so hello hi class seven students my My name is Gautam Lakhani and I welcome you all to it. Motion Six Seventh at. So my little chumps In today's video, today's session We're going to start class inside. Chapter number five of the Seventh History that Is the Rise of Empires. This chapter itself is very important because we Here we will see and understand how the last Within the chapter we have discussed 16 Mahajanapadas Which of the methods I had read about Magadha became powerful and later on How the Mauryas rose. So this You and I do a lot of things within the chapter. Those who read about Indian history Are. So let's quickly see what Some topics are going to be here. So The first topic will be this introduction. We will understand and see what empires are? How the Empire Rise giving as well as We will see trade routes and to the gilts as to how the empires There was business inside. There was trade. with At the same time we will also talk about the rise of Magadha. You will understand that out of the 16 Mahajanapadas, only Magadha How did the rise happen? And most importantly, Joe At that time, the Greeks had influence in India. There was an arrival, we will see that too. of the Mauryas Read about how mighty were the Mauryas. How powerful he was. and most Importantly, talk about Ashoka do. The King Who Chose Peace. So all of this All the things you will read in this chapter Are. This chapter is going to be a bit tall. That is why we divide it into two to three parts. Will read inside. So today is part one. Here But we're going to cover the first three. Topics that is the introduction what is an Empire and Trade, Trade Routes and Guilds. So these above three topics today We will cover this in the session. So let's go Let's start the story. of your book You will get to see it inside. a very beautiful C image remains. made like a painting Is. Where Bhavishya and Dhruv think that Brother, why don't I go into the past? And These people have a device that The name is history. Now these people know that when it comes to modern day Patna, It is the capital of Bihar. that these ancient times But what used to happen? Pataliputra used to be Was. It was a very important city or should I say It was the capital of Magadha. So we see that Using Bhavishya and Dhruva history Where do you reach? Ancient within the past In The Times. And in Pataliputra, as soon as this They arrive there and meet From Ira. Now Ira, give them a little She takes me around Pataliputra. And when these people What is there in roaming around Pataliputra? Do you know, child? It is found that How in ancient times our India There used to be powerful kingdoms inside. and this How big and how many kingdoms Used to be stronger. and in Some important cities within the kingdoms It used to happen. Like Pataliputra where Trade, culture, politics, everything We get to see things. That means that When we talk about Pataliputra There should also be trade within Pataliputra. It is happening, business is also happening. culture Different languages, different cultures, and religions People who follow are also living. Politics is also there because the king himself There sits Being a Capital City. with At the same time, we see that when it comes to Regarding cities like Pataliputra, the main cities They were well fertilized. props to them By building walls, by building cities was protected. Modes End We get to see drawbridges and such there. Used to meet. So in the last class also I I told you about the modes. Modes Basically what happens around the fort. In a way, make a canal. and on top of that Then build bridges etc. to travel Used to go. So what would have happened in earlier times? There were forts that were collected around The Mods. You will see modes around it. Used to meet. Seen filled with water Was. And at the same time we see that here But the markets etc. were full of Goods. Entertainment in the proper way There were many facilities for the people. There were musicians, there were acrobats. So this Where are all the things that we have? It can also be seen inside Pataliputra. Are. At the same time, we see that The king who lived in Pataliputra Only in Pataliputra or surrounding areas I did not control myself. That's a very large area He used to control over. to the farthest extent The king was in control. And to say that he is the king What did he do? a very large empire over a vast empire What was he used to doing? He used to rule. So this chapter Inside we will see and understand that How were these empires formed and when? When it comes to cities, let's talk about main cities. If it comes, how would these cities be protected? was and how some of the other things here But we got to see it. So look at the most First, when we talk about Magadha, we Do you see that Magadha, which later became Changes also took place within the Mauryan Empire. What was the capital of that Magadha? Pataliputra. And our first question The only thing that comes to mind is this empire, man. What happens? What is an empire? So Empire, in simple words, if we look at it a large area when We talk about what is called an empire. And its king is very It is powerful and we call it Aper Are. What do you call? The apparel is called and This aperture is the small surrounding He controls the kings. So what that there is a huge empire where there is a He is a very powerful emperor, he is a king, There is an emperor and what is this emperor doing? Control the small kings and move on Used to be. What are these little kings doing? Are you? In respect of this king, its Leaning forward. Ok? So we see It is said that this king who used to be there was very It was more powerful. And this is the word Empire, where did this child come from? here comes is from the Latin word imperium, which means There is supreme power. So Empire means the most powerful the most powerful And its king is the most important Person when we talk here. So As I told you guys, this is There used to be an empire, it was very big. Made up of smaller kingdoms Was. So what did the king do? which would have been the aperture What did he do? aperture that surrounds He used to gather small kingdoms. He used to win over them. from someone By fighting a war, by marrying someone, By making friends with someone, this way From small kingdoms to small kingdoms Kings were brought along and a very A big empire was built. So, we look at It is said that these small kings used to What was said? They were called Tributaries. What does tributaries mean? that these people are offering tribute to the king etc. used to be given. Whenever the king needed If it was there then these people would have bought it with money, gold from, from goods, from grain, from the army In every way, it helps the king in some way used to do. And what did the king do? Joe Epper There used to be, I mean the aperture used to be, it was a Lived inside a very big main city. in In the case of the Mauryan Empire, we see that Pataliputra was the one that became its capital city. used to do. Raja Puri Administration Puri The economy used to be managed from here. So the total What we see in total is that when it comes to Here comes the aperture, so the aperture is a a very large area over a very large area Whoever is above the empire is ruling. Correct Is? and below it are small tributaries. who were called kings. And when the matter When it comes to Sanskrit, we see that The words for aperture in Sanskrit The one used is Emperor Adhiraja Rajadhiraja uses different words It happens. Like if we talk about Ashoka King of Kings Ashoka Emperor