The Industrial Revolution

Overview

Textile Industry:
- Leading trade in terms of employment
- First to use contemporary manufacturing methods
Iron and Coal:
- Essential for powering steam engines
- Large-scale production

United Kingdom:
- Birthplace of significant technological inventions
- Steam power initially used to pump water from mines
- Spread to textile production, mining, iron smelting, and more

Steam Engine:
- Initially for pumping water from mines
- Later used in railroads, steamboats, and steamships
Railroads:
- Emerged in early 19th century alongside steam engines
Iron and Coal Production:
- Key factors driving the revolution

Europe:
- Belgium: Important iron manufacturing center
- France: Key textile production
United States:
- Initially agricultural, later industrialized with inventions like the cotton gin
- Significant growth in machinery and mills
Germany:
- Focused on chemical industry
Sweden:
- Agriculture and industrial revolution simultaneously
Japan:
- Adopted Western methods and technologies

Metals:
- Use of coal in iron smelting
- Innovations by Abraham Darby, Henry Cort
- Development of puddling process and rolling mills
Textiles:
- Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water-frame, spinning mule
- Power looms by Edmund Cartwright, improved by Samuel Horrocks, Richard Roberts
Steam Power:
- Improvements by Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, James Watt
Machine Tools:
- Development of slide rest lathe by Henry Maudslay
Chemicals:
- Production of sulphuric acid, sodium carbonate, bleaching powder
- Innovations by John Roebuck, Nicholas Leblanc, Charles Tennant