Transcript for:
Introduction to Logging in Petroleum Industry

welcome to the second week they are calling Academy we hope you had a good weekend and without any further ado I would like to introduce our speaker for today and it's basically the best kickoff to the week we're having dr. be back and if you don't already know knowledge depth object knowledge to the students so it's always to have you back let me just introduce him very quickly has five years of experience in petroleum industry he holds a PhD degree from North Carolina State University and master's degree from Egypt also joined a university in his early career lecture till he obtained his master's degree he also used to teach as community college in USA and the industry dr. Robbie had many many positions in all aspects of petroleum industry and lived in many countries around the globe basically the guy is a living legend so please make the most out of this lecture today gustavo / - thank you miss Meehan thank you very much good morning everybody or good afternoon or good night it depends over where you are so today actually I'll talk about the introduction to will login I know that you you actually had another or previous lecture on bulldogging the reason we thought about this one is I need to link this one with the coming for the upcoming unconventional reservoir because the unconventional is a bar will will be based on some understanding of the word login I just wanna make sure that you guys are very much aware of what we need to know from where logging to really start talking about the unconventional reservoir so that's that's not a new or a different presentation just a continuation from the previous one to write the stress on few facts few but is a few observations that you need to make sure you understand it fully because that will help us in on Wednesday where we would start talking about the unconventional res okay yeah so let me start you remember we started the previous week on the introduction to oil and gas industry in America Oh major you I just want to link all the lectures that we have in the webinars including my lectures to the same distribution and same divisions that we distributed and divided the industry and to different segments these segments that has multiple things all these operations all these processes and all of them actually are connected to each other so if you remember this slide that we discussed in the production oil and gas industry we looked at the industry all in all and we said that the industry actually is a circle or multiple connected none or none of them is isolated from each other or will not connect with each other and we put three different or three major different segments the first segment is the identification drilling and evaluation is to remember is lecture second segment is the completion on production the first segment is the field management once you drill we evaluate you complete wells then you have multiple multiple of oils that you need to understand how to manage these wells and how to manage the field in junk and put different aspects of all of these and one of them actually we call logging and wireline and that's the one I'm gonna stress on today it's part or the whole sequence of all chain of operations all all chain all connected not as I'm repeating this again is an integration and a few more none of this is isolated from any any others all of them are very much linked together as you would see that why you study so many webinars and all of it has to be connected together to see where each one fits in the puzzle of the oil and gas industry so from logging and operation it's part of the identification drilling and evaluation from the evaluation side we do login logging can be in two types either in wire line or intelligibility now the question is what is why Allah and what is elderly why am i operation happens after you drill the well and you pull the bottom hole assembly that we talked about before once you pull the bottom or assembly the only thing that exists in the will bore is the drilling fluid the drilling fluid is the only one is in the will bore now before you do the logging operation as wireline log and it is a video from a video just took for what two men from about two months ago or so with a Schlumberger truck in one of the Egypt field it is outlook it is this lumber here let me just shut this down so here is the truck and let me stop here you can see you can see right there this is the wire that's why you put it wireline see here is the truck and there is a wire coming out of the truck this wire contains some conductors that sends and receives information from and to the you get the information to the tools and receive information thrown from the tour it give orders to the tools and you receive information from the tools it is the wire the wire that does this operation that's why you call this wireline logging because we use a wire I can insert multiple conductors normally seven conductors in this wire and we acquire data and we communicate with the tools from the surface here to the bottom hole and we communicate with the with these tools with sending orders that receive information out of this code okay to continue in this as you can see here is the wire going all the way to the ring and from the rig the wire would go down to the wellbore and wire the information okay the information would be brain brought back all the way to the truck when the target has computers in there to store the information and proceed with printing and making tapes and making data all of these for for the year for better data of the web we call this wireline so why online happens after you finish drilling the well you pulling everything out of the will bore except for death or the fluid that's before you do any casing before you do any cementing that's why you call it open hole wireline Lord it's an open hole wireline logging no kissing nothing in the well bore but the mud or the drilling fluid then you go with the tools inside this will bore with the drilling fluids in there the other tribe you call it LW unloading while drilling log in while drilling you actually do the logging while you are drilling so this means you tools are not on wire your tools is part of the bottom hole assembly can so let me also start this video here I'm gonna just gonna run through this quickly but you don't need those yeah here is how it goes and you can see here is the or you can hang the bottom fall assembly alright it is the tools tool to be connected to the bottom hole assembly as you see all these operators you are connecting the tools and then you're putting the tool inside the world bore us as part of the bottom hole assembly you are not waiting for finishing the drilling no you acquire there is a while you are Dre and you keep adding tools and so on until you put all the tools that you require or the tools that you need to evaluate your reservoir while drilling so there are two of them either wireline or held up duty when do we use wireline when we use lwd it depends on the situation most of the time we do we use the LD while between wells like horizontal wells highly debated Wells multilateral Wells vertical wells we don't really do lwd in vertical wash normally in vertical wells we do the wireline line and because of the wildland would be difficult to go for deviated well high angle Wells horizontal wells we prefer to go with the log in wind rain but they both have the same tools the acquire same data was different type of data or different analysis of it and put it this way but they are all have the same type of technology that we will talk about in a second we will understand that now okay so what do we really measure with all these tools that we're going to be talking about what are we measuring there okay the rest of all when you drill a well you drill a cylindrical shape well right but because we actually drilling in an an unknown