[Music] thank you [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] [Music] [Music] two men stare each other down [Music] two empires hang in the balance twenty thousand men will die by the sword the Roman army is preparing to face the first true threat to its survival the ancient empire called Carthage their leaders are two of the greatest military strategists who ever lived fearsome African cult animal the Bold young Roman named Scipio whatever its outcome their contest will change the face of the world for all time [Music] um the Second Punic War Rome vs Carthage has reached its final crisis it's a confrontation centuries in the making [Music] [Applause] Roman Legions have been a formidable fighting machine since their earliest days how an amateur Army from a minor city grew into a force cape Conquering the world is one of the ultimate success stories of History in the early years Rome was a Democratic Republic 's military army of citizens for centuries it was the proud duty of every land-owning Roman to serve in the name of the Eternal City the citizen militia was a true State Army it was an Army that that was rationalized along along lines of wealth and age and as best we can tell from our study of ancient history this was the first Army that was literally built into the state as part of the fabric of the state [Music] [Music] forces the world had ever seen they seem to have been born with weapons in their hands never did it take a break from their training their Maneuvers are like bloodless battles and their battles bloodstained Maneuvers victory I'm sure and certain Josephus in the early centuries Romans claimed their Warfare was mostly defensive that they were only protecting themselves against their enemies real or perceived territories Romans insisted expansion wasn't their primary goal Rome has been accused of following a policy of defensive aggression and by that it's often meant that the Romans feared an enemy on their borders fearing attack they would preemptively attack this enemy defeat them and Annex their territory once you've done that of course on the far side of this newly conquered territory you would find new enemies on your borders and you might fear them and so thus you're compelled to continually Advance your borders to in your own mind preemptively deter a aggression against your own state was an accidental Empire and yet Romans found themselves engaged in almost constant Warfare in battle after battle Romans came away Victorious and Rome's influence was growing fast back in the 5th Century BC Rome was little more than a smudge on the map over the next two centuries Rome conquered most of central Italy besides constant fighting and training there were other keys to the success of this young Army The Genius of the Roman war machine was rarely the invention of new weapons or tactics rather just as they would in art and Technology Romans stole the military innovations of others brilliant they didn't look for what today we'd call a silver bullet the one single weapon system that would guarantee them success on the battlefield or one tactic that would guarantee their success but they looked for was to treat battle holistically not just as a clash of Technologies but a clash of leadership of will of training discipline technology politics what they were were a body of soldiers who always picked the best and they weren't ashamed to pick the best from their enemies from the Greeks Romans took most of their early weapons and armor like traditional round Shields and hoplite thrusting Spears from the Galls along Javelin called appealand which they could throw a hundred feet along with larger oblong Shields and chain mail armor [Music] and from the nearby Etruscans Rome copied the basic organization of her military allegiance of roughly 5 000 men each the Romans knew how to find an edge anywhere they could the Roman army with few exceptions was always well fit and healthy now in an age of muscle-powered armies where physical strength determines your dominance over an enemy being healthy and being rested and well fed would be today like having a weapons overmatched against an enemy in a Firepower battle is very important another secret to Rome's success was extreme unflinching discipline if any Soldier deserted or ran from Battle his entire unit faced brutal punishment one in every 10 men was beaten stoned or flogged to death every Roman soldier knew that never an option it was a policy that often made the difference between Victory and defeat [Music] in the eyeball to eyeball combat of the ancient world retreat was almost always the wrong move two men armed with swords and shields find it surprisingly difficult to seriously wound or kill each other until that is one of them turns and runs it's far easier to stab an enemy's unprotected back and sides so the bloodiest Slaughters occurred when an army panicked turned their backs and ran thanks to their unwavering discipline the great Roman Legions just didn't panic by 260 BC Rome controlled more than 52 000 square miles the entire Italian Peninsula south of the Po River and she would not stop here Rome's reach across the map was now bumping elbows with another much older Empire Carthage this powerful Empire controlled much of North Africa Spain Sicily and Sardinia first settled by Traders from what is now Lebanon the city of Carthage was founded in 814 BC before Rome was even a collection of