Ashoka Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, so what is this? Aper's Words were used for So the emperor Who was the king or the supreme king? These people They were the ones under whom there were many small All were kings. So what did we see? We said, brother, this is a very big empire. Which was made up of small kingdoms It would have been made. The one who used to be its aperture The emperor was called Adhiraja or Rajadhiraja. Means this king is very much under this aperture All are small kings. And this which He is the king of kings, he is the emperor, he is the one He is the king, this emperor, what is he doing? Is? It is located inside the Main City and is Gain control over the entire area He is sitting. Be it economy or trade Or even if it is administration. And we are seeing that the small There are tribes, there are small kings, these What do you do? This timely to this sovereign, Gifts to this king, to this emperor etc. they keep telling that brother our Accept the gift. So this way we These are the things to see inside the Empire. Was. Now look there for any empire R Certain Features. There are some features. To all What is the first feature? Territorial Expansion Of. What we see is that these empires How were these made? These were made small kingdoms in a way By controlling and by making stones. So we see That if someone agrees to friendship then I shook hands with him and said, come on brother, let's fight. Don't fall. If no one believed it, then he would be against it. A war was fought. So, small kingdoms He built a big empire here by taking along used to go. What was important to him now? Military army. Brother, if you want to fight, You will need an army, right? So whatever this There used to be empires, a well-trained There used to be an army. There was a very large army who helped the king or emperor Control over surrounding areas In establishing and maintaining it. And this king is like this Why did he do it? What was the need for this brother? To this king Adhiraj? that around Small kings under his control Do it. Rule over them. So simple thing Is. He who used to be a king, who became an emperor He used to be the emperor, More resources were needed, more Power was needed. So he is more powerful How will it be made? When he has more resources He will have control over most of the trades. It will happen, he will have control over the economy. So this is what we see here. And All these kingdoms that existed, all the There used to be empires, within these empires we Let's see that very defensive structure It used to happen. The forts that used to exist, the forts that They used to be, they were properly guarded. The modes around them are for us to see We used to get to see drop bridges Used to meet. And mostly when it comes to of cultural harmony, of the people, so what are we see that different cultures, different Diverse groups lived together, together Use to live. And what would have happened was that the emperor There used to be an emperor, who was the ruler of the empire. There was a king, Aper, under him we had many All the little kings were seen who What did Timely keep doing? To this sovereign, Gifts to the Emperor, to the Emperor, etc. Used to keep delivering. So whoever rules the empire He used to rule over small kingdoms If he were a king, what would he do constantly? Were? gifts and tributes and so on Used to keep delivering. Therefore they are called tribal It was also called. So this is basically what happens About Empire and Empire's features. Now see what is it? Like I told you Told what is the first feature? To all What is the important thing? of trend armies Happen. So we see that proper well There used to be a trained army of the empires Inside. who helped the emperor, Rajadhiraja has to expand himself In, to conquer small kingdoms In. Similarly, when we talk about There were townships or settlements It was completely fortified. What does fortified mean? would have been fortified Was. You should look properly at what is around you. The wall was built and what is inside here The emperor lived in the apse and there were guards outside. etc. used to stand here so that if someone If he attacks, we will catch him. By doing it. Similar to what we see here that when it comes to these apertures, these Emperors never start wars themselves. Used to fight. Isn't it? It doesn't start with war used to do. Earlier these people used to try to Let there be friendship, marriage etc. My son should get married, I should get married Go. Then the king had three or four wives. Used to keep. Why? Because what would have happened? These were used for making the relations with the Neighboring Kingdoms. But if neighboring Territories did not consider friendship as friendship Brother used to fight. Come brother, let's wrap it up You like that. Similarly, we are here Do you see that these rulers used to be What do they do? They cover most of the area. But he used to control it. on trade routes Used to control. Why? Because these Did you know brother where the business was to be done? Where should the trade take place? From here. So as much as They will have more control over the reverse, More on the roads for them Prosperity, the more so for them The more profit, the more money they will get. End Mostly when it comes to this What do we see of small kingdoms? that the small kingdoms that used to exist What they used to do was military in a way from power resources etc. which is our Helping the emperor and his king Tributaries in the Form of Tributaries He used to prove his loyalty by giving. So this Where are all the things that we have, child? Do you get to see it? Features of Empire are generally seen. Now all this stuff Inside we understood one thing that the king If you want to become powerful. If the Emperor himself If we want to make it powerful then what is necessary? He should have more resources. and more How will resources come? By doing business, By trading and controlling the economy. So We can say that the trade that took place was It was the lifeblood of any empire. If we I want the Empire to be strong, If you become powerful then there will be a lot of trade there. It is more important. Because the need to understand Is. Now whether it is a war or an army Has to be maintained. It won't be free No. It needs money. I need money brother. So It was necessary that if you wanted to make yourself powerful The emperor has to make himself powerful. If so, it was necessary that he should support himself financially Strengthen it. How are they economically? Stay strong. So that's why more and more What did this king of kings emperor do? These They controlled the trade routes. So In the last chapter, chapter number four, we People read about two trade routes Was. Uttarapath and Dakshinapath. So what There was a child named Uttarapath, what did he do? He calls this area the Northwest region. Connecting the Northwest Region with the East used to do. That's when we talk What did Dakshinapath do? This connects Central India to South India in a way. used to connect with India. So overall What we see is that you can place these trades Look at these red strips and you will see blue Strips are visible. of the whole The whole of India, the whole of India It was connected. And what happens from here Was? There was business, there was trade. So Two Important Trade Routes across the Uttarapath and Dakshinapath. And the king used to try. The emperor tried to control both of them. What happened? They should be under control in some way. Why? Because the textiles from here That is, clothes