formation we use motors we use bits we use mud so we are not really expecting that the hole will be in that very nice very clean shape cylindrical shape this is that that's not the case this very nice nothing in here no washout no changes very straight line and that that doesn't happen in in nature in the reality reality what we will get will get the shape okay you'll see a regular shape of the wellbore yes it is cylindrical in all but the diameter of the will ball will be different based on how your mud hell you're drilling actually reacted with the formation that you are drilling not all the formations are alike the mud sometimes dust does actually deteriorate the will bore the will bore will interact with the mud the cuttings will not be in English in the cuttings that you like to have the pressure from the mud is not a highly equivalent pressure from the formation there are so many factors that you study in drilling that will affect the will board is not going to be as nice as you expect it to be that would be the actual shape of the well bore so actually we need to know what is the shape of that will bore what is the diameter at each tips for example if this is the 10,000 feet what is the diameter at 10,000 feet for the dam there are ten thousand one what is the diameter ten thousand and two because it can actually change on a foot by foot basis when you drill away so the first thing you need to know is what is the diameter of this will bore okay so this this operation will actually end up having a will bore with that shape shoe this is the shape short shape of any will bore that that we drill is not going to be a straight line side cylindrical will bore at oh that's expected right so that the eMeter here is different from the diameter there and we need to know that why do we need to know that because that tell us so many things about will more stability also the most important part is when you start cementing when you start the cementing operation you need to cement between the casing and the World War so you need to know what is this this depth distances between the casing side and a will bore side because the old bore side is not a straight line just not a straight line equation that you gonna put there is an irregular shape of the world war that will affect the cementing volume that unit fuse so many reasons that we need to know what is the borehole diameter that we are dealing with so the first thing is borehole size borehole size is one of the major most important parameters that we need to measure for our well bore so borehole size yeah second here is the formation that you drilled through so this is your will bore and here is the formation that the dresser remember when we talked about the formation structure and the reservoir structure in the introduction to oil and gas industry we said that the the hole formation is composed of of grains and these grains are sorted in a way that's sort sorting of all of the grains create what we call porosity so how much porosity do we have in our formation is a very important parameter that we need to know so we have to know that they emitted first of the will bore second we need to know how much porosity do I have the pores is the void between the arrangement of of these grains okay a reality remember this before here is the reality here are the grains arranged in reality this is an ideal case just for the explanation but this is reality here is the porosity right there okay so we need to know how much prestige we have why because our hydrocarbon will migrate from the source rock to our poor so I need to know how much of pours do I have to find out how much volume of hydrocarbon do I have later on so the first thing to measure is the poor horse eyes second thing to measure in the formation itself how much frosty do I have okay third these grains are different for different Authority for example if I am working in a sandstone formation or a limestone formation or a dolemite formation the grains are different the density of the grains are different that's why we need to know what type of formation are we dealing with am i dealing with sandstone or limestone or dolomite this is very important in our interpretation as well so what type of lithology do we have Bible ethology do we have would be graded from from the density - so I have a tool that measured the density of these grains okay and the density of the total bulk of the rock first one is borehole size second one how much porosity do I have third one what type of formation am i dealing with am i dealing with the end stone or limestone or dolomite I need to know their head because they are different and proper yeah going back to which we call this one lethality we'll talk about this in some details later now going back to the pores what does live in the pore I mean what are the flows that live in peace in in this pores okay actually originally everything was water then the hydrocarbon moved in so our expectation is to find water and hydrocarbon in our pores okay we need to find how much water do I have and how much hydrocarbon do I have to actually pour it fluids saturation blue saturation what are the fluids that saturates my pores and how much of it is water how much width is oil the more oil the better the more water bad news so we need to find out if my reservoir has oil or gas or water how much you caused or how much you've oil how much of gas this is what you call fluids saturation so borehole sized is important porosity of my rock is very important the ethology of Monarch is very important how much fluid do I do I have in my pore space is one of the most important parameters that I need to find out okay so these are the measurements that will get full flow saturation talk about water or hydro car okay is the clear now everybody's first follow now let me go back to the same distribution of operation or sequential evaporation that we do one thing that we actually talked about in the petroleum industry overview something was very important as well we call this one production enhancement what is production enhancement advancements I think you guys got introduced a little bit on fracturing or how what we do is fracturing and we increase conductivity of the rod or make passes for the hydrocarbon to flow when there is no permeability and barak that allows the hydrocarbon to flow if there is no permeability in the rod that allows hydrocarbons to flow I'm having a problem so I need to intervene and make path or in our create conductivity or my hydrocarbon to flow from the formation into the wellbore his part how can how can we do this operation it depends on how strong how strong my rocket how can I break this rock okay how can I break this rock all this information we getting will get dissipated from the logging Logan will get the first information which we call the the the one that we use to create the frags we call it rock mechanics so the rock mechanics or the properties of how how solid this rock is what the strength of the rod what is needed to break this rod and create these fractures for mind my hydrocarbon to flow we get this information from log so we get the borehole science from Laurie get the porosity from log forget the lethality from loading with the face situation from from logging even water or hydrocarbon and with it the rock mechanics or the rock mechanical properties there are mechanical properties also we get this from Locke so logging is so crucial that's why we put it evaluation side this is how we evaluate your reservoir from all the properties that defines how imported this zone to you so you need to go and do something for this zone you need to produce it or it is not economic enough and you need to walk away and end the operation yeah so logging is at the very determinant v of operation you determine the continuation of your drilling continuation of your management of the field commit to rationale of how we gonna handle