mud huts the great Jewel of the Mediterranean Carthage was rivaled by no other city on earth least of all young Rome little is known about the carthaginians who left behind almost no written record what is known comes from archaeological finds and stories passed down by the Greeks and Romans one scrap of evidence about Carthage overshadows all others a bizarre ritual that struck even the Romans as utterly barbaric the god balham demanded Human Sacrifice from the ancient Africans Carthage gave him her children in a sacred ceremony a priest lifted up the child strangled him to death then burned the small body in a ritual fire these carved Stones Mark the graves of sacrificed babies there are thousands near Carthage hundreds of children at a time were killed in the desperate attempt to bring rain in times of drought or repulse an enemy in times of War Romans claimed that child sacrifice was the root of Rome's hatred for Carthage more likely the African Empire simply stood in Rome's ambitious way Rome continued to claim her wars were defensive but it's doubtful even Romans believed this once she turned a hungry eye toward Africa yeah 265 BC the first Punic War with Carthage seemed horribly one-sided [Music] Carthage was a great sea power and Romans had never fought a single battle at sea and so the Romans ordered a fight at a naval war had to develop the Navy and they got a break early in this war when they found a carthaginian warship that had accidentally washed up on the shore of the Italian Coast after having been abandoned by its crew during a storm and they closely studied the carthaginian valsolei it took it apart found out how it was built and then built hundreds of exact replicas of this carthaginian ship so the Romans now had a fleet new to Naval Warfare the Romans had to find a way to turn things to their advantage they soon found instead of bombarding from a distance Roman soldiers boarded the enemy ships using a specially designed plank called a corvus hand-to-hand combat Roman Legions was just as deadly as on land [Music] 23 years of fighting but the Romans won the first Punic War in 241 BC [Music] the rich islands of Sicily in Sardinia and the Carthage to sign a crushing treaty giving the Empire's entire treasury to Rome said a young boy witnessed his people's humiliation that day son of a carthaginian general looked down bitter bowing Revenge the child's name was Hannibal [Music] [Applause] two decades after Carthage lost the first Punic War Hannibal was now a soldier the leader of his nation's military he was 25 years old and already a great warrior fresh from the conquest of Spain he reminded his troops of his promise to punish Rome year after year you have fought with me and won steal your hearts to March forward to Halt only the walls of Rome but attacking Rome wouldn't be easy no longer in control of the Mediterranean Hannibal would have to make the journey by land crossing the Alps with forty thousand men and 37 elephants [Music] Autumn 218 BC man and Beast trudge for months over cruel terrain their Serpentine parade stretches more than 15 miles Hannibal's troops are professional soldiers well-equipped and well trained and yet the long journey takes a grim toll [Music] when they finally make it through the mountains one-third of animals men are dead most of the horses and all but one of the elephants have perished and yet march on before the first battle Romans C Hannibal is a potent threat a war like foe Carthage had long been an enemy of Rome and they were bringing with them countless Spaniards already battle-hungry and soon be raising Galls with their insatiable appetite for blood War was coming and it would be fought in Italy in defense of the walls of Rome living [Music] the Roman senate raised six new Legions more than thirty thousand men the Second Punic War was begun time the deciding factor wouldn't be Manpower but strategy most Roman commanders were political appointees with little Battlefield experience no match for a military genius like Hannibal cattle had a spark I mean he had many things that made him a great leader I mean he was a he knew how to motivate troops he knew how to innovate on the battlefield he knew how to make the optimum use of of the tools at his command but in addition to that he had that spark he had the ability to read an enemy and find that one maneuver that would cause the enemy to collapse in battle after battle Hannibal humiliated the Roman Legions the most devastating defeat was the Battle of Kanai here Hannibal though badly outnumbered managed to surround the Romans and slaughtered them fifty thousand Romans more than half the entire Roman military killed in the worst defeat Rome ever suffered at last Rome saw Hannibal for what he was the first true threat to her survival for 15 long years the war against Hannibal dragged on and large areas of southern Italy defected to him Hannibal never lost a single battle many wondered how long it would be before he attacked the city of Rome it was widely expected of course that he would take the city but Rome was heavily fortified Hannibal seems to have not had proper Siege equipment no matter how many armies of the Romans and their allies Hannibal could defeat the Romans were always able to raise new armies to put new armies into the field and ultimately Hannibal failed to take the city [Music] and yet the tide didn't turn against Hannibal until the Senate called