etc., spices, etc., gems, handicrafts, Agricultural items, animals, all these What are things? From above these Will go. If people buy and sell goods If it is there then it is through these only routes Will do things by following. and these routes What will the king do over this? to your people He will sit and collect taxes etc. Even today it is like this It happens. What we see even today is that when A truck carrying goods from one place to another If he is going to some place then the government He has to pay tax. Isn't it? So this What did the king also do in this manner? in trade By controlling the roots, more I used to try to earn more. Because he knew that if he had control Brother, if it depends on them then they will only get money. Will be seen. Now trade even better to what we see that we Guilds or categories used to operate at the time. Guild is an English word and category in Hindi. So when we talk about category So what were these? These different traders of craftsmen, of money lenders, There were groups of farmers. So for For example, let us assume that there are 10 farmers. There are 15 farmers who cultivate cotton. Are. What did he do? a group of themselves I made it. He said, brother, we Are there cotton farmers guilds or cotton farmers There are categories. Now suppose a money lender There are 20-25 of them, they formed their own group. So why did they do this? Your interest Is it to protect? Own To keep things firmly in place We used to form groups saying that brother, we are not one. Is. There are 10 more with us. So what are we Let us see what category this used to be. What was the work? Their job was to Collaborating with each other, not competing By collaborating with the market businesses inside should be expanded further and We see that the king who was there or who There used to be an emperor, he used to control these guilds here I used to let them work according to their wish that brother You are free. you have to work like Do work. And what do we do inside these guilds? Did you see it? There used to be leaders. their head There used to be etc. which were IED. and leader Only the one who was powerful was made. The one who had money, who was good by nature There used to be someone whose words people used to listen to. So we Let's see what these guilds did. That overall trade within India Influencing, growing the trade. So Guys, when it comes to guilds here. He will ask your question from here. Yours The question here may ask you what Vroom Guilds? And how special they were Husband's younger brother. So I want to tell you what guilds are. Were? There were groups of farmers, money lenders of, traders, craftsmen, one of these There used to be a leader and what was their job? Was? To expand trade, to expand business. And what did these people do? collaborate They were among themselves. Isn't it? Together, the market used to expand trade within. And the king too He used to say, brother, just pay me the tax. Give. I am not in your decisions I will insist. That's all I need, right? Tax Needed So all these things that are We would have seen the remaining party here. Was. Underground Trade Routes and Guilds. So see, when it comes to the Mahajanapada period So what we saw was that there were 16 There were total 16 Mahajanapadas and present Day, wherever Bihar falls, there There used to be Magadha Mahajanapada within the region. We Let us see that the sixth and fourth centuries Magadha, which was a very Inside a Powerful Empire Changing Us Got to see it. especially during the time of Haryanka Dynasty and at that time The ruler was Ajatashatru. During his time, Magadha was a A strong centre of power was created. Magadha had 16 We advanced ourselves from the Mahajanapadas and we Let's see how someone can be affected by different methods. After fighting a war with someone matrimonial alliance i.e. by marriage By making friendship, Magadha is quite a lot We got to see it happen powerfully. Now A question might be coming in your mind, Sir. Why Magadha? Why not the rest? So see Magadha had some advantages. the biggest The advantage was the Gangetic Plains. That is, the one who Magadha was a fertile region within which we It can be seen. This area is agricultural Too much for farming for It was the best. So we see that here It was fertile land. For agriculture, farming For, it was better for farming. with Besides, there were dense forests nearby so there was wood etc. It was also easily available here. So that The boats that were made at the time or you can say that the means of transportation were, but Cards etc. were all made of wood. So here the wood also played a very important role. Play an important role. And Mostly Elephants are also found in the middle of these dense forests. They used to live there, elephants also used to live there. And this which These were elephants, somewhere very There was a strategic advantage for Magadha. Because when elephants used to march in the army of Magadha So brother, this elephant is a threat to the enemies. Used to put it aside in a proper manner. Someone these elephants Only the train is in front of the wild elephants No, in a way I could not survive. So We can say that the fertile land which was Was it the forest or the elephants there? minerals found in or around this area There is iron ore etc. what happened to all this? Very useful in making tools, weapons etc. It became easier. Along with this, the region of Magadha River Ganga and its tributaries are here Like we get to see the Son River Are. So in earlier times the trade which A lot of these rivers flow through in reverse It used to happen through. So the Ganga and Son rivers It also surrounded Magadha from all sides. There was a lot of benefit. So who is of Magadha Geographical location was around Magadha Fertile Land Forest Elephants There Presence of iron and other minerals or The reverse allowed Magadha to become powerful. I helped a lot though There was efficient leadership and there were leaders. Yes, but those leaders also have to take care of all these things. Got benefit. We see that the iron Plos was used for agriculture So, what did this do for farming? land was plowed in a better way. So These things could improve for farming. Farming could be done in a better way. Food grains production could increase further here Of. as well as those who use iron weapons It was done. What did the Iron Weapons do? Army Make it stronger. So the sword, Spears, arrows, all these things were made. Iron was used in this. And We see that in the future, many more We also get to see rulers inside Magadha. meet. What happened because of agriculture? Food production was high. So surplus Food was available. Surplus food available what happened because of what happened that people There was no tension about food and drink. So the rest People started paying attention to things like Get it done. Arts, Crafts, Trades and Culture of Magadha They also do business with other people around them. Were. In the fifth century BCE, we see that we are going to see the coming of the Nanda Dynasty Who gets it. Where? Inside Magadha. whose The ruler was Mahapadmananda. Mahapadmananda who is He was the founder of Nanda Dynasty. And these Nanda Dynasty in a much better way Whatever happened, what did you do? Moved forward. Later on, the The economy was quite good during the time of Nand Mahapadmananda. Developed more. We see Territorial expansion means that the empire is very Grew up. A lot of coins were issued. Mahapadmananda's army was very large and Too much money, too much wealth, A lot of power to see here. It was available with