for the Nega trunk motion um the sepine um the motion is really small it's tiny um um it's much more um like you know a combination of all seven spine to to to form a neck flexion extension or neck uh rotation and t-spine um like I mentioned earlier here that uh well it's barely like know you know really very limited motion uh because it also form an a joint surface with the rib to protect the organ and the lumbar spine may have a little bit more compared to the c-spine and the t-spine okay so but together when we add all these together we have more much more range of motion to it um and because of the curve it allows about 10 times more strength than uh if we have a you know straight um spine and um the spine form this way is good to absorb the shock from above and below like the head or the gate uh while we walking the sharp um the kind of go the shock go uh come from button or from above okay so this is a typical structure of uh a vert uh a vertebrae if you see this is the body uh let me go back a little bit so if you see here U this is the body this is the spinal um um process so this is um in the back and this is the front so if you look at the structure right here this is the um a basic structure so this is U the body this is uh spinus process and then there are transverse uh process to the side and so there's a joint space above um the the body and below and then here is the um Superior articular process and then this is the uh in inferior articular process if it's t-spine um at the transverse process there's um also um a facet that kind of form the joint space with uh the ring uh the rib sorry so and this is the inter uh vertebral faucet joint um it's created by the articulating facet okay and then the the facet join you know it's going to you know above and below um each U body and again if it's um at the thoracic uh region you have u a facet to the rib and in between each um um body there's dis the dis made up 25% of the total length of the the column it's it's it's function to absorb shock okay and it help maintain the flexibility of um the spinal cord however it is subject um to rupture or herish um herniation like you see here um L4 spine There's A Hern herniated disc right here and kind of hurt the spinal cord okay that's why from um s sorry L L4 I'm sorry L3 and um and Below people U feel um a nerve symptom all right so that's the ba so that's the basic uh U vertebrae U structure so now if we look at a C spine there are seven um um cervical vertebrae okay and it is uh the smallest with the for amen um in the transverse uh process it's it's tiny because in this way that would allow the um artery to pass through um and it it forms this way to allow the head and the neck for movement and you see here the uh the first uh vertebrae is called Atlas um and then the second one is um axis so this is this is a unique name for C1 and C2 so let's look at it so C1 is the Atlas if you look at this there's no uh vertebral body for the C1 okay and it supports the head and there are there are two um concavities that arated with the uh the axotal condal and this A1 joint or Atlas allow the head the head not the neck okay C1 uh form uh the joint space with the skull to allow the head doing flection and extension okay and then you see here this is C2 C2 has um um a quite special um structure it has a dens that kind of u u form around the aclas to allow rotation movement so the Axis or the C2 will U will provide a a pivot for the atlas to rotate okay so this uh C1 is for head flection extension C2 is for head doing rotation but what about neck movement so this is the cervical spine so the whole cervical spine allow a four sorry a four flexion extension um rotation and little bending okay and then C7 is quite um easy to palpate when you um um bend your neck over and then the big um boning structure is the C7 so the whole sepine allows for uh rotation L flexion U protraction and retraction of the head not the scapula okay and then the thoracic vertebrate um um it has a a basic um structure and then it also form u a joint space or faucet I'm sorry faucet with the rib or uh or um Coastal faucet joint okay and it's it has very limited uh range of motion you can see the spinal process is really huge it can of limit the movement and then because it's less mobile and it it it's more stable and a fewer injury may happen to this lumbars the lumbar spine is it's quite mobile you can kind of see um the the spinus um ver uh process is not that long and then the space in uh between each um spine of a vertebrae is quite large okay and it's the most injured region of the body uh uh I mean uh in a spine okay and it allows greater flexion and extension than tpine and the L5 L5 um it um it form or joint with a sacrum and um it's it has more movement down here okay and typically uh it's quite common to see um um disc herniations or rupture at L4 L5 um SP dis right here or the L5 and S1 right here and the ligament um there are ligaments all around the spine just to protect um the spinal cord um and the ligament going to strengthen the spine there are ligament uh connecting all the transverse uh process uh transverse process with spinus process anterior and posterior okay so all these uh would allow um the you know the Bony structure is here to protect um the spinal cord and um form the range of motion out of it so next um I'm going to talk about um the movement the muscle that produce the movement of the neck and the the Torso so the movement of the neck uh well you know in general neck uh will do flexion extension lateral flexion or bending and rotation U and cervical retraction or uh protraction and trunk can do flexion extension L reflection and rotation okay that's