up a military leader in the same league with the legendary carthaginian Publius Cornelius Scipio had the cunning and the Charisma to match the so-called scourge of Rome the son of a general and the Survivor of the battle of Kanai the young Scipio studied Hannibal's tactics closely then in 204 BC rather than confront Hannibal in Italy Scipio had a brilliant but risky plan an end run sailed to Africa and invaded the Empire of Carthage Carthage was forced to respond recalling Hannibal from his 17-year torment of Italy it was the moment of truth scibio and Hannibal would fight a single battle to decide the Second Punic War the Battle of Zama [Music] the two armies gathered forces in the countryside of what is now Central Tunisia outside the ancient city of Zama Hannibal [Music] it's believed the two men met face to face just before the ultimate battle in an attempt to make peace Scipio retainable's term saying to his rival prepare for war since evidently you have found peace intolerable [Applause] [Music] the two sides were well matched with about 34 000 men each but there were crucial difference Hannibal had been resupplied with 80 of his dreaded elephants but Scipio had drilled his troops in new tactics for dealing with the great beasts the Roman troops would form long corridors to funnel the charging elephants away from the front lines where they do the most damage Scipio also had the support of thousands of local numidian Cavalry who defected from Hamilton renowned is the best Cavalry in the world the horsemen added to scipio's Edge [Music] Scipio finally and soundly defeated Hannibal at Zama Carthage was crippled Carthage was forced to hand over all but 10 of her warships all her elephants and a treasure so great it would take 20 years to pay the once great Empire was impoverished and stripped of all power Hannibal escaped from the Battle of Zama for a time he tried to revive his waning Carthage but eventually fled into Exile in Greece and though the Aging Warrior no longer posed any threat Rome still pursued him determined to capture the famous scourge ultimately Hannibal did denied her the pleasure let us free the Roman people of their long-standing anxiety seeing that they find it tedious to wait for an old man's death it is no magnificent Victory to defeat a man unarmed and betrayed with that Hannibal put a drink of poison to his lips and drained his cup even Hannibal's suicide was not Victory enough after so many years of War Rome still saw Carthage as an enemy and could not abide her survival in any form in 146 BC Rome destroyed the African Empire once and for all in the final Punic Wars slaughtering half a million people the pearl of the Mediterranean is ground into dust Carthage is no more Rome now controlled the entire Mediterranean along with parts of Spain Southern Gaul and the Italian peninsula at the same time Rome's power was spreading Eastward in all Roman armies held more than 250 000 square miles small Backwater City had become a dominant world power [Music] in the past 50 years alone she more than tripled her domain [Music] her military was the most successful fighting force the world had ever known no power on Earth could truly threaten her and every nation in a reach had reason to fear but success wasn't all it's cracked up to be more than a century after the wars against Carthage began Rome was left drained both financially and emotionally [Music] War weary Romans had lost hundreds of thousands of sons to bloody battles in Far Away lands surviving soldiers had been fighting so long they barely remembered their homes one thing became clear a non-professional citizen Army was no longer adequate for an Empire the size of rooms [Music] it would fall largely to one man to professionalize the Roman military General and politician named Gaius Marius Maria saw the need for far-reaching changes in the structure of the Roman army to be a soldier would now be a career in itself not merely a sideline for landed citizens [Music] Marius recruited even the poorest Romans into the legions and issued them standardized equipment making them the best outfitted soldiers in the ancient world including weapons a soldier carried at least 80 pounds on his back earning troops of this era the nickname marius's mules Rome's first true professional soldiers were even more fit and better disciplined than earlier armies but the biggest change of all this new class of warrior had a special relationship with its Commander [Music] when they became veterans Marius would personally see to it that his men received a granted land often in recently conquered territories in the end this was more than a generous perk for poor Soldiers with no Farms to return to in fact it was revolutionary suddenly a soldier's first loyalty was to the general who recruited him and took care of him in old age and not to the state for the first time the soldier looked to the general not only for Allegiance but for pay for retirement benefits if you will and and then over time then the Army began to dominate the state rather than the state dominating the Army and that's the terrible Legacy of Marius powerful generals now control their own private armies soon they would use them however they saw fit even against Rome persona [Music] by the first century BC a powerful General called Lucius Cornelius Sola would be the first to cash in on the Loyalty of his man and Sula was famous for commanding