this zone that will be determined based on the information you get from from the logging tool and everybody is following this okay one more thing that I need you guys to be very very very aware and I said three very in this sentence it's a very important thing claim and share okay we need to really spend some time to talk about this it's very important things especially when you start talking about unconventional reservoir so understand this slide very well because it will be very determined and the way we look at the unconventional reservoir later on okay what is clay and what is share alright first of all when we looked at this piece of rock remember we talked about the thin section and we came looked at the distribution of grains and the distribution of pores between the grains okay and we zoomed into this zone and we found it is the ear are the grains and here is the porosity and you can see porosity is very clean it means there is nothing here but fluids and it should be originally filled with water and when the hydrocarbon my grace it pushes the water down because it's higher than density and the hydrocarbon leaves instead of the water lives inside the hole okay it's the situation that good all the time no nature is not that nice to us all the time let me give another example so they the expectation now is the hydrocarbon or Libya let me give you another example here is another another piece of rock that we took a thin section who put it under the microscope okay now let's just look at the certain zone in and sumit look at this here are the Greens here is the porosity is this porosity empty or it is fill do something else it's filled or something else so there is no room for the hydrocarbon when it actually leaves the source Rock there is no room for the hydrocarbon till event so the pores are very much controlled by some other material that actually lived inside my pore space this material we call it clay minerals so clay minerals is very dangerous okay clay minerals are very very dangerous because they live inside my pores and when they live inside my course they reduce my prosity when they reduce my prostate there is no room for my hydrocarbon to left but there is no room for my hydrocarbon tail yep I don't have a reservoir simple and clear so clays are very critical to know what are these clays because they live inside my pores the core the clear on this so clays actually are minerals certain type of minerals without going into details that actually loves to live in my pore space right and clogged my pore space no room for my and pull my hydrocarbon to come and live in here right every clay we call it chill solicitous listen to what I'm saying here carefully every clay is the shield geologically so when you look at the geological distribution of minerals and of grains all clays are considered share and listen to this every clay is a shale but not every shale is clay take this and write it down we have a piece of paper and a pen every clay is a shale but not every shale is clay what does it mean we have a family of five okay call one of your brother and sisters call him clay so that clay that member is part of the family but not all the family called clay that specific person is called shale but not all the family are Coldplay okay so every clay is a shale is in the shale family but not all the shale family are clays am i clear on this it's a very very very important point to understand before you get into unconventional reservoir okay the word shale gas the word shale oil we use it now as you know everybody call it shale gas and shale oil but do we understand the difference that's the most important when you hear the word chill it doesn't mean it's clay but when you hear the world clay it means okay so every clay is a shale but not every shale is clay am i clear on this point it's a very important thing but it's for at least four before Wednesday when we start talking about the unconventional reservoir hey clear to everybody huh porosity if you have clays in the pore space I'm not gonna call this shale anymore and conventional reservoir I'll call these clay minerals yes we understand this now we call this one clay minerals we're not gonna call it shell because shell will reserve this word to the unconventional reservoir so when the clay lives inside the porous paste my porosity becomes close to none there is no prosti and that's actually harmony reserve are clays which is part of the shale family clay is part of the shale family but not all shells are clays I am repeating myself multiple times because this is a very subtle problem you have to understand it very clearly before you even touch the word unconventional resum okay so clay minerals very harming to our two reservoirs because they reduce my bra steam they clog my frosty there is no room for my dream my hydrocarbon to migrate and live inside my fault right what are the basic wireline and lwd logging - what are these - first of all we talked about the will board this is the words this is an actual well bore shape that was drilled in Egypt unfortunately and you can see here is a very very bad will bow yeah this will Boris should be cylindrical will bore but there's lots of deterioration you can see the will bore diameter is changing from one foot other okay we measure this with what we call caliber tools we'll talk about the caliber tools in details later caliber tool is the tool that we measure or that we use to measure the diameter of the will bow so the diameter of the well bore is measured by a caliper to Kelvin understand how about the clays and the clay which is a shield member how can we find the clay in our reservoir well we find this with the tool school camera - so we measure the diameter of the well bore with the caliper we measure the clays where the gamma ray - everybody understand that we need to know how we measure this sir reservoir porosity we measure reservoir crusty by a Taurus cool newtman prostitute so we measure the reservoir porosity by a neutral prostitute and we we measure the rock lithology by a tool called density - yes again we measure the borehole diameter with a caliper we measured the clay with a gamma ray tool we measure reservoir prosti with a neutron prostitute will measure the lithology where the density - we measure the fluids saturation with the resistivity tool we measure the rock mechanical properties with the sonic - it's a family of tools and you choose these tools based on what do you want to measure what are you interested in am i interested in rock mechanics then I use the sonic if I'm not interested in rock mechanics my my reservoir has very good permeability I'm not gonna use the song okay I am my borehole is in a bit in a very good shape probably I will reduce some help the the use of calibers nobody did but you assume that this is the case yeah I have a very clean reservoir then I don't need the gamma ray I'm just giving you an example may not may not be a real example but at least my point is you decide on the tools that you used based on the problem that you have and the measurement that you wanna measure okay you have a box of tools that you pick and choose from these tools whatever you want normally normally we run caliper we run gamma ray we're on Neutron and we run density and density and resistivity so we run this group almost everywhere we call this basic logs and column triple combo table combo is neutral density and resistivity okay nobody's counting the gamma ray as a tool because it's a basic tool so the treble combo is the neutron density and resist it now if you add to them the sonic who call him the quad the combo quad combo is for Tools Neutron density resistivity and Sonic okay so these are the box of tools that we have that we actually choose depending on which prop property I need to measure now as engineers and as we agreed previously engineers always ask questions engineers always ask why okay and to be a good