Overview
This lecture discusses the historical background and development of sociology as a science, highlighting key figures, events, and the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline.
Early Concepts and Precursors
- Before the term "sociology," philosophers like Ibn Khaldun studied society and are considered early contributors to sociological thought.
- Ibn Khaldun is often credited as an early founder of sociological ideas due to his modern analysis of society.
Historical Background of Sociology
- Sociology was born from major social changes between the 14th and 17th centuries, known as the Renaissance or Age of Enlightenment.
- During this era, religious dogma and absolute monarchy dominated, limiting scientific advancement.
- The Renaissance saw a revival of science and self-confidence, leading to significant discoveries like the steam engine.
Impact of Revolutions
- The Industrial Revolution in England drastically changed society through urbanization, exploitation, and child labor.
- The French Revolution brought political upheaval, ending the absolute monarchy and transforming the social and political order of France.
- These revolutions created social turmoil and highlighted the inadequacy of traditional explanations for rapid social change.
Emergence and Development of Sociology
- The inability of traditional beliefs to explain new social changes led to the adoption of scientific methods for studying society.
- Sociology emerged in the 19th century as a new discipline using social research and scientific methods.
- The French philosopher Auguste Comte popularized the term "sociology" and is credited as its founder.
- Comte was motivated by the social conflicts after the French Revolution and aimed to establish sociology as an independent science.
- Sociology has since developed, with new theories and figures contributing to its growth and reputation as the "queen of social sciences."
Key Terms & Definitions
- Sociology — The scientific study of society, social institutions, and social relationships.
- Ibn Khaldun — Early Muslim philosopher regarded as a precursor to modern sociology.
- Age of Enlightenment/Renaissance — Period of renewed scientific interest and progress from the 14th to 17th centuries.
- Industrial Revolution — Period of rapid industrial and social changes, beginning in England, that reshaped society.
- French Revolution — Late 18th-century political revolution that ended absolute monarchy in France.
- Auguste Comte — French philosopher who founded and named sociology.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Prepare for the next lecture on the history and development of sociology in Indonesia.