the affections of soldiers it was solo more than anyone else who set the example in order to corrupt and win over the soldiers of other generals he gave his own troops a good time and spent money lavishly on them it was thus at the same time encouraging the evils of both treachery and of departure in 89 BC when the Senate ordered sullah to hand over control of his army in southern Italy he refused and his troops remained fiercely devoted to armed with six Renegade Legions more than thirty thousand men Sullivan did an astonishing thing he marched on the city of Rome [Music] [Applause] once in control of the city Summer's soldiers went on a bloody Rampage [Music] hundreds of Solas are political enemies were then rounded up and executed and he was the first among several generals who was to use as military forces in this way Sola planted his own supporters in power and quickly left the city in peace but nothing in Rome would ever be the same a Roman general used his troops to enforce his own political power it was the first time but it would by no means be the last soon another Roman army would March against Rome led by a great leader politician and gender [Music] a man named Julius Caesar [Music] he was a slightly built man with soft and white skin who suffered from headaches and was subject to epileptic fits he was particular in his personal appearance and dress was clean-shaven and was sensitive of his premature balding Pluto shrewd and intense the future dictator clearly saw his path to power we buy Victory on the battle and hoped to be tariously as a leader in Rome now 40 years old Caesar needed a war to win and the obvious choice was to make one of his very own in a place called Gaul the Senate named Caesar governor of three provinces elyricum says Alpine and transalpine Gall the only parts of Gaul Rome controlled Caesar hungered for the rest the Gauls had long been the most powerful and successful people of Northern and Central Europe by Caesar's time they dominated the lands of modern France England and Ireland the Romans considered them barbarians but Gaelic culture was actually quite Advanced and yet what the Gauls were most famous for was of their bloodlust in battle they excelled in psychological warfare they wore body paint and caked their hair with lime and mud terrifying the methodical Romance five million Galls stood between Caesar and the glory he craved if he could add the lands of modern France to Roman territory he would hugely increase his reputation and his power on 58 BC on the excuse of stopping a gallic tribe from entering Roman territory Caesar moved his Legions into Gaul and for the next decade the Bold General does precisely what he set out to do conquer [Music] five after tribe Caesar prevailed against the Gauls again and again by Caesar's own accounts it was a Slaughter the campaigning goal of Julius Caesar is very well known and very often people see it as somehow epitomizing uh Roman imperialism what people forget is that Julius Caesar was proud of the fact that in Gaul he killed one million Gods that's genocide though he's considered one of History's great generals Caesar was not a tactical genius instead he had incredible fortitude and a genius for inspiring others Caesar won the devotion of the soldiers by marching alongside them eating the same food and sleeping on the ground as they did he forged a military machine during these campaigns the likes of which had not really been seen prior to this enrollment history he built an army composed of troops that were particularly the legionary Infantry who fought along with him with him today it's called Ali Salen in modern France in 52 BC it was known as Alesia the decisive Battleground for Caesar's campaign the gulls were United under a legendary Warrior chief called vessing generics Julius Caesar This Is The Moment of Truth he surrounds Elysia he's taken by surprise when gallic reinforcements attacked him behind Caesar must now fight two armies at once he basically conducted a Siege in two directions now what what other ancient Soldier would have would have done that or what soldier today would have had that degree of self-confidence in his men and self-confidence in his own leadership ability to to conduct essentially a Siege in two directions five six hundred miles from home that's the mark of Jesus he's outnumbered five to one but Caesar's troops eventually win the battle capturing the infamous versus generics it was the last stand for the Gauls and it made Julius Caesar one of the two most powerful men in Rome and the world the other was a general and politician named nias Pompey long arrival of Caesars the Ambitions of these two men would soon launch Rome headlong into a bloody struggle for her own Survival foreign [Music] it was never a raging torrent or a great River but it was destined for a place in history its very name has come to mean a boundary and an irrevocable decision the Rubicon for Caesar at first it was simply the southern boundary of his province in Gaul it would soon become a great deal more Senate recalled Caesar to Rome but he was between a rock and a hard place had to go to Rome but if he went unprotected he'd almost certainly be murdered by Pompey supporters he believed he had no other choice but to call on the Loyalty of his men turns to his troops and says I'm being insulted by the state do you think this is a good thing protect me defend my position in