engineer you have to keep asking why and you have understand why we're doing this war while you're doing that if you cannot find someone to tell to answer go to the textbooks you will find answers for sure ok so the first question how does each tool work this is a very basic question second what does each tool measure so how does it work what does it measure yep very important to know how does it work and what does it measure there are two very basic question actually these two questions will be asked based on your knowledge of physics physics is very important information evaluation that's why in the industry we call the people who are working information evaluation we call him pick through physicists it means they are the petroleum engineers who actually understand physics to come up with the measurement that's why we call him petrol physicist petrol phases is the link between petroleum engineering and physics and very sure everyone who graduates for petroleum engineering or any engineering we study two or three courses of physics please go review your physics courses because they'll be very helpful for you to understand the logging operations understand the log in measurements understand the log and interpretation because if you don't have that strength you may not actually know exactly how each tool work and what does each to measure yep we'll go through each one of these tool try to find out what are the physics behind it and what do we measure and what we can extract the information from each one of these tools right so these tools are very very important physics and petrol faces are very much linked together understand this what do we need to understand first of all each tool has to have two things each tool has to have two things to understand - first a physical property to measure that relates to the rock proper I have a rock property I need to measure porosity how can I measure porosity then I have to find a physical property that relates to my prosity to measure it I need to measure the clay content okay I need to find a physical property that is unique to the clay that I can measure which will relate to Clay's okay I need to measure oil or gas hydrocarbon I need to find out a physical property that's unique to the hydrocarbon that I can use to actually give me an indication of existence of hydrocarbon that what it means physical property physical property is what the tool physics is based on so the tool physics is based on the physical property that relates to the rock rock and second a detection method how can I detect this property how can I measure this exactly like we do in the physics lab in the physics lab you do something and you detect it and from the initiation and detection you find the property that's exactly what this one is each tool - you have a physical property and you have a detection method which we call the tool detection so two very important thing physical property and detection map every tool will have to have it has to have a physical property and a detection method and we'll go through all of these tools one by one we'll discuss this and what do we measure okay caliper caliber we need to measure what we need to measure both your sides okay first of all why do we have different borehole sizes on a foot by foot basis wash out while drilling okay because when we drill that they can break actually these draw and gives me what to hold washer washout after the railing when you leave the mud in the will bore the rock will react with the mud and some deterioration will happen because it wash out after drilling some of the Clay's even when we see water grease well swelling will affect the diameter of the wellbore rocket eatery some of the rocks actually falls down at the bottom of the well bow that will also deteriorate they will bore so actually these are the reasons why do we need to have caliper caliper is the tool that we used to measure the bore hole size of our reservoir okay originally that's what we really like to have our our borehole diameter would look like which is not the case unfortunately because nation's not nice all the time which means that diameter in any direction is the same if you have this and you are lucky one way or another your rock is very stable okay which I doubt that isn't any reservoir you see something like this but any anyway if you do have a well that's very highly stable and you can see only you can see that the MSR in every direction is the same or you can have actually an oven ball oval hole will have to them along the ammeter and assure them top okay how can we handle this how can we handle that actually a reality you may not see this and you not see that you will see something like this absolutely irregular that actually have diameters different in the erection multiple directions all right so either this one or this one or there if you have this type of goal so a caliper with two arms well it is the caliper the caliper have arms these are open and close is when it goes into the wellbore and the distance between every two are that nicka hundred and eighty degrees per gram this are and this aren't we making 180 degrees when they open they measure the distance between these two arms which is actually equivalent to that work with it open and sticks to the wall bore and when you move it up and down it actually measures the diameter of the wall board so if you have a hole like this one two arm is good enough how about this hole or army will do the job I need to arm Twitter to arms to measure this diameter and to arms to measure that then about this one would be six arms six arms diameters in 180 degrees and the other one maybe a you move another 120 degrees and then when you move another hundred twenty degrees which we'll show you an example of this yep so the whole idea is you bring a tool that has arms these arms have Springs and the springs will open and close based on the diameter of of the window okay now you can have two arms for this type of full of wealth you have four arms caliber for this type of Wells and you have six arm caliper for this type of water so the caliper will change based on what is the expectations that you see a new reservoir requires two arms or arms or 6rg okay this is how we plot this here is the caliper as you can see a caliper caliber goes from 6 to 16 mean 6 inches to 16 inches can we change this scale no you cannot this is an API scale what's the API API is the American Petroleum Institute that actually puts the scales for us so the scales are controlled by the American Petroleum Institute which is told us for the standard for all companies this the the 6 to 16 is the scale of the caliper for example at this depths for example is 600 meter this is meters huh 3600 meter what is the diameter of the hole bore at this point I can say it is 6 to 16 so that through the span is 10 divided by 5 this is 1 2 3 4 5 so each one of these is actually 2 so this is 6 plus 2 is 8 plus half so it's 8 and 1/2 inch hole so I can find out the diameter of my borehole at any depth for sure if I go at that depth my diameter will be high so I know there is a washout happen here is a washout happen there is a washout washout here so I can actually see how my will look like yeah so by using the caliper I can determine the borehole irregularity how irregular my world bore look like okay give me let me give you an example of the six arms here is an example example of the six are here is caliper number one that measure from angle 60 to angle two for the span is 180 degrees the second caliper from 120 to 300 the third calibers from 180 to 360 so I have three three caliber or six arms every two arm you'll measure certain direction and if you see for example if you look at these depths the caliper here is very high yeah the color caliber number one our caliber number two it doesn't read very hard about caliber number three is a little bit of high but it's not as high as the caliper one