The Influence of Belief Systems on Land-Based Empires

Christianity

• Dominant in Europe since the 4th century, serving as a cultural glue.
  • Split in the 11th century: Eastern Orthodox Church (dominant in the East) and Roman Catholic Church (dominant in the West).
  • Protestant Reformation (during the period 1450-1750):
    • Triggered by Martin Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church's corrupt practices (sale of indulgences, simony).
    • Luther's use of the printing press spread his ideas rapidly.
  • Catholic (Counter) Reformation:
    • Response to Protestant critiques.
    • Church reformed itself in the Council of Trent, ending many corrupt practices but reaffirming key doctrines.

Islam

• Major Islamic empires: Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire.
  • Differences in religious beliefs (Sunni in Ottoman, Shia in Safavid) intensified political rivalry.
  • Split over the rightful successor to Prophet Muhammad.

Blending of Belief Systems in South Asia

• Bhakti Movement and Sufism:
  • Shared beliefs and practices led to exchange and blending between Hinduism and Islam.
• Sikhism:
  • Emerged as a new belief system blending elements of Islam and Hinduism.
  • Retained key doctrines from both but discarded some traditions like the caste system and gender hierarchies.