society that's what the troops were marching for at least that's how Julius Caesar put it it was a high-stakes game of chess using real armies in 49 BC in bold Defiance of the Senate Caesar took his army out of Gaul across an unassuming little stream we can still turn back but once we cross that little Bridge we will have to fight it out the die is cast Julius Caesar moment his army crossed the Rubicon his intent became obvious to all Caesar was marching on the throne into Civil War the army of One Roman general against another Legion against Legion Caesar defeated Pompey bloody struggle for power raged on even after Caesar was stabbed to death by the senate in 44 BC Civil War and Anarchy tore Rome apart decades Romans by the thousands died by Roman swords as one General after another entered The Fray Agrippa lepidus dolabella Brutus Cassius Marc Anthony and Cleopatra against Octavia until one man emerged triumphant he called himself Augustus Rome's first emperor the Republic was dead Rome was now officially an Empire ruled by a sole dictator the Army at last had a single commander and Rome At Last At Peace the Imperial Army under Augustus the first emperor took an oath of a Allegiance not to the Senate not to the people of Rome but to the emperor personally a personal oath of a Allegiance the emperor provided the pay the emperor provided the land that veterans could expect to get after service so the Army was tightly bound to the person of the emperor himself [Music] for a Time Augustus solved the crisis of the Army's loyalty by making himself the sole Commander Rome's first emperor understood that you had to control the military to control Rome the growth of the Empire had slowed but defending the vast borders was a gargantuan and expensive task what Augustus sensed was that simply that the Roman Empire had spread too far too fast and that the military was stretched to the limit in trying to trying to defend that huge expanse of territory so he paused for perhaps the first time Rome begins to realize that her expansion is not Limitless in his will Augustus himself warns future rulers about the dangers too large an Empire Roman territory continues to increase in the First Century A.D but at a far slower rate Augustus added Egypt and extended the northern border to the Danube the emperor Claudius finally added Britain in 43 A.D but lost some ground to later uprisings foreign s in the provinces were becoming far more frequent more and more voices of dissent were rising from cultures who despised Roman tyranny as never before the Romans are deadly pillagers of the world they've exhausted the Earth by their indiscriminate plunder a rich enemy excites their Lust For wealth poor one they're craving for power robbery Butchery and rape they call government create a desert and call it peace in 66 A.D one relatively minor Uprising and far-off Judea come to haunt The Great Roman Empire a minor religious sect called the Jews rose up against Roman tyranny passionately resisting Rome's Pagan religion [Music] Jewish Rebels took control of Jerusalem then Judea and Galilee it took two years for Rome to reclaim all but Jerusalem and two more years before the legions ruthlessly took back that city as well Roman troops burned the sacred second temple of Jerusalem and rampaged through the streets carrying off holy Treasures [Music] they massacred all who fell in their way and burned the houses along with all those were hiding inside soldiers were on swords through so many that they choked the streets with the dead and billiards to the whole city with blood so great was the flow of blood that it often actually quenched the Flames Josephus [Music] by 74 A.D the Jewish cause seemed lost and yet one last group of rebels refused to surrender holding out in a Mountaintop Fortress a spectacular stronghold 1400 feet above the Dead Sea Masada entrenched atop this mountain 960 determined Rebels looked down on an entire Legion of 5 000 Roman soldiers The Haunting outlines of their camps can still be seen today the Roman forces were experts at Siege Warfare relying on catapults Stone throwers and fire brands but the natural Fortress of Masada proved too steep for Siege Weaponry to do much damage from the ground [Music] slaves and their own Soldiers the Romans started building an enormous ramp of stone and dirt to the top of the mountain [Music] even though construction would take nearly a year the legions knew that time was on their side [Music] dramatic slow meticulous well-engineered campaign that sought to demonstrate to everyone in the area that the Roman army simply couldn't be beaten foreign four years after the fighting began the ramp was complete Romans bombarded The Fortress and set it Ablaze [Music] the Romans returned to their camp with the attention of attacking the enemy the next day and throughout the night kept a careful watch in case any of them should Escape in sequence but there would be no final battle in a sense the Jewish zealots did Escape defeat and death by Roman arms long ago we resolved to serve neither the Romans nor anyone other than God himself we have never submitted to slavery and we must not now let our wives die unabused our children without any knowledge of slavery choosing ten men from among them who would slay all the rest then they offered their next to the stroke of those who executed that Melancholy task and he who was last of all examined those who lay