so it's very irregular will bow okay very irregular will bow that's why in this well they use the six arms why because Deacon xpr expecting to see an irregular will bore with the shape that we look at here if you look at that that dips for example you see caliber number three caliber three reads very high while caliper 2 does not and caliper one does not so the hole is very very irregular that's why two are would not do the job for our minutiae the job we need to have six arms caliper okay so as I said the tool that you pick and you use depends on your expectation and the situation were your field test which is merely the stresses clays own evaluation so now we understood how we measure the world bore there how do we measure the clays and again I'm not gonna call it jail anymore I'm gonna call it clay clay manner yes clay is a shame but not every shell is clay but we will call it clay for the uncut or for the conventional reservoir don't call it shell anymore shale is not a bad word anymore okay let's just call it clay minerals to make sure we put the names properly so clays on evaluation now we need some physics what is the physics that we will use to measure the clay zone first of all we'll take clays are radioactive that's a property of the clay all Clay's are radioactive it means they emit gamma rays okay so the Clay's ins you should see a gamma ray why because all clays are radioactive we have radioactive elements okay that that's a very good property that will actually make us able to identify the Clay's oh okay they contain radioactive elements what are these elements they told us two main elements potassium and thorium okay so all Clay's contain potassium and thorium potassium is radioactive it emits gamma ray thorium is radioactive and it emits gamma ray and all Clay's they have potassium and we have pearl with different percentage and different components from one clay type to another clay type but they all have potassium and we all have fun everybody understand that now we got the physical point here the physical point is all threes have potassium and for now they emit gamma ray so what is the detection well let's just go and measure the gamma ray let's just bring a gamma ray detector put the gamma ray detector in the world war if the gamma ray detector reads high gamma ray that's an indication of clay zone if the if the gamma ray detector does not read high gamma ray it means it is a clean zone as very very low clay component everybody understood this through the physics that we will measure is the radioactivity of the Clay's we measure the radioactivity of the clay whenever we see high gamma ray we actually raise a flag this is a clay so okay okay so how does it look here is our reservoir and here are the gamma rays coming from where coming from the clay all you need to do is you know that there is a gamma ray coming here then here is your tool what is the tool it's a gamma ray detector that's the whole thing so you have gamma ray coming from the formation all you need to do is to put the gamma ray detector in here and you can't they get Mary okay so when you can win the camera shoot the gamma ray detector and use the gamma rays you can on the gamma ray when you see your high gamma ray hey that's the flag this is the clay so when I see low gamma ray well you know that your reservoir does not have much of clays which means that clays will not destroy your process okay it is an example clays here X is the gamma ray from zero to a hundred and fifty a ap I don't want to go into the details of the a or the API or they will study this information evaluation in the classrooms yeah so the scale that the API put together is from zero to a hundred and fifty measure now look at this zone is it high value or low value it is high value what do you make out of this this is a clay so how about this zone it's a low value what do you make of this this is not a clay so high value in here a little bit of clay I value in there clay low value here less clay and so on so from the behavior of the gamma ray I know where is the clay and where is no clay where is the clay zone where is the clean zones okay and if the clean zones they contain porosity that's a possibility of a good reservoir yeah so look at this zone it's one it's low gamma ray activity look at that at that zone it's a high gamma ray it means it's a clean zone in the table and it's a clay Zana chip very simple so what did we use we use physics property what is the physics property that all clays they contain you active elements which is potassium and thorium if I count the hi gamma ray activity from the potassium and from the thorium I can clearly identify Mike Lai's well understand that so this helped the gamma ray works and this held the gamma ray identifies the clay minerals porosity measure we need to you know somehow understand how we measure process position is a different thing right elissa concept let's concentrate on this for us to measure okay let's just look at the composition of the pores what is actually in the pores whoever didn't buy one I have either water or oil or gas correct in my pore space porosity this is my pore space what should it be their fluency correct what type of flows do we have we have hydro carbon or or water that's that this is the two-fluid all these are the two floats expected in my pore space okay what is water water is h2o correct so it is actually composed of hydrogen and oxygen everybody agrees so it consists of hydrogen and oxygen okay what's oil and gas we call this hydrocarbon hydro carbon what does it mean it means it composed of hydrogen and carbon so the how water is hydrogen and oxygen hydrocarbon is hydrogen and carbon hmm something very important here the the water and oil they share what they share that we both have high ah you can look at how people think now the water includes hydrogen or has hydrogen oil and gas we have hydrogen now if I can measure the amount of hydrogen in my rock this will relate to the amount of frosty I have why because the water and the hydro car will live where in my pores we understand that now to the physical property that you need to look at here is a both water and hydrocarbon we have hydrogen now if I can measure the hydrogen then that measurement will relate to how much prosity do I have in my rock okay why because water and hydrocarbon lives inside or both live inside my my force can so both water and hydrocarbon have a common atom which is hydrogen so the conclusion is if you measure hydrogen atoms this can be translated to forest very simple all right so we found the physical property here the physical property that we need to measure that relates to porosity is the amount of hydrogen in my for space okay let's just play some of the physics that we used to play before which is the collision okay we can actually say this in two mechanics with mechanics and physics are very much related if I have an atom here which is the formation atom any formation atom yeah can atom can be in clusters can carbonates and dolomite in clays whatever it is we have an atom a and you brought a neutron listen to this I sorry the word Neutron comes in you brought a Newton what is the mass of the neutron the mass of the neutron is one okay yeah to make to make mass is one the atomic mass of any atom can be a it can be any number okay for example if for oxygen is is what okay a of oxygen is 16 exactly a of carbon is 12 and so on so the amount a is released to the mass of the atom now if I give energy to my Neutron I give it a very high energy that Newton will move and hit with the atom so I will send neutrons into the formation the Newton load high energy will eat the and the collision will happen what will happen some of the energy will be given to the atom so it will actually move around itself and the other one will be taken from the neutron so the Newton with the energy initial it will have a final energy final I'm not actually