valley show a lack of art and design. Wrong, they have detailed jewelry, seals, and pottery. Houses in Mohenjo-ro were usually made of sun-dried bricks. Right. Some of their furniture is made of bronze and copper . Right. Over time, the Indus civilization gradually disappeared. This may have been caused by a change in the flow of the Indus River or the conquest of the Aran peoples from central Asia. The Aryans lived in small communities ruled by the Raj. They were also the origin of the caste system that shaped society and became the basis of Hinduism. [Music] If there is no system, what will happen? The Indus Valley Civilization is known for having a well-planned urban system that demonstrated a high level of order and living standards. What do you think could happen to a city without a systematic plan like the one in Indus? Give an example. Indus covers the blanks. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in the fertile river valley that spans present-day Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. They founded the planned and organized cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Their bag is an excellent drainage system, scales, measures, and a writing system that is not yet fully legible. Eventually, literacy disappeared, perhaps due to the changing course of the river or the conquest by the Aran people. If the Indus River was able to create order then, we can make it even better now. [Music] M