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Which molecules act as energy carriers in photosynthesis?
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NADPH and ATP.
How are electrons replenished in the electron transport chain?
Through the splitting of water, which produces hydrogen ions and oxygen.
Describe the structure of a thylakoid.
Thylakoids are membranous sacs stacked into grana; they have a lumen inside and are surrounded by stroma inside the chloroplast.
What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis and where is it located?
Chlorophyll, located in the thylakoids.
What role does Photosystem II (PSII) play in the light-dependent reactions?
PSII initiates the electron transport chain by exciting electrons with photons.
What is the function of the cytochrome complex in the light-dependent reactions?
It pumps protons into the thylakoid, contributing to the proton gradient.
What are the two main types of reactions in photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).
How is ATP generated during photosynthesis?
ATP is generated by ATP Synthase using the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
Why is photosynthesis considered crucial for life on Earth?
It transforms sunlight into chemical energy and produces oxygen vital for life.
Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis primarily take place?
In the chloroplasts.
What are the three primary requirements for photosynthesis?
Water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO2 to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?
RuBisCo.
What is the role of Photosystem I (PSI) in photosynthesis?
PSI re-energizes electrons to produce NADPH.
List the three stages of the Calvin Cycle.
Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration.
What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P, which can lead to the production of glucose, cellulose, and starch.
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