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Civilizations and State Building from 1200-1450

May 9, 2025

AP World History Unit 1 Review

Overview

  • Time Period: Circa 1200 - 1450
  • Focus: Major civilizations and their state-building and maintenance
  • Definition of "State": Politically organized territory under a single government

China: The Song Dynasty

Governance and Culture

  • Confucianism:
    • Revival into Neo-Confucianism
    • Hierarchical society emphasized (filial piety)
    • Women's roles: loss of legal rights, foot binding practice
  • Bureaucracy:
    • Civil service exams based on Confucian classics
    • Merit-based job allocation

Economy

  • Commercialization of economy
  • Key goods: Porcelain and silk
  • Agricultural innovations: Champa rice, Grand Canal expansion

Influence on Neighboring Regions

  • Korea, Japan, and Vietnam influenced by Chinese traditions

Dar al-Islam

Governance and Religion

  • Abbasid Caliphate:
    • Centered in Baghdad, began to decline
  • Turkic Empires:
    • Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate
    • Dominance of Turkic over Arab leadership

Cultural and Scientific Achievements

  • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: Trigonometry
  • Preservation of Greek philosophy
  • House of Wisdom in Baghdad

Expansion

  • Military conquest, merchant activities, Sufi missionary work

South and Southeast Asia

Belief Systems

  • South Asia:
    • Decline of Buddhism
    • Hinduism and Islam dominant
    • Bhakti Movement: Simplified Hinduism
  • Southeast Asia:
    • Dominance of Buddhism and Islam

State Building

  • South Asia:
    • Delhi Sultanate struggled with Hindu population
    • Rajput Kingdoms and Vijayanagara Empire resisted Muslim rule
  • Southeast Asia:
    • Majapahit and Khmer Empire

The Americas

Mesoamerica

  • Aztec Empire:
    • Founded by Mexica people
    • Tribute system and human sacrifices

Andean Civilization

  • Inca Empire:
    • Mit'a system for labor
    • Centralized bureaucracy

North America

  • Mississippian Culture:
    • Cahokia mounds
    • Agricultural society

Africa

East Africa

  • Swahili Civilization:
    • Trade-based city-states
    • Muslim influence and Swahili language development

West Africa

  • Ghana, Mali, Songhai Empires:
    • Trade-driven growth
    • Islam among elites

Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

  • Great Zimbabwe: Shamanistic religion, wealthy from trade
  • Ethiopia: Christian state in Muslim-dominated region

Europe

Belief Systems

  • Eastern Europe:
    • Eastern Orthodox Christianity
    • Kievan Rus
  • Western Europe:
    • Roman Catholic Church
    • Influence of Muslims and Jews

State Organization

  • Feudalism: Lords, vassals, and serfs
  • Manorialism: Land-based economic system
  • Transition towards centralized monarchies post-1000 CE

Conclusion

  • Unit 1 covers the variety of ways civilizations built and maintained states during 1200-1450, highlighting their belief systems, governance, economies, and interactions with surrounding regions.