from the booting equations into these simple lectures but you sort of put this one single equation and don't worry about this but we know more equations yeah I just wanna give you to give you the concept was really happening now the question is what is the final energy of the neutron and after the collision they gave us this in an equation says the final energy of the neutron after the collision it will be a 2 which is this a 2 of the atom minus 1 which is the one of the neutron divided by a 2 plus 1 squared e initial ok so if the a 2 is let's say 20 it would be 20 minus 1 over 20 plus 1 squared anythi and it shall give you the effect okay let me ask you a question what if this atom is hydrogen okay and everybody answer the question what is the if this atom is hydrogen what is the atomic mass number of hydrogen it's one the atomic mass number version is one now let's just calculate the e final if the neutral hits the hydrogen if the neutron hits a hardened to be 1 minus 1 okay divided by 1 plus 1 so what is the final 0 this means if the neutron it's a hydrogen it will die it will lose its energy everybody understand that now if the neutron that you sent to the formation C is a hydrogen it will hit it and stops and dies ok what does it mean it means you will lose that Neutron ok let me give you an example let's assume I sent a thousand neutrons into the formation and I it's only a hundred back what does it mean it means that nine hundred died it means they collided with nine hundred the hydrogen atoms it means there are lots of porosity in my polish fix but what if I sent a thousand and I got back nine hundred this means I have only a hundred hydrogen's this mean my porosity is low everyone understand that now you send a certain number of neutrons into the formation and you count what's coming back if the coming back is very low number this means there are lots of hydrogen there this means you have good porosity there if the number coming back to you is very high this means less hydrogen is in the formation which means less porosity everybody understand that now so that's why we put this equation to understand what will happen is the neutron it's a hydrogen so the neutron to physics is use a neutron source let the Newtons collide with atoms okay detection is count the number of neutrons coming back here here we go here is the neutron source and a neutron detector is the neutron source here are the detectors so this is the neutron source here is the neutron detectors send here are the atoms send neutrons neutrons will interact with these atoms and it will actually go back and will be detected by the neutron detectors here is a whole thing if I have less hydrogen then I will count much of the neutrons why because the only one that kills the neutron is the Hydra now if I have less hydrogen I will have high counts and my and my detector it means low Prust what if I have more hydrogen in my formation this means I'm not getting much of the counts because what the hydrogen will do to my neutrons it will kill the neutrons okay and it will not be able to right so less hydrogen it means more count it means low porosity more hydrogen it means fewer count it means high process okay we both understand that okay here is actually the neutron - it goes from negative 15 to 45 okay 45 is the maximum Roseman means 45 percent porosity for a negative 15% process I will ask you a question as an engineer I'm not going to answer this question because the man answered this question and need two more lectures and I think dr. Ramel it's not gonna give me that much time to answer the question is anybody in whoever is watching this lecture expecting to have a negative porosity in your reservoir no minimum process in our reservoir would be zero so why the American Petroleum Institute put a negative 15 here go ask about it go read in the textbook to find out why the American Petroleum Institute put a negative porosity in here if you can find this out contact me I probably will give you an answer okay but it will take some time to really understand that yeah now the scale is from negative 15 to 45 why 45 because if you study reservoir Rock properties you know that the maximum frosty for the idealistic idealistic structure which is the cubicle is 47 percent that's why our maximum prosti is 45 person now if I ask you what is the porosity at that depth all you need to do is you go from negative 15 to 45 it's 60 divided by 10 - each one of these six you say is negative 15 you add six to be a negative nine correct you add 6 to be negative 3 and so on add 6 to be 3 will be 9 it will be about 12 or so it's about 12% so the porosity at the depth is 2 a person that's how we measure the porosity in our reservoir fluid saturation okay now we we measure the Borgo size we measure the clay content we measure the porosity and everywhere we've need to find the physical property to measure about the fluid situation blue saturation is hydrocarbon or what so we need to find the physical property to measure okay let's ask a question water is conductive or resistant water is very conductive it means if you put electric current in water the current will flow how about if you pass a lift the current in oil will it flow no okay so I drew carbon is hydrocarbon is resisted so that's a very important physical property water is conductive but hydrocarbon is resistant so how can i differentiate between water and hydrocarbon go measure the resistivity that's all okay so fluid saturation is measured by resistivity why because we can differentiate clearly if I measure the resistivity and the resistivity is low that's bad news because this means it is conductive which fluid is conductive water so this means it's a water zone how about if I measure the resistivity and it became very high then or should be very high when it shows to be very high it means that couldn't use why because it contains hydro carbon so it's a simple as such go measure the resistive so the detection is measuring resistivity will differentiate between water and one so to find out your your fluid saturation do I have oil or gas or water go measure the resistivity and now let us understand this resistivity thing we all know Ohm's law every one of us know Ohm's law what's Ohm's law okay if ever three supra and you put a battery just a theoretical it was a battery and within the amateur here to measure the current you know the voltage you know the current what will happen you can actually see the current will go through it if it has water okay and you will say that Ohm's law will say I current equals voltage over R or I can measure the resistivity as voltage or current very simple so all you need to do is to pass a current into the formation and you measure the resistance as simple as such right okay so if hydrocarbon exists what's gonna happen if the hydrocarbon is exist or in this case your current will be less and you'll stay with you will be very simple who actually did this yes they did let me see how the hell the tool works here is your Wilmore and here is your tool the tool is composed of a current source okay and emits a current into the formation and there is a current receiver or current return you send the current and it retains due to the current receiver right do you know the current you can measure the voltage and you can say in this case I can calculate my resistivity but you need the current to flow from the tool to the formation that's why the mod has to be conducted what about the mod resistive well we'll talk about this in a second but we need them I need a conductive mod so when should I apply this tool I should apply this tool if I am drilling with a conductive mod ok I'm very sure in the drilling fluids you heard about oil-based mark what's an oil base mod you drill with certain type of oil or synthetic oil whatever it is which is resistant so in case of oil-based mud this tool is not going to work we will find a