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What are the functions of the anterior and posterior ligaments in the spine?
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The anterior and posterior ligaments surround and protect the spinal cord and strengthen the spine by connecting the transverse and spinous processes.
Why is the lumbar spine more prone to injury compared to the thoracic spine?
The lumbar spine is more prone to injury because it has greater mobility, with shorter spinous processes and larger spaces between vertebrae, making it less stable.
What benefit does the curvature of the spine provide?
The curvature provides about 10 times more strength compared to a straight spine and helps absorb shock from the head and gait while walking.
Which vertebrae are most commonly associated with herniated discs?
Herniated discs are most commonly associated with L4/L5 vertebrae.
Where is the common site for disc herniations in the lumbar spine?
A common site for disc herniations in the lumbar spine is at the joint between L5 and the sacrum.
Which segment of the spine forms a joint with the ribs and what is the function of this joint?
The thoracic spine forms costa-facet joints with the ribs, which contribute to the stability but limit the range of motion.
Which components form the joints between adjacent vertebrae?
The superior and inferior articular processes form facet joints with adjacent vertebrae.
How does the thoracic spine's structure affect its range of motion?
The thoracic spine has larger spinous processes that limit movement and forms costa-facet joints with the ribs, resulting in a very limited range of motion.
How do the transverse processes contribute to spinal function?
Transverse processes, located at the sides of vertebrae, provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments, contributing to spinal stability and motion.
What makes C7 easily identifiable?
C7 is easily palpable when the neck is bent over.
What muscles movements are associated with the neck?
Neck movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion (bending), rotation, cervical retraction, and protraction.
What unique features does the cervical spine have compared to other regions of the spine?
The cervical spine has small vertebrae with foramina in the transverse processes for arteries. C1 (Atlas) has no vertebral body and allows head flexion and extension, while C2 (Axis) has a 'dens' for rotational movement.
What types of motion does the cervical spine allow?
The cervical spine allows flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending.
What role does the spinous process play in vertebral anatomy?
The spinous process, located at the back of a vertebra, serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
What muscle movements are associated with the trunk?
Trunk movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
What is the function of the intervertebral disc and what percentage of the column length does it make up?
The intervertebral disc absorbs shock and maintains flexibility, making up 25% of the column length.
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