Mahapadmananda. Mahapadmananda Later on, his son Dhanananda who Yes, he becomes the king here. Dhanananda is a little remained unpopular because it was believed that Dhanand used to torture people. too much. And at this time we see Who does Dhanananda face? With Kautilya, with Chanakya. How else Chanakya takes revenge on Dhanananda and completely End of Nanda Empire and Nanda Dynasty And founded the Mauryan Dynasty. We will understand that later. But here But there are two interesting facts about you people. What you should know for sure. The first fact is It is related to Mahatma Buddha We see Siddhartha Gautam Buddha as he was. That Ajat used to happen during the time of Shatru. That is, the establishment of Buddhism It happened around Ajata Shatru. Haring It happened during the time of the dynasty. we see It is mentioned in many places where Ajatashatru himself, who was the king of Magadha, went Who do you meet? Meeting Gautam Buddha Are. We take advice etc. from them. Beans At many places in the time we find Vardhaman Mahavir Who were the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism You read about it in class six. We also had that during the same time period. Can be seen. So to say this It would also not be wrong to say that Jainism, Religions like Buddhism are also growing rapidly. We were able to see them growing together. Later, during the time of Nandaja, Mahapadmananda We got a very best at Dhanand's time. Ancient Text is a book Whose name was Ashtadhyayi and Panini who There was a Grammarian at the time who Got a Sanskrit grammar book written inside it He basically used our old texts were the Vedas or whatever ours were in a way The old ancient text was their phrases He has to deliver his lines in very simple language. What is inside, inside Sutraj, in a way Made the force available to the general public. So Ashtyadhyaya, which is the book of Panini, this A very important book in itself. It can be seen. Now after this, when it comes to Whose people come here? Of the Greeks. So See what it was? So look, when we talk about the Greeks So what we see is that at this point in time Among the Greeks, a warrior developed His name was Alexander. You It is also called Alexander Sikandar. Alexander the Great also mentions it in many places. It is said. Alexander turns out to be To rule the whole world And we see that when Alexander leaves If he is from Portia then he is going towards India. It also comes towards. And we see that When he comes to India, the first thing he does is He is competing against Punjab Northwest Region. It is surrounded by pores. Now in many places It is said that Alexander is Porus. defeats the . But there are different things regarding this We get to see debates. Many People believe that Alexander was buried here. did not defeat Porus. These battles both It was a very tough battle between Because Porus is also very powerful. It can be seen. Well, when we move forward If we go further, we see that Alexander There is a very tough competition here. Had to pick it up in a proper manner. With whom? of Porus with. And when after Porus he moved forward moves towards mainland India when it comes If he has to, he has to face Dhananand's army. Does matter. Now what many people have written that Let's give Alexander a little favor. Many Historians say that Alexander's The army was tired. Alexander's people Yes, I was tired. He had fallen ill. Looking at the river Ganga, he is like I was wondering how we would cross it. This. But many people also believe that Seeing the army of Dhanand, that is, Magadha Alexander, seeing the Empire's army, and the condition of his people had deteriorated to the point that Brother, how will we fight them? So we see that later on Alexander will come back turns and is said in many places It is mentioned that when with Alexander If there are fights inside India then the army Inside there are women and women's too. We get to see participation. We Let us see what happens to Alexander later on it goes back and the areas He worked on the North Western side of India. That is, present day which is our Pakistan. The areas he won there are in the region of There he sits his seventy feet down. What is the meaning of Satap? Governors. That means that What did those people say on behalf of Alexander? do? Will rule. And we see that Later, around 323 BCE, Alexander Where does death occur? Babylonian Inside. The rest is all Alexander's. There was an empire and its governors His followers who are flatterers, they fight among themselves Let's share it, child. It is now said that When Alexander came to India, after coming to India He encountered many of our saints and sages. Also happened. Many of our Naga Babas Alexander's are with them too met and what did the Greeks call them Have you given it? The gymnosophists gave them their name Is. So we see that when Alexander When he came to India, Alexander Ask questions to the gymnosophists. Different Ask questions and these are learned people. Our devotees. He had all the knowledge. So He replied to Alexander Impressing me a lot with your philosophy Gave. And Alexander's intention was to It was to kill. But we see that the Our saints replied to Alexander Those answers opened Alexander's eyes. Di and Alexander were so impressed That he left them free like this and went back. Gaya and it is believed that from here we know Guess how the Greeks saw the Indian About Philosophy About Indian Culture I also did some learning here. So we Let's see if Alexander is here now. gone. He got scared of Dhanananda's army. Now What happens? Now here we will talk about Of the Mauryas. So see what happens After Dhanananda, we get to see the Mauryan Empire. It is found whose founder was Chandragupta. Maurya. So it is believed that Chandragupta Maurya who defeated Dhanananda and Nanda Mauryan by sidelining the empire Establish an empire. And Who helps them? Kautilya, whom we Also known as Chanakya. which a What were the ways of Chandragupta Maurya? One He was a mentor in a way. we get to see It is said that Chandragupta Maurya fought against the Nanda Empire. He also created the larger Magadha Empire and it is said that in South India up to modern day Karnataka Which is their rule that we get to see. So All the way from Afghanistan Chandragupta Maurya till modern day Karnataka We get to see the empire of. Now you You will say, Sir, you have just told me that the modern Is it Pakistan or Afghanistan region? Alexander's governors rule there used to do. So that is absolutely correct. But we what do you see that an Alexander's The governor was Seleucus Nicator. So who was responsible for defeating Seleucus Nicator? We do? Chandragupta Maurya does. And Then Seleucus married the daughter of Nicator. Whose does it become? of Chandragupta Maurya She goes. as well as an individual The guy's name was Megasthenes, who was Greek Chandragupta Maurya was his ambassador. is sent to the court. Chandragupta He lived in the court of Maurya. And Megasthenes came to India and explored many Talk about India, about Bharat In his account of the Mauryan Empire The book was written in Indica. We see that the Mauryas had established a very strong empire Get it built here. Point of Trade From the army's point of view, From the administration's point of view, From the point of view of architecture, we Lots of development to see here. meet. And to found this Mauryan Empire The most important role I played was Of Chanakya, of Kautilya. So look when If we talk about Kautilya, then Kautilya Which is Takshashila University of India Most Popular India's Most Popular There used to be