18th Century France: A time of radical change with the power shifting from monarchy to the people.
Maximilien Robespierre: A central figure in the revolution, eventually executed by the guillotine.
The French Revolution
Definition: A period of radical social and political change in France, beginning in 1789.
Key Changes: Transformation of politics, institutions, and even attempting to change human nature through political action.
Significance: Considered the most important event in Western history, comparable to the Industrial Revolution and capitalism.
Prelude to Revolution
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: Their marriage symbolized a political alliance between France and Austria, but was plagued with personal and political difficulties.
Financial Crisis: France's involvement in the American War of Independence led to bankruptcy.
Discontent: Rising bread prices and economic mismanagement led to public unrest.
The Estates General
Representation: France was divided into three estates; the clergy, nobility, and the third estate representing the people.
Third Estate's Demand: Called for more equitable taxation and representation.
The National Assembly and the Fall of the Bastille
Tennis Court Oath: Formation of the National Assembly by the third estate.
Storming of the Bastille: A pivotal moment symbolizing the people's power over royal despotism.
The Rise of the Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man: A charter that declared all men equal and the sovereignty of the people.
The Tricolore: Symbol of the revolution, representing the unity of Paris and the House of Bourbon.
The Radical Phase
The Guillotine: Introduced as an egalitarian method of execution.
War on Austria: Increased tensions; Marie Antoinette suspected of colluding with the enemy.
The Execution of Louis XVI: Marked the fall of the monarchy and rise of the Republic.
The Reign of Terror
Committee of Public Safety: Led by Robespierre, enforced revolutionary law through fear and executions.
De-Christianization: Attempt to eradicate the influence of the Catholic Church from daily life.
End of Robespierre and the Revolution
Robespierre's Downfall: Seen as too extreme, was eventually executed himself.
Legacy: Left a lasting impact on France and the world, shaping modern debates about justice and governance.
Conclusion
The French Revolution was a transformative event that affected the political and social fabric of not only France but also influenced global revolutions and democratic movements.