iron engineer so in this video we're going to talk about the actual structures of the respiratory system on this half head model okay so let's start ahead here you're kind of right around in this area here so if we look here I want to make sure that we're very clear this inner area here of the nasal cavity the inner area here right around this part that is actually called the vestibule there's actually kind of like a little vestibule here then actually if I were to come through this area here the air coming in through this area through this outer hole here it's called the external nares it'll move through that hole there'd be like a little vestibule like area there and there's going to be a lot of basically your inner cavity here this inner nasal cavity is going to be rich in a specific type of tissue that the Delia tissue it's called pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue which is very important because the cilia are helping to basically perform functions like beating of the mucus it's also going to help to warm the air moisten the air filter the air humidified the incoming air also and certain people you might notice these basically these nose hairs and you know they have this called these things called vibrissae the nose hairs those are important too because they help to be able to pick up certain particles that are coming to the actual nose area right so they're going to be having these things called vibrissae alright so then if you come to the nasal cavity here so you come through the external layers and you move into the nasal cavity there's going to be this structure here which is actually called the superior nasal Concha then up here is going to be the middle nasal Concha and this is going to be the inferior nasal Concha and in between the soup a nasal Concha and the middle nasal Concha is the superior meatus in between the middle nasal Concha and the inferior nasal Concha is the middle meatus and in between the in fear nasal Concha and the hard palate right the roof of the hard palate is going to be this inferior meatus why are these structures important because as air is flowing through the nasal cavity these Conca and then the ATIS work together to basically turn we lived turbo turbulator air coming in and what that helps to do is if you have that turbulent of the area increases the contact of the air with the mucosal surface to help to humidify the incoming air warm the air moist in the air and even help to perform a little bit of filtering with the air okay as the air gets passed from the external nares into the nasal cavity through these actual mediators in Conca they come back here this little posterior part of the nasal aperture z' you see that kind of that orange line there it's basically separating this certain part here because once you come through you come through the external nares to get into the nasal cavity as you get to the posterior nasal apertures you have this basically kind of like a delighting line here that's called the internal nears so this orange line is just kind of giving you an idea that this is the internal layers are just some surrounding structure so that we kind of know orientation here there's a little hole here that's kind of if I were to poke up through that hole that's actually called the Ferengi tympanic tube or the auditory tube or the eustachian tube Inc whatever you want to call it it's the tube that basically is connected to the middle ear and helps to drain the middle ear to basically equalize the pressures with the atmosphere in the middle ear around it is actually going to be a specific type of lymphatic tissue called a tonsil which is actually referred to as the two bull tonsils this is actually called the tubule tonsils and then posterior in the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity is actually going to be this other lymphatic tissue called the pharyngeal tonsils all right then if we keep going we also have this structure right up here if you can see it this is actually a part of the frontal bone it's right behind the the actual outer aspect of the frontal bone it's called the frontal signs it's one of the paranasal sinuses right and then if you look here this would actually be a part of the ethmoid bone and then this is going to be the sphenoid sinus right here this is the sphenoid sinus right there and you can tell that because the pituitary gland is sitting right in the sella turcica so this is the sphenoid sinus then if we follow this here this part of the actual nasal cavity at the floor of the nasal cavity which is going to be the roof of the oral cavity you think about this is the hard palate this is the hard palate then you're going to have this back part here which is like H and little H this is the soft palate and the soft palate give off a little extension here which is I you can kind of see it right there that's actually called the uvula okay now the hard palate is important because obviously it's made up of like a lot of bone maxillary bone and then the soft palate has a little bit of bone but has a lot of muscle and a lot of other connective tissue structures around it these are important the soft palate is important because there's a lot of muscles like you know the tensor villi Palestine the pelota gloss it's a lot of different muscles here and what happens is whenever we're basically swallowing let's say that for some reason we're eating food whenever we swallow the actual uvula will there the soft palate will elevate so the power will elevate and the uvula will actually come up words and block off the nasal cavity so that the food will not go up into the nasal cavity it only will go downwards into the esophagus I'm just pretty cool now another thing here is if you look here you're going to kind of see like this arch this arch if I come down like this it's like this arch here this is actually called the pilato pharyngeal arch okay this is called the pilato pharyngeal arch then if you look over here there's another one which is coming in the oral cavity this is called the Pilato Glaus arch if you kind of fall like this this is a palatable arch this is the plight of pharyngeal arch and in between these we actually call the fawzi's in between this is the Palatine tonsils okay now what we're going to do is we're going to took a look at some of the actual structures in the actual what's called the pharynx all those different layers of the different sections of the pharynx if you will so if we look here we're actually going to notice three distinct layers we have them identified by colors so you can see green you can see red and you can see blue so the pharynx is actually divided into three sections up here in the nasal cavity portion this green portion here this is actually called the nasopharynx so the nasal pharynx is important because it's actually made up of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue they might be like okay that's cool what's important because this is should only be coming into contact with air so the nasal Frank should only be coming into contact with air why because remember the actual uvula will come up and block the actual nasal pharynx and prevent food or fluids from moving up into the nose then you're going to have this red section of the pharynx which is called the oropharynx the oral pharynx is actually going to be made up of a stratified squamous epithelial tissue and you may be like okay again cool well that's important also because it should be only coming as you'd be coming into contact with food fluid and air right so it can be coming into contact with food fluids and air so you want it to be able to resist against abrasion and friction then this blue segment here is called the laryngeal pharynx and the laryngopharynx is actually made up of stratified squamous epithelial tissue because again it has to come into contact with food fluids and air all right another thing so again we mentioned the pilato pharyngeal arch we mentioned the plateau gloss arch