an ancient university where from different parts of the world to study People used to come. So Kautilya is there What were they? He was a teacher. The name of Kautilya is given to us Different views are seen in different places Is. He has been called Chanakya at many places. The rest of his real name was Vishnugupta. We see that the Nanda Empire I told you about Dhanananda who was the last king. Told you he was a little unpopular. those people They used to torture the people. So here Kautilya explained to his king that the king Yes, you are doing wrong. But Dhanananda who is quite He was too egoistic. So if the good king If he had, what would he have done? Kautilya's I would listen to him saying, yes friend, he is a knowledgeable person. He is giving me some advice. Give the right advice Used to be. But what does Dhanananda do? Our From the court of Kautilya to Chanakya He leaves after insulting Vishnugupta. and pushing them out of his court Takes it out. So here the Chanakya There is Kautilya, he swears I hope I can shake Dhanananda's empire. I'll keep it and we'll see what happens later. He guides Chandragupta Maurya. mentors and Chandragupta Maurya is very Despite coming from a very basic family, here What do you do with who you are? of the Mauryan Empire Become a founder. Defeats Dhanand. With whose help? Help from Kautilya or Chanakya From. Now Chanakya knows politics, of Governance, Administration, Economics There was a lot of knowledge. This is very much He was a scholar, very learned. So We see that here the Chandragupta The Mauryas rose, Chanakya played a major role in it. It was an important role. When Chandragupta Maurya By defeating Nandaja and defeating Dhanananda, Magadha Founds the Mauryan Empire If they do, then they will consider Pataliputra as their own. Build a capital. I told you that the There was fertile land around Magadha. Farming It was very good. Farming is very good It used to happen. trade routes as well as The economic system was very strong. So Chandragupta Maurya further expanded it. Let's do the work of. Kautilya's different Greek Ambassador by following these strategies Seleucus also defeats Niketar. Modern Day The region of Afghanistan is also with itself They unite and control the entire North on India and Central India or this Tell us to see their rule till Karnataka It is available. Later on we see that They also had friendly relations with the Greeks. are. So I told you that the Greek The ambassador was Seleucus Nicetar, his daughter's Chandragupta Maurya also gets married. And Megasthenes, who was a Greek He was an ambassador to the court of Seleucus Nicator. We also get to see them. now when When it comes to Kautilya, then Kautilya When we look at it, it is very Very learned and very intelligent person Were. That means Chanakya knew so much, I knew so much that when anyone meant anything to me I used to ask anything about economics. in any topic about governance But they have information about everything regarding war. There was an answer. and those very things He also taught Chandragupta Maurya. So we see that with regard to defense, Regarding economics, administration Regarding governance, whether it is right In other words, how a king should rule. All these things are called economics He wrote in the book. And even today you You won't believe it, children, that in many places Economics is followed. Modern It is also followed on Times. So Chanakya believed here that the kingdom which The empire that should be there should be very Should be stronger. protected Should be. I told you in the first chapter I had told you that too. Must be prosperous. Money It should be enough brother. and warfare battles In fights, we have our military strength It should be strong. as well as Kautilya's I had to say that law and order is very awesome. Should be. That is, if any crime is committed If anyone commits a crime, he will be punished 10 times. First think whether I should commit a crime or not. I will do it. So Kautilya said that It is very important to have strict laws Is. There should be no corruption at all. There should be punishments etc. if anyone harms people, someone He kills for that. So we see that Kautilya believed that a true king So, what is the happiness of a true king? His in public. If his people are happy then he is the king Is happy. If the people are unhappy then the king is right Not there. The king is wrong there. So we Let us see that Kautilya believed that friend The country side is a rural area. We should pay attention to that as well. Proper In this way, economic development is also taking place within the villages. There should be development. People have work Should be. So we see that Kautilya Whatever it is, they give a theory in a way. The name of this theory is Saptanga Theory. So Kautilya's seven-fold theory Basically, the seven principles of governance of the Empire Talks about parts. She says That's how to make a kingdom stable Will remain. How to make a king better And in what way the king and his subjects His people will be happy. So we see This seven-fold theory of Kautilya is Yes, this is very important. From here your Questions may also come in the exam. So Kautilya Chanakya who is on seven things What do you do on Things? Let's focus In which it is said that who is the most important Is? King who is the lord who is the ruler Empire What is it? The second one is called Amatya. These It is said that the king who is always powerful Should be. Must be wise. always thinking Decisions should be taken with understanding. and to the king Always his minister, minister means the one who is his There are ministers, their advice should be taken. The king had a discussion with his ministers. Decisions etc. should be taken only after doing it. as well as Also talking about Territory and People District It is that the people who should be happy should be happy. Proper land should be fertile There should be land, there should be prosperity And the cities, the towns, the main towns They are fully fortified. The fort should be closed, the fort should be closed It is said that today we call it Modern Day Fort. Yes, it is called a fort, it is called a fort If so, it is very important to have fortified cities. that if the enemy attacks us, we If you can give him a befitting reply, you have given it right now. Recently, Pakistan saw the Pahalgam terror attack. The attack was carried out and when India Terror, which were terrorist organizations What if bombs are dropped on buildings? It happens that Pakistan gets upset and When Pakistan attacked us We played such a band of Pakistan, such a band He is still crying, the poor guy is still crying Or not, tell us in the comments. Let us see that Kautilya believed that the We have borders that separate our main cities. What should they be in the proper way? Must be fortified. being guarded Needed anywhere in the defense There should be no compromise. as well as It used to say that the treasury which is the fund, that is The king must have plenty of money. The Kingdom must have abundant wealth. If there is a decrease in wealth then there will be problems. It will happen. Along with proper army and law Penalties for enforcement i.e. proper It is very important to have strict laws Is. It is very important to have order. And at the same time he used to say that Alias It is also very important to have friends. Us Don't fight with everyone. us from everyone Don't fight. If our work is friendship somewhere If it works then we should also make friends Needed So these seven things which were Swami i.e. that the