different way of measuring me that is staged ok everybody understand that so you have a current source you send the current and you receive the current at the other side right here is a conductive thing then we call this lateral resistance when you hear the word lateral resistivity it means there is a stivity that works with Ohm's law you send current you receive the current and then you measure the resistive okay here is the resistivity it's actually on a logarithmic scale could easily can be as high as a thousand ohms 2000 ohms so we have to put them in logarithmic scale so the reason for the very scale is because they are very high packed right and you can see right here here is from point 2 to 2000 as a resistivity it is a lower resistivity than this zone okay so what do you make out of this zone this zone has high resistivity all low resistivity it as low resistivity it means this zone has high resistivity this means this zone has low hydrocarbon volume this zone has high hydrocarbon point no question s okay okay at the same time to look at the gamma ray here is it high gamma ray or low gamma ray it's low gamma ray so is there any plane there no not that much clay clay means a gamma ray so this actually low gamma ray has very high resistivity list means this zone is a potential reservoir why I have pores that does not contain clays and it's very resistant come on pores that doesn't have clay and very resistant that's an excellent reservoir so that's how I define my reservoir I look at the gamma ray if my gamma ray reads low and I look at my resistivity if my resistivity reads high good news why this means I have a clean zone that has a resistivity okay yeah we'll talk about the end the process as well you can also check the porosity value and see how much frosty do you have so if I have low gamma ray and high resistivity and good porosity it's my excellent news of the day I have a good rest okay about this zone this zone has high gamma ray is it a reservoir no how about the resistivity treat low so when I see high gamma ray is not a reservoir resistivity or not retie when I see I can see why as if T is decreasing how about this zone it's the same you see high gamma ray you see low resistivity okay this DVD is decreasing and so on yeah so expectation is when you see high gamma ray you don't see high resistivity because it's not reservoir it's clay minerals I gamma ray means clay minerals everybody understand that okay so never to get this what it is what properties unlocks low gamma ray mr. reservoir high resistivity reservoir and porosity okay okay nun reservoir property is what high gamma ray law resistive that's very important when you look at any of these logs look first at the gamma ray is it low or high if you if you see low gamma ray look and look at the resistivity if it's high gamma ray here it's actually highlight this zone has the potential of being a reservoir okay we talked about the resistivity in conductor but I think I will I will cover this one and then quit because the taking too much time I guess so however there is a resistive mod now but how can I measure the resistivity of a resistor but I cannot use Ohm's law that we all understand that because I need to inject current you cannot inject current in oil it's not gonna go oil does not conduct current what need to do it's a very interesting idea actually put a tool that uses electromagnetic wave so this is the property now that we will look at we use electro magnetic wave what this electromagnetic wave will do we need to understand first of all what's electromagnetic wave okay if you look at this this tool here it has this real I red lines here or the red red sections here we call these transmitters the transmitted electromagnetic wave what happens electromagnetic wave is actually takes this format from the physics this was the electromagnetic wave form is a sinusoidal wave okay every electromagnetic wave is the denoted by two things the first one on the x axis is an angle the angle here for every cycle here is zero and here is 360 and goes for the second cycle their cycles and so on so this is an angle who called this angle fees so the world phase in physics means anger okay okay about the y axis y axis is the amplitude of the wave the amplitude of the so every wave has two things as amplitude and it has an angle alright they found look at this if you send this wave into the formation the wave will change it will actually some shift will happen black shift that happens on the wave relates to the resistivity what do you know do I mean by this let me let me see this here is the wave after it was sent to the formation what happened to this first of all what happened is the the amplitude is reduced reduction in amplitude and at the same time there is a change in the angle so there is a reduction in the amplitude and a shift in the angle that reduction the amount of reduction of the Ateneo of the amplitude and the amount of shift that happens at takes place to the web depends on the resistivity of work I can understand that so you send electromagnetic wave then you measure it coming back yep you measure what you measure the change in the amplitude Hey and you measure the change in the angle the change in the amplitude and the change in the angle will relate to have resisted your formation is everyone understand that so you send the electromagnetic wave and you receive the electromagnetic wave in the receiver yeah sure you send them from the transmitter right there here are the transmitters I can if I can go into this here are the transmitters and here are the receiver you send away from the transmitter and you receive him from the receiver and you receive the wave and you see how much shift it happens and how much reduction in amplitude it happen then you take these values and you measure them you actually have act innovation resistivity coming from the change in the amplitude and you have phase resistivity coming from the change of the air okay what you do you measure the phase shift and you translate it to resistivity and you measure the M that the attenuation which is the amplitude and you change it to two resistivity and as I said we call this tool induction tool you have two tools lateral tool that follows Ohm's law induction tool that uses electromagnetic waves and and I think I probably stop here because it's already over to the time American time or should I continue or how's it coming should I continue on this drama hello I think we can do five nice cars you can do like 10 minutes and we can keep the questions for a different session that cooking perfect okay thank you so now if you move to the density to again for any tool you have to have a physics property physical property to measure and a detection methodology okay the physical property chill what is density from the definition is density is actually mass over volume correct true what if I assume that the volume is 1/2 actually getting the density of cubic foot or cubic centimeter whatever you like okay so if I take the volume as 1 then the density relates to mess okay so if I need to measure the density then look at the mass of unit volume the mass of unit volume is relate or relates to density excellent okay now measuring the mass were really two dancing that's what the physical property that we need to measure okay if you look at any at all what is the mass is the mass in the electrons or the mass in the nucleus the message in the nucleus okay so if I actually look at the nucleus this were the mass of the of the atom is which if you come would add all the atoms together through this is what the total mass is all about okay but let's look at this in any Rock number of electrons equal number of protons because the atom has to be neutral in our rod because our rock is not radioactive what is the radioactive Rock Clay's but our reservoir is not radioactive so if you are if your rock is not radioactive we call it a