on the ground and with a great force of his hand ran the sword into his body up to during the long night more than 900 devout Jews turned their swords on themselves [Music] when the Romans Came Upon the rose of dead bodies they did not exalt over them as enemies but admired their resolve and the way so many of them had shown an utter contempt of death in taking their own lives without a dream [Music] revolts like Masada pose no real threat to Rome's Supremacy but they began to spark a change in the military's world scattered uprisings continued to trouble the Empire little by little turning Rome's great Army of Conquest into an army of occupation [Music] trajan was the last Roman emperor to substantially add to the empire under his rule in 117 A.D the Roman Empire reached 2 million square miles [Music] trajan added modern-day Romania Armenia and lands to the east expanding the Empire to its greatest size ever he briefly held territory as far east as the Persian Gulf foreign a vast Frontier from the edge of the Sahara Desert to The Frigid Carpathian Mountains [Music] from this point onward Rome concentrated on Shoring up her Empire the days of Conquest were over [Music] Hadrian had reformalized this policy Hadrian gets a sense of unease that he has pushed the Empire up to its limits and he did two things he pulled the he pulled the Army back from its over extension and then he built a series of beautifully engineered fortifications the most famous of these barriers is Hadrian's Wall in Northern Britain where remains at the 73 mile long chain of forts still stand nearly 2 000 years later but walls proved only partially successful against a threat that would torment the Roman Empire until the very end the Romans have a single word for All Peoples without a written language they call them barbarians we tend to think of The Barbarians as a collection of Conan the Barbarian and his buddies coming across the frontier waving their double-handed axes quite far from the truth by the time the barbarians come across the Frontiers they're beginning to be romanized what these people wanted first and foremost was a place within the empire for themselves exactly why they began to pour into southern Europe during the second Century A.D perhaps climate changes or population growth perhaps The Lure of the Empire itself brought tribe after tribe into Rome little by little pressure mounted on nearly every Frontier when German tribes attacked Rome's borders in 166 A.D it marked The Bleak milestone for the first time since Hannibal's Invasion the Roman Empire was on the defensive for the next Century wave after wave of migrating peoples followed the Germans into Roman territory Goths Franks Persians parthians Visigoths and more and the edges of the Empire would crumble until there was no more Roman Empire to penetrate the dam had sprung not one but a thousand leaks and by the third Century A.D barbarians were only one of the Empire's mounting crises it was a time when an emperor was far more likely to be assassinated than die of old age and rulers frequently left no clear successor to the throne once again the affections of the individual Legions became Central there came a point where the Loyalty of the army became suspect particularly in the third Century A.D when the Empire faced by Barbarian incursions on the Frontiers faced by plague by rampant inflation some armies proclaimed their own commanders Emperor and then marched on Rome trying to seize power it was a recipe for Anarchy and disaster [Music] feuding Legions proclaimed 30 different Emperors in a period of just 23 years civil broke out frequently over who the true Emperor was throughout much of the 3rd Century Roman armies were often engaged in fighting one another rather than in guarding the Frontiers and protecting the security of the Empire as a whole the period of so-called Barracks improves the period of military Anarchy is a very interesting period to Modern Scholars because I think what it shows is moral collapse of the military leadership of the Roman Empire that's a question of Allegiance if the Army becomes more important in the state then ultimately both the Army and the state are doomed and that's a terrific lesson for all of us in this day and age [Music] meanwhile Rome's impressive record in battle was slipping apparently the great Legions have lost their Edge many people are very keen to criticize the Roman army in the third Century because it suffered military defeat after military defeat but we do need to remember that the Roman army had not fought an offensive battle for nearly a century the Roman army had been patrolling the Frontiers not fighting Wars the low Point came in 260 A.D thank you for Valerian has spent his entire career fighting the Persians to the east with limited success with his troops ravaged by War and disease he's forced to do something no Emperor has ever done negotiate but when Valerian arrives in modern-day Iraq to talk peace he's taken prisoner emperor of the Roman Empire is made to kneel down on the ground before his conquerors Persian king step on his neck devastating blood Roman Pride the shampoo took the defeated Valyrian back to his capital and there when he died had him flayed his skin died crimson and he was stuffed and displayed in the chief Temple for Romans it was a symbol of their utter military humiliation at the hands thank you foreign [Music] foreign foreign [Music]