king, minister, district, fort, treasury, punishment And friends. These seven things are of Kautilya comes under the Saptanga Theory and its It was believed that the king had control over these seven things. You should do your administration with focus. So look, when it comes to Ashoka here So what we see is that Ashoka was a child He was basically the grand son of Chandragupta Maurya. He was there, he was a grandson. So it is seen that Ashoka who Mauryan was one of the most powerful kings. Of the Empire. When it comes to Mauryas Only two kings became most popular. First Chandragupta Maurya who came out of nowhere Coming from a very humble background, Despite coming from a normal family With the help of Kautilya, the entire Mauryan Empire Get it established. And then comes Ashoka. During whose time the Mauryan Empire was at its peak It was big. More territory under their control Stayed inside. So we see that today If we talk about the present day, then only If South India is left out, the entire the whole of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and as well as parts of Afghanistan Which used to be a part of Ashoka's empire Were. We see that Ashoka lived her life Fought many wars. But a war, a War was something in her life that changed Ashoka's life. Life has been completely changed. Or let's say that after that war, Ashoka fought the war. He refused to fight. And that was the Kalinga War. Kalinga means present day Osa. When we talk of Osa, Bhubaneswar If we talk about it, then only that one part Was. It was a territory that belonged to Ashoka. Was not part of the Empire. So we see That is when Ashoka fights the war of Kalinga. Inside this war on a very massive level Destruction happens. Many thousands of people are are killed in war and are considered It is said that after this war Ashoka declared peace. adopted the path of non-violence Following Buddhism. now over here Different people have different views. Who People associated with Buddhism say It is said that when the Kalinga War took place, Ashoka Inclined towards Buddhism. people Told him about Buddhism and God One of the Buddha's Teachings of Gautama Buddha What did he do after being inspired by this method? Here lies the path of peace and non-violence Follow me. But there are some historians I want to say that brother, when is there anything left to win? It was not there. Kalinga also came under his control. He went there and his empire was so big Then what was the point of fighting the war? So we Here in these shorts we see that Kalinga War After this, Ashoka took the path of non-violence. Adopted. And mostly about the Kalinga War In Ashoka's book, with its different impressions Access to people through different pillars inside Send the message that brother, now we are not at war Will fight. But it was not the case that if war was in front Even if someone does it, we will still sit there and say, brother Not peacefully. If there is a war from the front will do it, someone will attack us from the front Then we will answer it. But we ourselves are no war I will not fight to my end. Ashoka did this Created my own policy. Buddhism as well To spread the message, Ashoka used different In different areas of countries such as Present day Sri Lanka, Thailand or Present Day Central Asian Countries Inside which you can find Turkmenistan, Do you see all these countries like Azerbaijan? in Regarding Buddhism within countries Emissaries sent. What does emissaries mean? Is? that messengers were sent to spread Buddhism Buddha's teachings are spread in different places Used to go and spread it. So we see to spread Buddhism Ashoka's child worked on a very large scale. Get it done. Along with this, the pillars of Ashoka What did Ashoka do at different places? Pillars were installed and on top of those pillars Ashoka used to give messages to people. Mango He used to convey his message to the public. So that The pillars are something like this that we can see. used to meet. There were huge pillars There were and if you look, there was writing on them. Why so? Even today, if you live in modern day Look what we see in modern day? In modern day we see that different Our leaders at various places are their own How to convey the message to the general public. They deliver through hoardings. You I've seen it on the highways, inside your cities Holdings were placed at different places Are. Modi ji's photo is there. Above. If you have seen it, please let me know in the comments. Tell. So at that time those hoardings It was not possible. The hoardings have arrived today. After printing. But at that time the general public This method of delivering messages to Very long pillars on top of huge pillars There used to be pillars. This is the message above it It was written so that the common people could easily understand it. Can read. So we see that historians says that Ashoka was a very He was a great communicator. He played different raks through pillars of with his people Build a connection. the things he has to say He would have got it written through these pillars Was. He used to get it written on these ads. And The language in which it was written The language was Prakrit. That means most of the People used to speak Prakrit language at that time. Were. So inside the Prakrit language and Bhrammi This was written inside the script. Now you Many of you will be confused as to Sir, what is the difference between Prakrit and Brahmi? Is it something? So look, understand which main we are talking about today. Do you speak the language? Hindi. But when we talk about Hindi If you write then that script is What is the script called? Devanagari It is said. Similarly, at that time people They spoke Prakrit language and the script was written inside, the way it was written That script was known as Brahmi. The script was spoken. and is considered That this Brahmi script is the only script in India. The rest of the regional scripts developed within In a way, you can accept that which happened with the time. Let us do it, this is the beginning, this is the beginning, Mother Is. So we see that in different places Every Ashoka conveyed his message to the public And in the messages he calls himself Devnam Priyadashi used to say. What did he say? Dev name Priyadashi means I am the Lord of the Gods What am I to God? I am dear. Ashoka I believed that brother, whatever I have, God has given it to me. Has sent. Ashoka used to say this to the general public and What am I who belongs to God? Favorite I am a child. I am the favorite child. So this The way Ashoka achieved this through his pillars Deliver messages to the public. At the same time we What we see is that not only Buddhism Rather, other religions may also be Jainism. Yes, even if you have become Brahmins. All of these too What did Ashoka do? Get support. But yes His main inclination was Buddhism We used to get to see towards. The rest of your Through these pillars Ashoka established Buddhism. He used to convey the messages to the general public. But as well as providing people with a place to live in the state. How to follow the rules and regulations for He also used to tell me about what I had to do. So It was told there that brother, you are the protector of animals. You will not commit any cruelty as mentioned above. you more You will plant more trees than All these things to us It was visible here. So one way Through these pillars Ashoka taught moral values to the people. He also used to send messages. We see that The Moran Empire in the time of Ashoka But hunting was banned. Trees and so on are different. were installed on