stable Rock stable Rock number of electrons equal number of protons equal number of neutrons this means if I measure electrons multiply him by two that will relate to the mass why because the mass is in the nucleus what's in the new closed neutrons and protons but the protons number equal to the electrons and the neutral numbers equal to the protons as edges as we said in our rock because it's not radioactive okay this means if I measure the number of reactors multiplying by two that gives you the number of all the element in the nucleus which relates to the mass of the nucleus which will relate to the density of the levels so the whole idea can you measure the number of LF if you measure number of electrons multiplying by two okay they will relate to the mass of the nucleus which were really the total mass of the material that's what the message message coming from these components so the whole idea measured the number of electrons so detection is electrons measure that's what the density rule is all about so what does the density to measure measure electrons why the to measure electrons was the relationship between density and electors it's simply because if you multiply the number of electrons by two it's equivalent to the number of constituents of the nucleus which is where the mass is a the mass is the number of protons and the number of meters okay how do we measure electrons here how it goes here are the atoms where the nuclear world electrons are rotating around the nucleus so what we do we get a gamma-ray source at low energy why slow energy because you don't need the camera to go deeper so we send the gamma ray to interact with the electrons if we have too much electrons the gamma R you will lose a lot of energy if you have less electrons memory will lose less energy so we send the gamma ray and we count the gamma ray coming back if the gamma ray loses too much energy this means this element is heavy and we can relate this to density if the gamma ray didn't lose much energy this means this element does not have much of protons does not have much of neutrons yeah so it is light element and the gamma ray energy will be will be a little high yeah so that's the whole idea you just send this and you measure measure the gamma ray so again source which is the gamma ray source choosing the gamma ray source and you receive it into a detector yeah at the gamma ray colloids formation electrons the energy is reduced and the reduction of energy is inversely related to density it means if the reduction in Z is high if it loses a lot of energy so lost piles of energy means the high density low loss of energy means though benzy okay alright so that's how we measure that dance and again it is the neutron tool that we put from negative 15 to 45 the scale of the density which is the red color here is the red color this is a density from one point nine five two point nine five there is a reason for the syste for that scale but again the time is short and we cannot talk about this but if you still need to have an explanation I think we can be one on one explanation so the negative this I asked you all of you guys go and find out why the AP I put a negative frosty here from the physics as engineers none of us is expecting negative frost in our reservoir the minimum process in our reservoir is zero so why the api's between negative 15 that's a big question for engineers to ask why is a negative 15 know what is expecting negative process in our reservoir at the same time 1.9 52.95 is the scale that is actually used for for the benzene to have the density and the neutron here for porosity and combination of lethargy last but not least which is the sonic 2 sonic tool as you said it go at relates to rock mechanical properties what is the physics remember when you talk when you talk actually if you talk from inside your room the one who's outside the room will listen to you what happened the sound went through the rock went through the end and they went through deep the bricks he runs through the world wants through the door social sonic can travel even if if you are behind the wall or something yeah so the idea what does the sonic tool do sonic sound so I will use a sonic wave yeah when sent into the rock compresses the grain that's how the sound is moving the sound is moving because the sound actually compresses the Green's compresses the green and also shears the green you hear this about compression and shear we need to understand what does it mean for rough mechanical properties so the detection is we detect the sound from from a sound source look at this here are the grains of any rock now what will happen if I send the wave here is a sonic wave not electromagnetic wave sonic wave sound wave when you send a sound wave and two grains arranged that way what will happen there will be a movement localized movement of the grains what will our this movement there is a movement in this direction it's in the direction of the wave is moving into that direction so the motion in this direction college compression the motion also OSHA's normal 90 degree orthogonal to the direction we'll call it shear from the compression and shear we can find out the rock mechanical properties so the sonic tool actually measured the compressibility of your rod and the shear in your rod which the compressibility and the shear is what you need to know to frack the reservoir what do you need to fry the reservoir you pump fluids and you compress it into thee into the rock to break it so we need to know the compressibility of the rod and the shear of the rod which we know these two will be able to design a good fracture based on measure properties of the rod we are tracking so the compressibility and the shear are very very critical information that we gather from the ship from the sonic tool is actually a tool that has a transmitter which is transmitted and receiver it transmits sonic wave and it receives sonic wave you send it away and you receive it n receivers 1 and receivers to and from this you actually measure the compression and the shear time in this specific rod and from these two you can actually calculate the rock mechanical properties of this reservoir which will help you to design P cracking or the stimulation to stimulate your rod properly and to determine the pressure required to bring to break these this rock and create the conductivity over so the sonic tool here is what you look at is delta T shear that Delta travel time travel times C which is compression and travel time S which is shear so you measure the compression and you measure the shear the conclusions many tools are available for formation evaluation each tool uses physical property to measure and tool designed to capture the property that what porosity clays density fluid saturation Rock mechanical or extrinsic mechanical profit a combination of tools Iran is dependent on what you want to evaluate who are not running all the tools all the time it depends actually what are you looking for and what why do you need this type of information and that's why you know when you run this tool because you pay money for this the economics will be a big factor how many tools you will run and why you're running history okay thank you very much hope you enjoyed it and you still have any questions I'm very sure you know how to open it just okay thank you very much thank you so much dr. mustafa the crowd wants more no one wants to this was very entertaining and very informative we got along no it was amazing actually and we have almost 200 questions actually well and we will be doing probably 330 minutes Q&A with you on the site okay oh yeah thank you so much again I thank everyone for attending today can you just share your email address because everyone was asking about it yeah okay perfect so thank you so much again and looking forward to working with you again on the Q&A session thank you everyone thank you yeah bye bye bye