which we call the fawzi's right we have the fuzzies and in between the fuzzies we have the Palatine tonsils another thing is we have this little tonsil in the back of the tongue here called the lingual tonsils okay just trying to give you guys orientation of these different structures around alright next after we come from the pharynx this last part here called the laryngeal pharynx we're going to try to have the air go here and into the actual larynx and what happens is whenever you're not swallowing this sphincter here is the esophagus this little tube here in the back this tiny little tube that you see right here this tiny little two periods actually called the esophagus and what happens is the upper esophageal sphincter will actually keep it constricted until we actually swallow food and there will be reflexes with the vagus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve and other different types of nerves like the accessory nerve that will play a role within forensic contraction esophageal contraction laryngeal contraction right but again this is usually closed that air will only go into the larynx now if you see right here they're denoting it was like the Roman numeral one here or I this is actually going to be the epiglottis the epiglottis is important because it's actually made up of a very special type of connective tissue it's actually made of what's called elastic cartilage and elastic cartilage is important because it basically helps with being able to have flexibility and recoiling likability so it can actually be stretch and recoil back to it and assume it's normal size all right that's the epiglottis what's its special function well you know whenever food is coming down not only does the uvula elevate but the food will actually push on the epiglottis and as it pushes it kind of goes over and blocks the larynx from any food coming in and directs the food only specifically down into the esophagus okay so that's the epiglottis there's a little ligament there which is actually connecting epiglottis of the hyoid so it's called the high o epiglottal IgG event right then if we come down we can actually kind of see here if I will cover these cartilage here in just a second cover the actual mucosa first of the larynx so as you come in if the air is coming in there's an inlet bit so why is representing what's called the laryngeal Inlet so as the air is coming right into the larynx right under the epiglottis is called the laryngeal Inlet then if you look here there's actually going to be two parts of the actual there's two vocal folds if you will this top one up here the top part so you can kind of see here is actually kind of like a central sinus here little cavity there that little cavity is not the vocal cords it's a little cavity there looking like a little central sinus above that cavity is a little fold and that's actually called the false vocal cords okay above this little cavity below the cavity is another fold alright which is made up of kind of like these little tight collagen cords and this is actually going to be the true vocal cords all right why is it's important because whenever you basically are pushing air out to speak the air is moving across these actual true vocal cords and these vocal cords are vibrating and depending upon the amount of tension it has on it determines the frequency of the vibrations and those vibrations will actually move up and have in a resonate within different chambers of the oral cavity than nasal cavity and a lot of these muscles in this speech and a lot of different muscles in the pharynx larynx play a role within basically helping to form those vibrations into actual words so it's unbelievable which is called the process of phonation all right so and we'll look at another model you'll be able to see the glottis but I don't want you guys to just get that confused because again that little central space there is not the glottis the gloss is the space between the true vocal cords and we'll see that another model when we're looking down the layers will actually look down the lyrics okay so again that's the true vocal cords that's the false vocal cords and then if we keep coming down a little bit so if we go past the true vocal cords and we're going to go pass what's called the cricoid cartilage we're going to go into this area here and if you see here 23 it's actually trying to represent that we are now in the trachea so once we pass what's called the cricoid cartilage we enter into what's called the trachea and we'll see this a lot better in another model but again I want you to realize we're going to take a look at a lot of these cartilage here in a second but again this is the cricoid cartilage right here this is actually kind of like the only cartilage on the around the larynx that goes all the way around okay so this is the cricoid cartilage right there and then you're going to have another one which is actually going to be you're going to be able to see a little bit bit right there too so that's another part of the cricoid cartilage and this is actually gonna be called the original cartilage right there but you can't really see the original Carla Jack's is covered by what's called the original muscles and it's important because they play a role in controlling the actual tension on those vocal cords so now we're going to do is I'm an attorney anteriorly so we can see a little bit more of these actual cartilage structures and again we'll have a lot we have another model that will be able to see that all the structures a lot better on okay but just to cover it for the sense of having this model accessible okay so this is the hyoid bone right here and then again way underneath this there's a little ligament which is connecting the highway bone to this actual thyroid cartilage so this is the thyroid cartilage right here and this little ligament here is called the tyro hyoid ligament because it's connecting the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone and then if you know the thyroid cartilage when it actually comes together it forms like a very very in part right here which you can see most people which is called the laryngeal province or you know as most people refer to it as the Adam's apple however in males it's a little bit more prominent because testosterone is actually increasing the production of this hyaline cartilage within the males during the actual puberty and growth period right so it should be a little bit more prominent within males hopefully all right and then again this is a thyroid cartilage if you go down here this actually be another cartilage right here this is actually called the cricoid cartilage we saw that before you can kind of see a little piece of it anteriorly here in between the cricoid cartilage here and the thyroid cartilage is actually gonna be a little ligament there and that ligament is called the cricothyroid ligament or thyroid cricoid ligament that's all just ligament connecting these two cartilage all right so that's that now if we come back over here again if I turn this guy a little bit over here again you're actually going to see this is the other part of the cricoid cartilage and again it's one of the cartilage that comes all the way around okay comes all the way around that's the cricoid cartilage and again above that would be the original Carlow so we'll talk about the arete node and the core niculae tanned the cuneiform in the other model because we can see those a lot better but again just realize that this wood right here is the arytenoid cartilage but as you can see you can't see the actual Highland cartilage it's just like a little bit of soft tissue and muscle there which again are important for basically controlling the tension on those vocal cords iron air so in this video we covered a decent amount of information here on the half head for the respiratory system I hope all of it made sense I hope you guys did enjoy it if 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