roads. There were rest houses. Suppose someone is traveling, then stop If he wants to rest after doing this then there is a rest house also. They were made at different places. and these The officials who were inside the Edicts, that is Who in a way were the people of the government who But they used to do administration in a way Things were written about him too. people was told that the government They are officials, they are not misbehaving with you. Can do it. They can do no wrong to you and If you do, please let us know. So this way From this we see that Ashoka had a good Being a communicator, reaching out to the general public Try to establish a connection and We see that from modern day Afghanistan Taking our Central India, every Place to see Ashoka's inscriptions meet and this shows that Ashoka How big the empire used to be. Now See, when it comes to Ashoka, especially But at that time within the Mauryan period what was life like for people what was life like We get to know this from different resources. If we talk about Pataliputra at that time So you all know that Pataliputra which It was the capital city, that is, the king Used to sit inside Pataliputra. So we see that Pataliputra was the centre of Governance. That means the king can sit here and Establish your control over the entire empire I used to do it. So there would have been palaces here. There used to be Raj Bhavans, Rajmahals, public There were buildings where the government Officials used to sit there. Along with that which There were complete streets, etc., there was a complete layout. That was a lot of planning. That means a very Develop the city in a structured manner Had gone. At the same time, what we see is that The taxation system was very strong. There was a lot of business, trade etc. And we see that these merchants, There were businessmen, there were artisans, there were workers These were the people, they were the life of the city. as well as Also, we find out that at that time Agricultural interest was very high. And what about us Let's see what happens inside modern day UP We found Sohagarh Copper Plate Inscription. That means an inscription of that time, a written We found what happened in a way that revealed It seems that due to famine i.e. food shortage To avoid that brother, please agree and let's go tomorrow. There should be no shortage of grains throughout the country. In the Empire. So to avoid food shortage For different reasons, at the time of Chandragupta Maurya Greeneries were created at many places. to the grain Large storage space for food It was made. So we see that here From the Sohagarh copper plate inscription We also get information about it. So What are you finding out? It seems to be known that How much planning did you do at that time? She used to say that brother, if there is shortage of grains tomorrow It might happen somewhere. People did not die of hunger Store the grains for this. And we still are today Let's see our modern day government too What does she do? This is what it does. as well as What happened was that whatever was there was given to agriculture It was done repeatedly. That means the whole of Two crops a year, one in the summer season What was done in the winter season? It was grown. And what happened to the farmers Used to give us the lifeline. when it comes to Megasthenes in his book Indica Who was Megasthenes? Tell me in the comments. Megasthenes writes in his book Indica brother, what are most of the people Were? Was involved in agriculture. And Agriculture is the main source of There was revenue. That is, the main money that the king got It used to come, the main revenue used to come It came from agriculture only. And that's why we Do you see that farmers etc. get complete It was kept protected in a proper manner. Apart from this, many other people are also selling different items. Inside he was involved in different works. Some people were carpenters, some people were jewelers Some were blacksmiths who made iron and so on. used to make equipments etc. from it, tools Used to make. So different professions give us Can be seen. When it comes to cities Yes, when it comes to cities, inside the cities There would be proper street signs etc. He said, brother, turn left from here, here Turn right from there. Going to the King's Palace If so, go straight. In this way, people All the information was provided. and the house that They used to be made of wood. Double We also get to see story houses. Also, when these houses were made of wood So if there is a fire somewhere, then to extinguish the fire There were also water vessels in the houses for Brother, if there is a fire, pick up the bucket and throw it away. Will give. Will put out the fire. So in this way We learn how the Mormon Empire Life of people in the modern period Was. When it comes to how people dress People used to wear cotton clothes. in which The lower garment which used to be like today we Bhaiya wears pajamas etc. at that time. Knee length means what is up to the knees Was it worn? lower garment worn And a shawl to cover your body. Type C or you can say for the top here which Clothes were taken and leather shoes were Were worn at that time. So about life We get all the information about which The way of life was within the Mauryan Empire. What kind of activities are people involved in? what clothes they wore, how they lived Were. Now comes the matter of Mauryas that Mauryas Very interested in the art and architecture of There was more contribution. When the Mauryas We talk about contribution that How did the Mauryas take over this country? Make your contribution within India. So let's see what we say. Even today, which Kautilya's Arthashastra is its use This is done within governance. That means today There are also some principles whose We use it within our administration. We do. Even today our government follows Ashoka's Sorry, whatever Kautilya said, She follows. I told you this previously It was also explained in the first chapter in the class. Was. How? What we see as well that we have found many details of the Mauryan period. Things can still be seen today. That means that At that time, within architecture They created things that we still see today. can be seen and their We still have the administrative system that we had. You can learn how advanced it is. It was at that time. When it comes to Mauryas So look, there are different types of Mauryan society. Working people lived there. in which Farmers or those who work in agriculture Those who were involved were important. But their Apart from this, artisans i.e. those who work with their hands people who make different things, Merchants, Business People, Performance People who entertain people also like us Were visible. And all this information You will ask me how to get it brother? So we We get to see terracotta figures. That means we were made of clay at that time But the figures are visible. So this We get to see the figure of the way Dancing Girl in which it is revealed that Brother, what is it that you dance for entertainment? etc. was also done and this jewellery Etc. she was dressed properly. So all this The information that the child gives us. This In this way we get a figure of Sapta Matrikas It is found in what is called the Seven Mothers. Goddess. So I find out how Women had a respect in society and All these things we have Ashoka In what way, at the time of Mauryas What kind of life was this, how were the people who follow the culture? What did you do, did you get respect? About all those who followed religion Gives us information. Now when it comes to of architecture that at that time things were made so see what is that of Mauryas The architecture that was there was very It was advance. If you look at the emblem of India today What we call Ashokan emblem is this In the manner of Satyamev Jayate This is our emblem, the symbol of the Government of India. If you see, this is from the Mauryas time. Four lions are made in it. have been created and where do we get to see them? Do you get it? This is what we get to see In the Sarnath Pillar Capital. So what do we see Are? We see that Sarnath is She is very much associated with Buddhism. It is an important place. Inside Sarnath Lord Buddha Gautam Buddha Enlightenment That is, his first thought after becoming Buddha There were teachings to the people inside Sarnath. He gave it to me. So inside that place What did Ashoka do? A very big what Got it made? A pillar was built which is known as Sarnath Pillar. It's called Capitol. There are four pillars on top of this pillar. We get to see the Lions. This way One of the views is towards North. One South One towards the east, one towards the west. These lions look in all four directions We get it. At the same time, what we Let's see that the Dharmachakra is here inside it. We get to see it made in the middle In the center. And today our national emblem also What is? That's it. That is, the Government of India What is the official symbol? This is it and on this Satyameva Jayate Truth Alone Triumph slogan Or we also get to see the motto. So you Look, at that time, it was about 2.50 from today. What was created a thousand years ago is still there today. We are getting to see it. so how much Beautiful architecture was there at that time. will be. At the same time, what we see is that Sanchi Stupa Sanchi Stupa is also a place for us to visit. It is available. So in this way Sanchi Stupa He is very famous. You get to see this will get. Sanchi Stupa which is related to Buddhism Was connected. The relics of Lord Buddha The remains that were there are kept here. People used to come here and worship. Associated with Buddhism. So we see That these things are preserved even today. Even today You will get to see these in India At their locations in different parts. See Dhauli Elephant Sculpture in the same manner that when we talk about a very big There is a huge stone in the shape of an elephant. Is. I have also been here myself. Or We get to see this inside Orissa. So we also get Ashoka's messages on this. Can be seen. So overall Guys what do we say that during the time of Mauryas But many things were made in different places Went. to promote Buddhism or You say this, there is a lot of work for the people. Done here. where, for example, suppose When people used to travel, they would stop on the way. By doing this he can rest. Build rest houses Went. The great aims of Buddhism There were saints and sages who were there, they were made to stay. For, different ways to meditate We get to see different monasteries etc. at places Meets. So, all of these Things we have in Ashoka's time The child would have been seen at the time of Mauryas. Was. But what is it? It happens here that after building such a powerful empire 50 years after Ashoka's death Within 50 years, the entire The entire empire crumbles and disintegrates. It is inside small kingdoms. So why is this so It is very important to understand what happened. and this The last part of the chapter is The Fragile Nature of the Empires Will understand. Look what happened, the little ones Merging princely states into smaller kingdoms A big empire was created. Such as I told you. Now these empires would have been If they were, they would have been strong but very They were more fragile. That means that very They could have been easily broken unless someone Do not administer well. So what are we Let us see that these small kingdoms It used to be that she always wanted freedom. Their We had to believe that we consider him a great emperor. To the King of Kings, so many tributes etc. are being given. If this emperor is our If it is not above then all this money is ours. So These small kingdoms that used to exist, I was always trying to figure out when we To achieve independence. And whenever someone A weak ruler would come. Now what after Ashoka Happened? Inside the Mauryan Empire after Ashoka Weak rulers came, weak rulers came. So this is the whole Could not save the empire. So we Let's see what the local kings are here What do they start doing then? They start to stop paying tribute. They What do you do? start running around We give. The one who is the emperor, the king of kings It happens, small people do not listen to him. King. So it is very important for the rulers to be strong. It is more important. At the same time, what we Let's see what happens, that Empires were very big. Now even today Our country is so big, what goes on everywhere? It is very difficult to manage. So much Despite having more technology. But At that time when there is no proper There was no communication nor any proper If there was technology then it would be difficult to control it. Big empires would have had a lot of problems. Was. So we see that suppose sometime someone Drought came, drought occurred, flood came. Now What did all this lead to? Natural Calamity Because economic crisis would occur. The people inside the umpire are the same as many of the king's They would turn against me many times. So all this We often encountered problems. The great empires that were now being built We could see unity through them. Prosperity came but problems also came. used to live there. What was the problem that this Empires were often created through war or They were made through force. Someone of their own He did not come with me willingly. By your own sweet will The small kings did not come along. war They were brought together after fighting. So whenever They got the opportunity, what is this all of a sudden? Did you do it? They would rebel. get out Used to go. They would have gone against the Empire. The king of kings would go against the emperor. So this is what happened. What happened after Ashoka? Ashoka Death after 50 years of age The Mauryan Empire disintegrated and We would have become small independent kingdoms. It was seen happening. Now, there's a lot behind it. There were all the reasons. Some people believe that Ashoka, in a way, explained the policy of war Neglect and follow the path of non-violence Get it done. What happened because of that? Ashok Moran The empire became weak. But some people That is to say it is not so. who came after Ashoka Rulers came, successors came, they were weak. He cannot manage such a big empire. Found. So different things in different places. We get to see it. So what happened next? Inside history? What were the things that came next? Will read in the next chapters. This was Third and the final part of this chapter Which name is the empires. And what did we saw? The Rise of Empires Chapter Five Joe This is your seventh class history. Get it completed. The first two parts we already Have done it separately. You will receive the link to the video You will find it in the description. of the video You will also see highlights coming up in the middle. Will see you. So go quickly You will see. Which next chapter do you want? Want to read? How do you like this video Put? Please leave your feedback in the comments Please give it. Share this with all your friends Please do share it. subscribe to the channel Do it if you haven't done it yet. So Thank you so much everyone. Gautam Lakhani signing Off. Hail India. Love you all.